1、 代代代代 词词词词I.代词的分类人称代词 I,you ,she,him 疑问代词 who whom what物主代词 my、your、hers 关系代词 which、that、who反身代词 myself、yourselves 连接代词 who、which、what相互代词 each other、one another 不定代词 one、each、another、neither指示代词 this、that、those、these II.人称代词的用法1)作主语,用主格。作宾语用宾格。She teaches us English.2)在句中作表语,常用宾格。Who is it?Its me.但
2、有时用主格。If I were she,I wouldt go there.It was I who told him about it.3)并列人称代词的顺序。单数:2,3.1.复数:1,2,3III.反身代词1)作宾语。I teach myself mathematics.She is looking at herself in the mirror.2)作介词的宾语。a.表示“对比”,“自己”She loves me for myself,not for my money.b.)介词oneself 的常见用语。to oneself(对自己),for oneself(亲自,独自;为了自己)
3、,of oneself(自己的),between oneselves(秘密地),in oneself(本来,本身),by oneself(单独地,独立地)3)作同位语,起强调作用。You yourself told me the story.IV.指示代词的用法1).时空的差别 eg.There is this seat here,near me,or there is that one in the fourth row.Which will you have,this or that?2).This 和 that 在行文叙述上的差别。Eg.I shall say this to you:h
4、e is a poor man.He was ill.Thats why he didnt come.3).that 和 those 用于表比较的结构。The weather of Beijing is just as good as that of Tianjin.TV sets made in Nanjing are better than those made here.4).打电话时this 表示我,that表示你.一些重要的一些重要的不定代词的用法不定代词的用法 不不不不定定定定代代代代词词词词有有有有both,both,either,either,neither,neither,o
5、ne,one,the the other,other,another,another,little,little,few,few,some,some,any,any,each,each,every,every,no,no,nonenone等等等等,从从从从实实实实际际际际应应应应用用用用和和和和理理理理解出发,重点学习以下几个:解出发,重点学习以下几个:解出发,重点学习以下几个:解出发,重点学习以下几个:(一一一一)both,either,neither)both,either,neither (二二二二)one,another,the other)one,another,the other
6、(三三三三)little,a little,few,a few)little,a little,few,a few (四四四四)some/any,no/none,each/)some/any,no/none,each/every,every,many/much many/much 不定代词不定代词含义含义数量数量关系关系作定语时作定语时名词的数名词的数作主语时作主语时动词的数动词的数both两者都两者都=2复数复数复数复数either两者中的任何两者中的任何一个一个=2单数单数单数单数neither两者都不两者都不=2单数单数单数单数all三者或三者以三者或三者以上都上都3单数或复单数或复数数
7、单数或复单数或复数数none三者或三者以三者或三者以上都不上都不3单数或复单数或复数数each每一个每一个2单数单数单数单数every每一个每一个3单数单数单数单数both,either,neitherboth,either,neitherboth为为“两两者者都都”,neither为为“两两者者都都不不”,either为为“两两者者之之一一”。这这三个单词都用于指两个人或物,在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。三个单词都用于指两个人或物,在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。作主语:作主语:作主语:作主语:1)Both(ofthem)enjoyedtherice.2)Neither(ofus)isadocto
8、r.3)Either(ofyou)willgo.注注注注意意意意:作作作作主主主主语语语语时时时时,bothboth后后后后面面面面的的的的谓谓谓谓语语语语动动动动词词词词用用用用复复复复数数数数。neither,neither,eithereither后后后后面的谓语动词一般用单数形式。面的谓语动词一般用单数形式。面的谓语动词一般用单数形式。面的谓语动词一般用单数形式。作定语:作定语:作定语:作定语:BothZhangHuasfatherandmotherworkerworkinahospital,butneitheroneisadoctor.2)Youmaytakeeitherapple.
9、作宾语:作宾语:作宾语:作宾语:1)Ilikebothofthetoysverymuch.2)2)Theboycouldfindneitherofthemandwentaway.3)3)bothboth还还还还可可可可作作作作同同同同位位位位语语语语,它它们们句句中中的的位位置置是是在在动动词词be,助助动动词词或或情情态动词的后面,但在实义动词前面。态动词的后面,但在实义动词前面。1)Theyarebothingoodhealth.2)Theywillbothgothere.3)Theybothagreedtotakepartinthebirthdayparty.此此外外,either可可作
10、作副副词词用用于于否否定定句句,表表示示“也也”,相相当当于于肯肯定定句句中的中的“too”。Thisisnotmine.Thatisnot,either.neither表示表示“也不也不”的时候,常用在倒装的结构形式中:的时候,常用在倒装的结构形式中:Idontliketoplayfootball.Neitherdoeshe.Shehasntgotabike.NeitherhaveI.注意:注意:注意:注意:bothbothandand“两者都两者都两者都两者都”连接主语时谓语动词用复数。连接主语时谓语动词用复数。连接主语时谓语动词用复数。连接主语时谓语动词用复数。eithereither和
11、和和和 or,or,neitherneither和和和和 nornor“不不不不是是是是就就就就是是是是”;“或或或或或或或或”,“既既既既不不不不也也也也不不不不”;“都都都都不不不不”连连连连接接接接两两两两个个个个并并并并列列列列主主主主语语语语时时时时谓谓谓谓语语语语动动动动词词词词的的的的数数数数一一一一般般般般应应应应与与与与靠近谓语动词的主语保持一致,即,就近原则。靠近谓语动词的主语保持一致,即,就近原则。靠近谓语动词的主语保持一致,即,就近原则。靠近谓语动词的主语保持一致,即,就近原则。如:如:如:如:1)BothZhangandWangaregoodstudents.2)Ei
12、theryouorheisright.3)Neitherhenoriamascientist.1.Thereisatreeon_sideofthestreet.A.everyB.allC.eitherD.both2.Thereisadeskon_sideoftheroom.A.bothB.eitherC.allD.every3.Thereisadeskon_sidesoftheroom.A.bothB.eitherC.allD.every4.WhichsidecanIsitontheboat?Ifyousitstill,youcansiton_.A.everysideB.allsidesC.b
13、othsidesD.eitherside5.Itissaidthat_ofhisparentshavegonetoBeijing.A.allB.everyC.bothD.eitherevery和和each用法上的区别用法上的区别1.each可作代词和形容词,而every只能用作形容词,each of these dictionaries或each one of these dictionaries,every one of these dictionaries 不能说every of these dictionaries.2.each可指两个或两个以上中间的每一个,而every只可指三个或三个
14、以上中间的每一个,不能指两个中每一个。如:可以说each of my eyes,不可说every one of my eye但可说every one of my toes(脚趾)。3.each通常用来指若干固定数目中的每一个,而every往往指“任何一个”如:Each girl sitting over there is my student.“坐在那里的每一女孩子”指若干固定数目中的每一个,故用each。Every man must do his best.“人人都尽最大的努力”泛指任何一个人,因而用every。4.every和not连用,即“everynot”或“notevery”构成部分
15、否定,表示“并非每一个”的意思,each则无此结构。5.every+基数词+复数名词=every+序数词+单数名词,作“每(多少)”解,但each不能用于这一结构中。如:every three days 每三天或每隔两天,相当于 every third day。6.every two days,every second day都作“每隔一天”解,但在实际应用中人们都用every other day来表示这一意思,every two days也有人讲,而every second day则少用的。也可以说every few days,相当于汉语的“隔些日子”。7.each 可以与other构成固定
16、的搭配,即each other意思为“彼此、相互、互相”的意思,而every则不能。one,another,the otherone,another,the other1.one常常用用来来作作代代词词,替替代代前前文文所所出出现现的的同同类类可可数数名名词词,表表示示人人或或物,以避免重复。例如:物,以避免重复。例如:Ihaventgotaballpen.Illhavetobuyone.(=aballpen)我我没没圆圆珠珠笔,我得去买一支。笔,我得去买一支。Heisonetothinkmoreofothers.他是个能多为别人着想的人。他是个能多为别人着想的人。2.theother,ano
17、ther都都可可解解释释为为“另另一一个个”。other加加上上定定冠冠词词用用于于两两者中的另一个,者中的另一个,another指三者以上中的另一个。例如:指三者以上中的另一个。例如:Hewastwobrothers.Oneisadoctor,theotherisateacher.Wevereceivedtwoparcels,onefrommyuncle,theotherfrommyaunt.Idontlikethisone,showmeanother,please.Ive just bought three things.One is a walkman,another is apocke
18、tcalculator,thethirdisavideogame.3.another还有还有“再再”的意思,例如:的意思,例如:Haveanothercupofcoffee,please.!Shecouldhavetostayhereforanotherweek.4.other有有“另外另外”的含义。例如:的含义。例如:Wherearetheotherstudents?Theboyismuchclevererthantheothertwo.5.others和和theothers表示复数的泛指和特指。例如:表示复数的泛指和特指。例如:Intheparksomeareplayinggames.Ot
19、hersarewalkingneartheriver.Ihavefivecolourpencils.Oneisred,anotherisblueandtheothersaregreen.6.therest也也可可作作“其其余余的的”解解释释。它它用用作作主主语语时时注注意意谓谓语语动动词词的的单单复数。例如:复数。例如:TherestofhislifewasspentinAmerica.Hehaseightbooks.TwoareinEnglish.TherestareinChinese.little,a little,few,a fewlittle,a little,few,a few1.l
20、ittle与与alittle两两者者都都用用来来修修饰饰不不可可数数名名词词,little作作“很很少少”,“几几乎乎没没有有”解解,有有否否定定的的意意思思,alittle作作“少少许许”、“有有一一点点”解解,有有肯肯定定的意思,例如:的意思,例如:Inthiswaytheycanmakethetripwithjustalittlemoney.Thereislittleleft,isthere?2.few,afew用来修饰可数名词,前者表示否定,后者表示肯定。用来修饰可数名词,前者表示否定,后者表示肯定。AfewofusspeakEnglishwell.Therewerefeweggsin
21、thefridge,sohewenttothesupermarketandboughtsome.3.few作主语时,谓语动词仍用复数,例如:作主语时,谓语动词仍用复数,例如:Fewmenknowthis,dothey?4.常常用用词词组组有有quiteafew(好好几几个个),onlyafew(只只有有一一个个),averyfew(极少数极少数)。例如:。例如:HestudiedChineseforquiteafewyears.他学汉语已有好几年了。他学汉语已有好几年了。some,any,no,none,each,every,many,muchsome,any,no,none,each,eve
22、ry,many,much(1 1)somesome和和和和 any:any:somesome(一一些些,某某个个)句句中中可可作作主主语语、宾宾语语、定定语语等等,常常用用于于肯肯定定句句。作作定定语语时时,它它可可修修饰饰可可数数名名词词和和不不可可数数名名词词,可可数数名名词词是是单单数数时时,some表示表示“某个某个”的意思。例如:的意思。例如:Therearesomenewspapersonthetable.Iamgoingtobuysomeorangejuice.Haveyouanyquestions?Yes,Ihavesome.Ihavereadthatinsomemagazin
23、e.当当说说活活者者表表示示提提议议、请请求求或或期期望望得得到到肯肯定定回回答答时时,在在疑疑问问句句中中也可用也可用some。例如:。例如:Wouldyoulikesometea?Couldyoulendmesomemoney?anyany“一一些些”用用法法相相同同于于some,但但多多用用于于疑疑问问句句、否否定定句句或或条条件件从从句句。例如:例如:Isthereanyinkinyourpen?Putupyourhandsifyouhaveanyquestions.注意:注意:注意:注意:1.any用于肯定句中有用于肯定句中有“任何一个任何一个”解。常用于比较级句子中。解。常用于比较
24、级句子中。Tomrunsfasterthananyotherboyinhisclass.Tomrunsfasterthananyoftheotherboysinhisclass.2.some,any,every,no可可以以与与body,thing,one构构成成合合成成代代词词,这这些些代词都作单数看待,表示人或物:代词都作单数看待,表示人或物:Somethingiswrongwithmybike.Somethingisaskingtoseeyou.Nobodyisabsent.Ifyouwantanything,callme.2)None,no one/nobody,nothing 的区别
25、none1)可与可与of连用;连用;2)谓语动词用单或复数;谓语动词用单或复数;3)具体指什么人或物;具体指什么人或物;4)一般用来回答一般用来回答howmany+n,howmuch+n.1)Noneofushave/hasseenhim.2)Howmanystudentsarethereintheroom?None.3)Isthereanywaterinthethermos?None.4)Howmuchmoneydoyouhaveonyou?None.nothing1)指物;指物;2)谓语用单数;谓语用单数;3)一般用来回答含一般用来回答含anything的一的一般问句及般问句及what引起
26、的特殊问句。请看:引起的特殊问句。请看:1)Whatisinthebox?Nothing2)Isthereanythinginthesky?Nothing.3)Canyouseeanythingwithoutglasses?Nothing先请看下面一道题先请看下面一道题:Iwantsomecoffee,butthereis_inthepot.A.nooneB.somethingC.noneD.nothing现请看现请看:1)none既可指人,也可指物,代指上文提到的事物,既可指人,也可指物,代指上文提到的事物,含特指概念。如含特指概念。如:Hewantsmetolendhimsomemoney
27、,butIhavenoneathand.(特指前面提到的钱)(特指前面提到的钱)Theyaskedforninebooks,butthereis/arenoneinthelibraryatpresent.。(特指前面提到的书)。(特指前面提到的书)2)nothing=notanything,意为意为“没有任何东西没有任何东西;什么也什么也没有没有”,强调内容,只能指物,泛指。如,强调内容,只能指物,泛指。如:Hefelthungry,buthecouldfindnothingtoeatinthekitchen.(泛指所有吃的东西,不是特指某一种)(泛指所有吃的东西,不是特指某一种)Nothin
28、gintheworldisdifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.noone=nobody只指人只指人,“没有人没有人”,不能指物,不能指物,语语气比气比none强强,后面不能接后面不能接of构成的短语。构成的短语。noone作主作主语时语时,谓语动词只能用单数。如谓语动词只能用单数。如:Noone/Nobodylikesapersonwithbadmanners.没有人喜欢不讲礼貌的人。没有人喜欢不讲礼貌的人。none指的是三者或三者以上的人或物中指的是三者或三者以上的人或物中没有一个没有一个请比较请比较:Therearemanyapplesinthebasket,
29、butnoneofthemarefresh.(3 3)nono和和和和 none:none:nonenone(没没有有一一个个,全全不不,都都不不)是是名名词词性性的的不不定定代代词词,可可作作主主语语和和宾宾语语,常常和和of短短语语连连用用,不不以以作作定定语语。none作作主主语语代代替替不不可可数数名名词词时时,谓谓语语用用单单数数形形式式。代代替替可可数数名名词词时时,谓谓语语用用单单、复复数数均均可可。例例如:如:Noneofusis/arefromBeijing.Noneofthemoneyismine.nonenone与与与与 allall相相相相对对对对,有有有有“全全全全不
30、不不不”“全全全全部部部部”的的的的含含含含义义义义,因因因因此此此此 allall是是是是全全全全肯肯肯肯定定定定,nonenone是是是是 allall的全部否定,但都指三者以上的人或物。的全部否定,但都指三者以上的人或物。的全部否定,但都指三者以上的人或物。的全部否定,但都指三者以上的人或物。Weallmademistakes.Noneofuswascorrect.nono是是形形容容词词性性的的不不定定代代词词,只只能能用用作作定定语语,可可修修饰饰可可数数和和不不可可数数名名词。词。no等于等于nota或或notany加上名词。例如:加上名词。例如:Ihavenomoney.Ihav
31、enotanymoney.noone相当于相当于nobody,意为没有人,谓语用单数。,意为没有人,谓语用单数。(4 4)manymany和和和和 muchmuch:many修修饰饰可可数数名名词词的的复复数数,谓谓语语用用复复数数,much修修饰饰不不可可数数名名词词,谓谓语语用用单单数数,它它们们可可用用在在肯肯定定句句、否否定定句句和和疑疑问问句句中中,还还可可在在肯肯定定句中作主语或修饰主语。例如:句中作主语或修饰主语。例如:Somuchfortoday.Therearemanybusesandcarsinthestreet.many已被已被alotof,alargenumberof,
32、agreatmany所代替。所代替。much已已被被alotof,plentyof,agooddealof,agreat(large)quantityof所代替。所代替。但但alotof/lotsof只能用于肯定句。只能用于肯定句。1._ofthemknewabouttheplanbecauseitwaskeptasecret.A.EachB.AnyC.Noone D.None2.Wecouldnteatinarestaurantbecause_ofushad_moneyonus.A.all;noB.any;noC.none;anyD.noone;any3.Thereisatreeon_sid
33、eofthestreet.A.everyB.allC.eitherD.both4.Thereisadeskon_sideoftheroom.A.bothB.eitherC.allD.every5.WhichsidecanIsitontheboat?Ifyousitstill,youcansiton_.A.everysideB.allsidesC.bothsidesD.eitherside6.Itissaidthat_ofhisparentshavegonetoBeijing.A.allB.everyC.bothD.either7.Somestudentsareabsent-minded,_of
34、whomheardwhattheteachersaid.A.allB.noneC.everyD.notall8.Is_here?No,BobandTimhaveaskedforleave.A.anybodyB.somebody C.everybodyD.nobody9.Theywereallverytired,but_ofthemwouldstoptotakearest.A.anyB.someC.noneD.neither10.CanyoucomeonMondayorTuesday?Imafraid_dayispossible.A.eitherB.neitherC.some D.any11.I
35、fyouwanttochangeforadoubleroomyoullhavetopay_ 5.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.each12.Whichofthetwobooksdoyouwant?Iwant_.Pleaseshowme_.A.none;anotherB.all;theotherC.neither;theotherD.neither;another13._sideofthestreetislinedwithdifferentshops,_ofwhichsellelectronicproducts.A.Both;bothB.Either;allC.Neither;
36、eitherD.Either;both14.Doyouneedanythingelse?Yes,westillneed_aircrafts.A.moretwoB.twomoreC.othertwopiecesofD.twootherpiecesof15.Ihadnoideawhichwasbetter,soItook_ofthem.A.anyB.everyC.noneD.both16.Theexaminationwaseasy,wasntit?Yes,butIdontthink_couldpassit.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.nobodyD.everybody17.Isthe
37、reanyonewhocandothejob?.A.NoneB.NooneC.NotoneD.Notmanyones18.Iwantedsomewater,buttherewasinthebottle.A.noneB.noC.anyD.nothing19.TomandMaryhavearrived,butstudentsinyourclassarenthereyet.A.otherB.othersC.theotherD.theothers20.DoSeptemberandAprilhavethirtydays?A.everyB.neither C.eachD.all21.ofusisactiveinEnglishclass.A.EveryB.EveryoneC.EveryoneD.Anybody22.WehaveEnglishclassesday,Mondays,WednesdaysandFridays.A.eachotherB.everyotherC.thisandotherD.allother23.Tomhadabadcold.iswhyhedidntcometoschool.A.ItB.That C.ThisD.There24.Theyinvitedthethreeof,Tom,Bob,and.A.us,meB.we,IC.us,ID.we,we
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