写作教程第二版邹申.pptx

Made by Pizza.CUnit 6Nature&ThoughtMade by Pizza.CUnit ObjectivesDefinition of DefinitionFunction of DefinitionFeatures of DefinitionOrganization of DefinitionHow to choose right examplesTransitional phrasesMade by Pizza.CDefinition of Definition Sometimes,to avoid confusion or misunderstanding,we have to define a word,term,or concept which is unfamiliar to most readers or open to various interpretations.Definition can be found in almost all expository or persuasive writings.(scientific essays,textbooks,dictionaries,encyclopedia articles,new stories,manuals,government publications and so on.)It answers the questions:What is it?What are its limits or boundaries?Made by Pizza.CQuestions PrideWhats the definition of“pride”in a dictionary?According to Webster Dictionary“pride”is defined as“arrogance,loftiness,conceit,self-respect,dignity,and valuing oneself.”Is“pride”a positive or negative concept?As a sin:condemned as the cause of mistakes and unhappiness;leading to excessive bragging;keeping people from seeing their own faults;dangerousAs a strength:praised as essential to successWhat do you think of the concept of“pride”?It is something between an emotion and an opinion;a feeling of dignity and self-respect;modest emotion based on a justified or reasonable opinion.Can you cite some examples?Pride in ones country;Davis had to salvage his pride;His pride may still be his downfall.What can you conclude about“pride”?Pride is something a person must achieve by himself;it helps people to feel good about themselves,their families,or their achievements.Pride is not,in itself,either good or bad.Everything depends on the amount of pride one feels,on the basis of ones pride,and on the way one expresses ones pride.Made by Pizza.CTo introduce a new termTo explain a jargon in some academic disciplineTo make clear some abstract,controversial or complicated point in argumentTo make ourselves better understood in everyday affairs Function of DefinitionDefinition is,therefore,a very important form of expository writing,a strategy which can be used and found in almost all kinds of writings.Without clear definitions,needless disputes,disagreements and misunderstandings can arise.Made by Pizza.CSample 1 P57TermClassCharacteristicstornadowindupside-down,spinning cone,highly destructiverainforestforesttropical area,lots of rainThe definition in Sample 1 are quite brief,they contain 3 basic elements:1.The term to be defined2.The general group or class the term belongs to3.The distinguishing characteristics of themMade by Pizza.C There are 3 basic ways to define a word or a term:1.give a synonym 2.to use a sentence(often with a attributive sentence)3.to write a paragraph or even an essay.Features of DefinitionCertain principles1.Avoid circular definitions Democracy is the democratic process.An astronomer is one who studies astronomy.2.Avoid long lists if synonyms By imagination,I mean the power to form mental images of object;the power to form new ideas;the gift of employing images in writing;.3.Avoid loaded definitions By state enterprise I mean high cost and poor efficiency.Made by Pizza.CMade by Pizza.CPitfalls and strategies P611.A good definition.To define the term,the writer relates it to something familiar or already known.2.Not a good definition.It tends to go in circles.3.Not a good definition.The term is not adequately differentiated from other similar feelings.4.A good definition.A synonym is used,which is more familiar.5.A good definition.It defines by giving a brief explanation.6.Not a good definition.It uses an example to serve as a definition,but it does not really do the job of defining by putting the term in a class or category and then differentiating it from others in that category.Made by Pizza.C 1.The paragraph mainly offers information.2.Tornados usually occur(when)on a hot,sticky day with south winds and an ominous sky.(shape)slender twisting funnels averaging no more than 400 yards wide.Tornados may be accomplished by sheet lightning.(color)black,brown or occasionally white.Tornados may sound like a roar of hundreds of jet planes or thousands of railroad cars.(result)buildings to explode.(duration)a very short time.Tornados can be defined as a kind of whirling,highly destructive windstorm.Sample 2(paragraph A)P57-58Made by Pizza.C 3.“Tornado”is defined mainly through process analysis of the term,that is to say,by describing where,when,how it occurs,and by describing its shape,sound,effects and duration.Besides,other methods such as description,exemplification,narration,causes and effects,comparison are employed.Made by Pizza.CParagraph B P581.The first sentence.2.“wooded area”,“heavy and frequent rains”3.“Wooded area”The sentences discuss the places where these wooded area exist,the kinds of trees in them,additional characteristics of the trees and other growths in the area.4.No,sentence 5 is not just about“wooded area”.The sentence ties the 2 ideas of the compound term together.5.Sentences 6 and 7 set out an example of a particular rainforest,namely,El Yunque.Unlike sentence definition in Sample 1,the definition in Sample 2 is as long as one paragraph,and this kind of definition is known as extended definition.In Paragraph B,based on a brief explanation of the subject“rainforest”at the beginning,the writer tries to elaborate on the two words“rain”and“forest”through extensive description of their distinctive features,and winds up by citing a specific example of the concept.Made by Pizza.CSample 3 P59 Paragraph A1.It is defined broadly.The first sentence serves as the topic sentence.2.The term luck is defined in the topic sentence.Then to make clear in a more complete and formal way his personal understanding of the concept,the writer adds a series of short examples to substantiate its reference.3.It uses an emphatic order,saving the most important detail for the last.Made by Pizza.CParagraph B1.to persuade2.The extremist goes too far in whatever the person is doing.The extremists are so preoccupied with one concern that they lose their sense of balance.3.T.S.-The extremist goes too far in whatever the person is doing.Good people in love are enthusiastic and sincere,tender,sensitive and attentive;Good patriots love their country;Extremists in love are excessive and intemperate,possessive or smothering;Extreme patriots think citizens from other countries are inferior and suspect;Made by Pizza.CResults of going extreme:extremists become destructive,nasty and pitiful;lose sense of balance and completeness as human beings.Major methods:exemplification and contrastMinor methods:dictionary definition,etymology 4.The extremist is an involved person who goes too far in attitude or behavior and loses his or her sense of proportions.Etymology,tmldi is the study of the origins and historical development of words.词源学 Made by Pizza.CSample 2Sample 3SimilarityExtended definitionDifferences Terms definedConcrete subjectsAbstract ideasPurposesBoth intended to informPara.A:intended to explainPara.B:intended to persuadePrincipal techniquesPara.A:process analysis,descriptionPara.B:exemplification,descriptionPara.A:simple explanation,exemplificationPara.B:exemplification,contrastConclusionAn extended definition is the organization and development of the meaning of a concept beyond the limits of the simple definition.It may have one or two paras.Or even be an entire essay in length.It is often used when the subject cannot be defined adequately with a synonym or a few lines of explanation.Made by Pizza.CSample 2Sample 3Conclusion Definition is closely related to classification.As such,it is a way of thinking in similarities and in differences.Thus,definition is also related to comparison and contrast.Definition most resembles description when it restricts or sets boundaries to a thing,trying to tell exactly what it is.For a particular subject,certain methods of development will be more effective than others;therefore,you may use one method for the overall pattern,and involve other methods on a smaller scale.Made by Pizza.CTransitional Words and PhrasesTo define to explainIn definition in explanationIn other words byis meantTo clarify to paraphraseDevice methodType propertyKind conditionCategory attribute.Made by Pizza.CUnit Summary 1.Definition?2.Function?3.How to use?4.Pitfalls&Strategies 5.Transitional words&phrasesMade by Pizza.CKeys for Exercises1.2(略略)3Subject ClassCharacteristicsrepublicA form of governmentIn which power resides in the people(the electorate)wolfA large,dog-like carnivorous mammalWith yellowish or brownish gray and coarse fur,erect pointed ears,and a bushy tailJazzA style of musicThat features improvisation and performancepersistenceA kind of qualityNot giving up even during rough timeMade by Pizza.C4.1)a stadium is a structure or building in which sports spectaculars are held.2)socialism is a theory or system of community organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production,capital,land and so forth,in the community as a whole.3)this is a circular definition,a practice of defining a term with the term itself.Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to produce compounds,such as sugar and starch,from a number of substances including water and carbon dioxide.4)surreptitious means“secret.”5)political conservatives are people who are dedicated to preserving the existing conditions,such as William F.Buckley,Jr.,and Pat Robertson.Made by Pizza.C6)Hearing aids are a kind of device which enables deaf people to hear sounds such as normal.5Task1-2 1 3 5 4 6Task3 to explain a Spanish word which has no exact English equivalent.-courageous behavior and earthy sexuality -“Also”6a)For my grandmother,who was born before the turn of the century,it was rude to start eating before everyone else was served.It was also very rude for children or younger people to interrupt old people when they were speaking.For my dad,who grew up during the Depression and the WWII,it was rude not to say hello to a clerk in the store,and he thought my brothers and I were rude when we made unfavorable remarks about him.Made by Pizza.Cb)When people cut into my lane when I am driving or shove in front of me in line,I get very angry.7 Definition MethodExplanationExampleSentence 1 etymologyTraces the origin of the word,including changes in its meaning.Originally meant“out of harmony”in a musical contextSentence 2Dictionary definitionGives a string of synonyms.Incongruous,unreasonable,illogicalSentence 3Another synonymRelates the term to something familiarridiculousSentence 4Sentence 5Stipulative definition Lonesco specifies the term in an essay on Kafka.“Absurd is that which is devoid of purposes”Made by Pizza.CMade by Pizza.CBackdrops:-These are full sized backdrops,just double click them and size it up!Images:-Most of these.gifs,.jpgs,and.png images can be scaled up to fit your needs!Title BackdropSlide BackdropPrint 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