汉译英词语的翻译20140403.pptx

词汇的翻译词汇的翻译2.1.英汉词汇对比2.1.1词类系统2.1.2用词倾向2.1.3词义关系2.2.词汇的选择2.2.1识别“假朋友”2.2.2正确理解原文，根据上下文选择词义2.2.3词义的广与狭2.2.4词义的褒与贬2.2.5词汇的语体色彩2.2.6词汇的搭配2.3.词汇的翻译技巧2.3.1抽象&具体2.3.2增词与减词2.3.3合词2.3.4转性2.1.英汉词汇对比2.1.1.词类系统英汉语词类基本相似，都有名词、动词、形容词、代词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。汉语量词发达，英语没有量词。汉语有语气助词，英语没有。英语有冠词，汉语没有。英语中的关系代词、关系副词在汉语中够也没有对应的词类。2.1.2.用词倾向1.英语中名词、介词和形容词用得多。2.汉语中动词和量词用得多。3.碰到词语重复，英美人一般倾向于用替代形式或者在不影响达意的前提下采用省略法。汉语则不怕重复。英语重形合，所以连词、介词之类的虚词和代词用的多；汉语重意合，虚词用得少。1.英语中名词、介词和形容词用得多Hewasalwaysanunwelcomeintruder.他经常冒冒失失地闯进人家的家里。TheywentacrossthedesertandintoChina.他们穿过沙漠，然后到达中国。ItisindicativeofthechangeinMarythatsheishavingabigbirthdayparty.有迹象表明，玛丽转变了观念，她打算举行一个盛大的生日聚会。2.汉语中动词和量词用得多他拿起杂志，看了一眼，摇了摇头，把它放回桌子上。一寸相思一寸灰，一江离恨一江愁，一串笑声、一孔之见3.英语的替代、省略vs.汉语的重复Thechilddoesntlikethisbook.Showhimamoreinterestingone.Lookatthatbird.Italwayscomestomywindow.Sheplaysthepianobetterthanshedoestheguitar.Hesaidhewouldtellmethenews,buthedidntdoso.Sheworethereddress,butthebluesuitsherbetter.Itmightrain,butIdontthinkitwill.人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人。2.1.3.词义关系完全对等完全对等部分对等部分对等不对等不对等一词多义一词多义完全对等完全对等完全对等是指英语中有些词所表达的意义，在汉是指英语中有些词所表达的意义，在汉语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达，它们的意义语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达，它们的意义在上下文中完全对等。这类词主要是专有名词及在上下文中完全对等。这类词主要是专有名词及简单的普通名词以及术语。简单的普通名词以及术语。China =中国中国 ,Germany=德国德国,New York =纽约，纽约，table=桌子桌子,watch=手表，手表，sun=太阳太阳Marxism=马克思主义马克思主义 Aspirin=阿斯匹林阿斯匹林激光激光=laser 白血病白血病=leukemia部分对等 部分对等部分对等 有时英语词语的词义包含在汉语词义中。有时英语词语的词义包含在汉语词义中。意义范围有广狭之分、抽象具体之分、一般于个别意义范围有广狭之分、抽象具体之分、一般于个别之分。之分。MarriageAuntRoseBeautyFreedomJusticeFamilymilk嫁，娶姑妈，舅妈，姨妈，伯母，婶婶玫瑰，月季美貌，美人自由，自由权正义，正义感家庭，家人奶，牛奶，羊奶等还有些英汉词语在概念意义上是对应的，但在内涵意义上确实不对应的。WestwindCatSourmagpieDogDragonblue无对等无对等无对等(词义空缺）词义空缺）无对等无对等是指英语和汉语中分别都有一些各自所特有的是指英语和汉语中分别都有一些各自所特有的词汇。造成这一现象的原因是多方面的。主要是由于词汇。造成这一现象的原因是多方面的。主要是由于宗教信仰、历史文化、生活习俗、生活经历、地理特宗教信仰、历史文化、生活习俗、生活经历、地理特征等的不同而造成。征等的不同而造成。teenagers，commuter，clock-watcher，DINK.叩头（叩头（kowtow)、功夫、功夫(kongfu)、馄饨、馄饨(wonton)、文房四宝文房四宝the four treasures of the study(writing brush,ink-stick,ink-stone and paper)乌纱帽乌纱帽an official post三伏天三伏天 dog days惊蛰惊蛰(the Waking of Insects)裸官裸官An official alone at home with his or her family members emigrated abroad月光族月光族Referring to a group of young people who make both ends meet each month啃老族啃老族Who live off their parents耄耋之年耄耋之年Referring to the age from eighty to ninety一词多义一词多义人家人家你们村子上有多少你们村子上有多少人家人家？How many households are there in your village?他妹妹已经他妹妹已经有有人家人家了。了。His sister is already engaged.这件事我是听这件事我是听人家人家说的。说的。I hear it from others.送送老师老师送送我一本书作为生日礼物。我一本书作为生日礼物。My teacher gave me a book as my birthday gift.亲戚们亲戚们送送给她一笔钱作为她的学费。给她一笔钱作为她的学费。The relatives of hers offered her a sum of money as her tuition fee.这些钱你是白这些钱你是白送送。You just throw away your money.下雨了，我给你下雨了，我给你送送雨伞来了。雨伞来了。It is raining now.I have brought you an umbrella.谁去谁去送送广告？广告？Who are going to deliver the advertisement？每天老大爷亲自每天老大爷亲自送送孙子上幼儿园。孙子上幼儿园。Everyday the grandpa himself takes his grandson to the kindergarten.把犯罪分子把犯罪分子送送交法院审判。交法院审判。Hand the criminal over to the court for trial.送送君千里，终须一别。君千里，终须一别。Although you escort your guest a thousand miles,yet must the parting come at last.考察中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察周游考察了了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。In his lifetime,Xu Xiake,a great traveler in Chinas Ming Dynasty,toured 16 provinces,leaving his footmarks in nearly every corner of the country.他（徐霞客）在他（徐霞客）在考察考察的过程中，从不盲目迷信书的过程中，从不盲目迷信书上的结论。上的结论。In the course of his exploration,he never took what have been recorded for granted.为了进行真实、细致的为了进行真实、细致的考察考察，他很少乘船、坐车。，他很少乘船、坐车。In order to get a detailed and truthful picture of the places he visited,he usually travelled on foot even when carriages and boats were available.他总是选择道路艰险的山区、人迹罕至的森林进他总是选择道路艰险的山区、人迹罕至的森林进行行考察考察。He always preferred to venture into mountainous areas with rough tracks,and into forests seldom visited by human beings.Unfrequented,untrodden.轻重这两口箱子这两口箱子轻重轻重不一样。不一样。The two cases do not have the same weight/do not weigh the same.工作要分工作要分轻重缓急轻重缓急，不要眉毛胡子一把抓。，不要眉毛胡子一把抓。Work should be done in order of importance and urgency.You shouldnt take up/grasp all at once.请你别见怪，他说话就是不知请你别见怪，他说话就是不知轻重轻重。Please dont mind his words.He simply doesnt know the proper way to talk.2.2.词汇的选择在汉译英时，从众多的同义词、近义词中选择最合适的。“假朋友”，这一概念源于法语，最初是指拼法与英语相同但含义不同的法语词汇。在汉语与英语之间也存在这种词性结构相似但词义相左的“假朋友”，翻译时应特别注意，不要落入陷阱。2.2.1.识别“假朋友”干货干货纸钱纸钱绿豆绿豆油性皮肤油性皮肤高等学校高等学校黄色书籍黄色书籍酸奶酸奶休息室休息室食言食言向外看向外看好好先生好好先生drygoodspapermoneygreenbeanoilskinhighschoolyellowbooksourmilkrestroomeatoneswordslookoutgoody-goody纺织品纺织品纸币纸币四季豆四季豆防水油布防水油布高中高中黄皮书、黄页黄皮书、黄页变质的奶变质的奶公共厕所公共厕所承认说的错话承认说的错话当心，留神当心，留神假正经假正经driedgoodsjosspapermungbeanoilyskinuniversity/collegepornographyyogurtloungebreakapromiselookoutsideyes-man农民宣传价廉物美peasant多指举止粗鲁，没有教养propoganda欺骗性的宣传cheapandgood往往指价格低廉的劣质产品farmerpopularizeeconomicalandgood2.2.2正确理解原文，根据上下文选择词汇所谓选词，即在正确理解原文的基础上，选出适当的词去表达原文的意思。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要条件，词的选择应从下面几个方面入手。1正确理解原文的词义：词的正确选择首先取决于对原文词义的正确理解，而这一点有首先取决于对原文上下文的推敲。英译汉、汉译英的情况都是这样。意思甲：这一点甲：这一点小意思小意思，请务必收下。，请务必收下。乙：你这人真是乙：你这人真是有意思有意思，怎么也来这一套？，怎么也来这一套？甲：哎，只是甲：哎，只是意思意思意思意思。乙：啊，真是乙：啊，真是不好意思不好意思。甲：甲：This isThis is a little gift a little gift as a token of my appreciation.as a token of my appreciation.Please take it.Please take it.乙乙:OhOh,arent you,arent you a bit too politea bit too polite?You shouldnt do?You shouldnt do that.that.甲：甲：Well,it just Well,it just conveys my gratitudeconveys my gratitude.乙：乙：Ah,thank you then,though I really Ah,thank you then,though I really dont deserve dont deserve it.it.问题中国经济是个大问题。Chinaseconomyisabigproblem.在谈话中，他涉及到一些严肃的问题，如国有企业的改革等。Inhistalk,hetackledserioussubjects,likethereformofstate-ownedenterprises.说阿阿Q将将衣服衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说说：“这毛虫！这毛虫！”Ah Q flung his jacket/garment on the ground,spat,and swore,“Hairy worm!”“三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮”，这就是，这就是说说，群众有伟，群众有伟大的创造力。大的创造力。The old saying,“Three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang the master mind,”simply means the masses have great creative power.贾珍感激不尽，贾珍感激不尽，说说，“待服满，亲带待服满，亲带小犬小犬到府叩谢。到府叩谢。”于是作别。于是作别。Jia Zhen thanked him warmly and promised,“When the mourning is over I shall bring my worthless son to kowtow his thanks.”And so they parted.老老(1)他人老心不老。Heisoldbutstillcherisheshighaspirations.（2）这孩子少年老成a.Theboyhasanoldheadonyoungshoulders.b.Theboyhasrichexperience.（3）我们党的绝大部分老干部都是无产阶级革命派。Theoverwhelmingmajorityoftheveterancadresinourpartyareproletarianrevolutionaries.（4）芹菜不收就老了Thecelerywillbeovergrownifwedontpick(harvest)itnow.（5）青菜不要炒得太老了。Dontovercookthegreens.（6）这件衣服颜色太老了Thejacketistoodark.（7）老没见到你啊！Ihaventseenyouforages(alongtime).（8）他住院时，还老惦记着他们实验室工作的进展情况。Hewasalwaysthinkingoftheprogressoftheworkinhislaboratoryevenwhenhewasinhospital.(hospitalized)（9）小莉是厂长的老闺女。XiaoLiistheyoungestdaughterofourfactorydirector.（10）他老早就动身了。Hesetoutveryearly.（11）那个发言人又在老调重弹Thatspokesmanisstrikingupthesameoldtone.（12）他甘当人民的老黄牛。Heisreadytoservethepeoplelikeawillingox.（13）你以为我们这个矿还只是用产十万吨煤吗？老黄历啦Youthinkourmonthlyoutputofcoalisstill10,000tonsonly?Thatsancienthistory.其实中年时人生盛华的开始，不应贪懒，不应享受。Inactualfact,middleagerepresentstheprimeofoneslife,allowingnoindolence,noself-indulgence.(居祖纯译)“享受”本身没有贬义，但在此上下文中有贬义。因此不能译成enjoyinglife,最好译为带贬义的self-indulgence.假日外出旅游成为了沪上最风行的节目。TravelingonholidayshasbecomeanactivitypopularwithpeopleinShanghai.TravelingonholidaysismostpopularwithpeopleinShanghai.他们省吃俭用，为的是攒钱买房子。Theysavefoodandexpensestoaccumulatemorefundstobuyanapartment.Theylivefrugally/economically/thriftilytoaccumulatemorefundstobuyanapartment.解放后，政府提倡自由恋爱。After liberation,the government advocates free love.After liberation,the government advocates the freedom to choose ones spouse.我们能否谈得来？Can we talk with each other?Id like to know whether we can get along well.温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人的智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中也包括多民族的贡献。ThegloryofVancouveristhecrystallizationofthewisdomanddiligenceofthepeopleofVancouver,includingthecontributionsofmanyethnicgroups.(ofideas,plans,etc.)becomeclearanddefinite.TheprosperityofVancouveristhefruit/resultofthewisdomanddiligence/industryofitspeople,includingmanyethnicgroupswhohavemadetheirrespectivecontribution.Theprosperityshouldbeattributedto2.2.3词义的广与狭农业是国民经济的基础。（广义）Agricultureisthefoundationofthenationaleconomy.农、林、牧、副、渔互相结合的方针，（狭义，farming）Theprincipleofcombiningfarming,forestry,animalhusbandry,side-occupationsandfishery他从不喝酒。（广义，任何酒）Henevertoucheswine.他不喝烈性酒。（狭义）Hedoesntdrinkspirits.2.2.4词义的褒与贬他们忠心耿耿地报效自己的祖国和人民。Theyservetheirmotherlandandpeoplewithloyaltyanddevotion.这些死心塌地的纳粹分子为他们的第三帝国效命。Thesedie-hardNaziswentallouttoservetheirThirdReich.几个月的林雪生活，既锻炼了他们的机智英勇，又锻炼了他们坚韧不拔的毅力。Severalmonthsinthesnowyforesthaveforgedtheirclevernessandcourageandgiventhemafirmandindomitablewill.没想到他们的封建思想是那样顽固不化。Ididnotexpectthattheirfeudalideaswouldbesoincorrigiblyobstinate.这位导演别具匠心，在剧中安排了一场演员走到观众当中的戏。Thedirectorshowedhisingenuitybyarrangingasceneinwhichtheactorswentintotheaudienceoftheplay.这家伙老是别出心裁，招摇撞骗。Thatguyisalwaystryingtobedifferentsosastoswindleandbluff.张将军真是足智多谋啊！GeneralZhangisreallywiseandresourceful.那个地参谋长可是诡计多端啊！Thatenemychiefofstaffhasawholebagoftricks.她父亲是一位有名的外科医生。Herfatherisafamoussurrgeon.黄金荣是旧上海有名的大流氓。HuangJinrongwasanotoriousrogueinShanghaiintheoldtimes.由于党的农业政策，我国千千万万农民走上了致富的道路。ThankstothepoliciesoftheCommunistPartyofChinaonagriculture,millionsoffarmersinChinaaregettingrich.由于两次世界大战的爆发，各国人民蒙受了极大地灾难。PeopleofallcountrieshavesufferedgreatcalamitiesinconsequenceofthetwoWorldWars.诗人应该具有丰富的想象力。Apoetshouldhaverichimagination.真遗憾，你的想象力太丰富了。Whatapity!Youvegotintowildflightsoffancy.他热衷于个人名利。Heisalwayshankeringafterpersonalfameandgains她热衷于花样滑冰。Sheisfondoffigureskating在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。邓选A.Duringtheentireprocessofreformandopening,wemustpersistentlyopposecorruption.北京周报B.Throughouttheprocessofreformandopening,wemustcombatcorruption.外文出版社1994年版他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。贬褒-毛泽东选集第三卷Theypreachidealism,whereasweadvocatematerialism.如：“打得赢就打，打不赢就走”，这就是今天我们对运动战的通俗解释。-毛泽东选集第一卷“Fightwhenwecanwinandrunawaywhenwecantthisisthepopularinterpretationofourmobilewarfaretoday.-伦敦版本修改后的译文：“Fightwhenyoucanwin,moveawaywhenyoucantwin”thisisthepopularwayofdescribingourmobilewarfaretoday.如：中国人民要求停止内战，一致抗日的呼声越发高涨。-毛泽东选集第三卷ThevoiceoftheChinesepeoplegrowincreasinglypowerfulinitsdemandforanendtocivilwarandforunitedresistancetoJapan.c.f.有人曾这样译：TheChinesepeopleclamouredevenmoreloudlyforanend 2.2.5.词汇的语体色彩 所谓语体，就是指语言随着语境的不同而产生的变所谓语体，就是指语言随着语境的不同而产生的变体，它是语言使用者随着语境的改变而选用不同的语言体，它是语言使用者随着语境的改变而选用不同的语言形式表达意义、交流思想的结果。例如，英语中形式表达意义、交流思想的结果。例如，英语中recidivist和和habitual criminal的指称意义完全一样，即的指称意义完全一样，即“惯犯惯犯”，但使用的场合却不一样。前者是法律专门用，但使用的场合却不一样。前者是法律专门用语，后者则是一般用语。语，后者则是一般用语。一组同、近义词中的各个词可以分别用于不同的文一组同、近义词中的各个词可以分别用于不同的文体中，有的适用于一般文体，有的适用于正式文体，有体中，有的适用于一般文体，有的适用于正式文体，有的适用于非正式文体；有的为口语，有的为书面语；有的适用于非正式文体；有的为口语，有的为书面语；有的随便，有的正式；有的粗俗，有的高雅等等。因此，的随便，有的正式；有的粗俗，有的高雅等等。因此，翻译时应注意词的文体特征。翻译时应注意词的文体特征。批评 criticize,upbraid knock 博学的 learned erudite brainy兴奋 excitement passion turn-on停止 stop desist cut it out妻子 spouse wife ball and chain干杯干杯bottoms up/cheers/Now Id like to ask you to raise your glasses谈到中美贸易问题，首先要看到一个最基本的事实，这就是25年来我们两国之间的贸易有了巨大的发展。WhentalkingaboutChina-UStrade,we should not overlook one fundamental fact,that is,in the past 25years,two-way trade has expanded enormously.Regarding/Concerning/Withregardto/Withrespectto/Ontheissueof/Whenitcomesto(China-US trade)关于西部大开发，主要有两个方面要注意。一是基础设施的建设；二是生态环境的改善。With respect to the development of the western region,there are two major issues wemustpayattentionto:One is infrastructure construction.The other is environmental improvement.Two major issuesdeserve/areworthyof/meritourattention.第三产业的发展有利于优化产业结构，提供就业机会，改进投资环境，促进城乡经济发展，全面提高国民经济综合效率和人民生活水平。The development of the service sectorishelpfulto optimize economic structure,create employment opportunity,improve investment environment,promote urban and rural economic development and improve overall national economic efficiency and peoples living standard.Contributeto;isconduciveto;如蒙早日寄来样品，不胜感激。Itwouldbeappreciated if samples could be soon forwarded to us.贾母责怪王熙凤又提起黛玉父母双亡之事，惹自己伤心，叫她“快别提了”。a.“So dont reopen the subject.”（选自外文出版社译本）b.“So lets have no more of it.”（选自霍克斯译本）2.2.6.词的搭配任何语言在长期使用过程中，都形成了一种常见词组和固定搭配这种比较固定的说法，有些可逐语译出，但多数不行，否则令人有不符合习惯，生硬感觉。谓语和主语的搭配马克思主义告诉我们，民主属于上层建筑，属于政治这个范畴。-毛泽东选集第五卷Marxismteachesusthatdemocracyispartofthesuperstructureandbelongstotherealmofpolitics.如：这件事告诉我们，无风是不起浪的。Thiseventmakesitcleartousthatthereisnosmokewithoutafire.如：这些材料告诉我们，运动是健康的。-毛泽东选集第五卷Thematerialshowsthatthemovementishealthful.定语与中心语的搭配大城市大雨大志大人物大道理abigcityaheavyrainahighaimanimprtantpersongeneralprinciple好教徒好教徒a faithful/pious/sincere/devout/devoted Christian好父母好父母a loving/caring parent 好儿女好儿女an obedient/filial child好妻子好妻子a virtuous wife好丈夫好丈夫a dutiful/responsible husband 红心红心red heart红茶红茶black tea红糖红糖brown sugar红运红运good luck红榜红榜honor roll(board)or the roll of honor.e.g.His name is mentioned on the roll of honor.红颜红颜beauty(young beauties 指单个人指单个人)；young,rosy cheeks.贾宝玉看破贾宝玉看破红尘红尘。Jia Baoyu has seen through the vanity of the world.Or:Jia Baoyu has been disillutioned with this world.进行社会主义革命进行一场激烈的争论进行实地调查进行亲切的谈话进行侵略进行协商进行核试验tocarryoutsocialistrevolutiontocarryonaspiriteddebatetomakeanon-the-spotinvestigationtohaveacordialconversationtocommitaggressiontoholdconsultationwithtoconductanucleartest动词与宾语的搭配打开电视打开信纸主动打开门应声打开门个人卫生公共卫生环境卫生turnontheTVunfoldtheletteropenthedooranswerthedoorPersonalhygienePublichealthEnvironmentsanitation上当上当上瘾上瘾上告上告上年纪上年纪 上钩上钩上任上任上刑上刑to betakeninto beaddicted(to sth.)Getintothehabitto complain tothehigherauthorities or appealto a higher courtto be gettingoninyearsTo risetothebaitfallintoatrapto takeupanofficialpost/assumeofficetoputsbtotorture2.3.词汇的翻译技巧2.3.1.抽象与具体2.3.2.增词与减词2.3.3.2.3.1抽象&具体所谓具体译法，就是在翻译过程中把原文中抽象或者是比较抽象的单词、词组或者句子用具体或者是比较具体的单词、词组或者句子来进行翻译，从而消除或者降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，使译文产生与原文同样的效果。快活的人微不足道的人正派的人脾气暴躁的人眼镜勤奋卖力的人飘渺的幸福穿着讲究得人难办的差事最不受欢迎的东西ajollydogasmallpotatoquitethecleanpotatoasurlydogpuddingsandpiesaworkhorsepieintheskyaclothehorseatallordergarlicfordesert大吵大闹公开认错有花不完的钱话中有话获得全胜机敏坚决反对侥幸结为良缘截然不同家丑raisetheroofstandinawhitesheethaveenoughmoneytoburnwiththetongueinthecheeksweeptheboardkeeponeseyesontheballputonesfootdownbytheskinofonesteethwinthehandofoilandvinegarakeletoninthecupboard他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。Hehasmanyhotpotatoestohandleeveryday.这个男孩真粗心，他的书本都已经折角了。Thisboyistoocareles;allhisbooksaredog-eared.你不要过早乐观，真正的困难还在后头呢。Dontcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.Therealdifficultiesstilllayahead.他在演讲中用了许多术语，使听众听了莫名其妙。Heusedsomanytechnicaltermsinhisspeechthattheaudiencecouldmakeneitherheadnortailofit.我不想依靠父母过日子。Idontwanttohangonmyparentssleeves.你应该把好坏分清楚。Youshouldseparatethesheepfromthegoats.同反复无常的人没法相处。Itshardtogetalongwithamanblowinghotandcold.他们的见解非常相似。Theirideasruninthesamegroove.我知道你现在是进退两难。Iknowyouareholdingawolfbytheears.工地上传来马达声。Fromtheconstructionsitecomestherumblingofthemachines.清幽的小巷里想起了清脆的自行车铃声。Iheardthecrispjanglingofthebicyclerisingformthequietalley.刹车声刺激了我的神经。Thescreechingofthebreaksgotonmynerves.为了译文的忠实与通顺，我们往往有必要把原文中带有具体意义或者具体形象的单词、词组、成语或句子进行抽象化处理。这种翻译方法叫做抽象译法。暴力事件混乱状态隔离政策轻松愉快的心情解决方法violenceconfusionsegregationlight-heartednesssolution谦虚态度发展过程稳定性灵敏度无知的表现残暴行为同情心理modestydevelopmentstabilitysensibilityinnocencebrutalitysympathy鸡毛蒜皮开门见山狗急跳墙顺手牵羊守株待兔铜墙铁壁唇枪舌剑黔驴技穷单枪匹马生龙活虎triflingcomestraighttothepointdosthdesperatewalkoffwithsthtrusttochanceandstrokeofluckanimpregnablefortressengageinabattleofwords