商务英语翻译3词类转换正说反译与反说正译ppt课件市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

第七章 英汉翻译中词类转换法Conversion in English-Chinese Translation第1页词类转换翻译法 因为英汉两种语言表示方式不一样，翻译时就不能用“一个萝卜一个坑“方法逐词对译。原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使译文通顺自然，这种将源语言中属于某种词性词语翻译成目标语中属于另一个词性词词语翻译方法，称词类转换翻译法。转换分词类转译与句型转译。第2页词类转译归纳起来有以下四种：1.其它词转换成动词2.其它词转换成名词3.其它词转换成形容词4.其它词转换成副词第3页1.其它词转换成动词其它词转换成动词 One of the most remarkable differences between English and Chinese syntax is the use of verbs.It is taken for granted that an English sentence contains no more than one predicate verb,while in Chinese it is not unusual to have clusters of verbs in a simple sentence.For example:Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water.住住在楼上人家得提着水桶去去楼下水龙头打水打水。第4页1.1.名词转换成动词名词转换成动词1.1.1 由动词派生名词转译成动词由动词派生名词转译成动词Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已被用来探索宇宙。A commonplace criticism of American culture is its excessive preoccupation with material goods and corresponding neglect of the human spirit.人们普遍批评美国文化过于强调对于物质产品占有而相对地过于忽略人们精神生活。第5页1.1.2 含有动作意味名词往往能够转译成动词含有动作意味名词往往能够转译成动词The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们喷气式飞机，听到隆隆机声令我尤其神往。第6页 Another example:Accounting includes the design of accounting systems,preparation of financial statements，audition of cost studies,development of forecasts,income tax work,computer applications,and the analysis and interpretation of accounting information as an aid to make business decisions.会计包含设计会计制度，准备财务报表，审计成本研究报告，开展预测，计算收入所得税，利用计算机，以及分析 和解释有利于做出商业决议会计信息。第7页 1.1.3英语中有些加后缀英语中有些加后缀 er 名词，名词，如如:teacher,thinker等，译成汉语时要翻译成动词。等，译成汉语时要翻译成动词。有些以er结尾名词有时在句子中并不指身份和职业,而含有较强动作意味，往往译成动词。如：She is a lover of Chinese painting.她喜爱中国画。I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.恐怕我不能教你游泳，我弟弟比我教得好。Some of my class-mates are good singers.我们班一些同学唱歌唱得好。第8页1.1.4)作为习语主题名词往往能够转译成动词。作为习语主题名词往往能够转译成动词。The next news bulletin,shorter than usual,made no mention（没有提及）of the inflation.The teacher showed great concern（非常关心）for the students health.The students had high praise(高度赞扬）of Dr.Kevin although they complained about his strictness.第9页 1.2.介词转译成动词介词转译成动词 英语中介词用得很多，其中有些没有动作意义，但有许多介词有动作意义，如：across,past,toward,through等，这些介词在汉译时往往译成动词。如：The judge sat in the dining room amid(处理）his morning mails.Carlisle Street runs westward(向西延伸）,across（越过）a great black bridge,down（爬下）a hill and up（爬上）again,by（经过）little sloops（单桅船）and meat markets,past（途经）single storied homes,until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.（冲着一大片绿色草地中止了。）第10页1.3.形容词转译成动词形容词转译成动词 英语中表示知觉，情感，欲望等心理状态形容词，在系动词后面作表语时，往往译成汉语动词，这些词包含：confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,grateful,anxious,able,etc.第11页For Example：The developed countries are rich in(拥有大量）skilled work force and capital resources,so they can concentrate on producing many technology-intensive products such as computers,aircrafts and so on.We are especially grateful（尤其感激）to you for arranging the meeting for us with the Machinery Trading Delegation at such short notice.The prospect of earning five thousand dollars a month had stimulated the sporting(adj.冒险性）and commercial instinct of the villagers.眼看能每个月挣到五千美元，村里人人都动了碰碰运气和捞钱念头。第12页1.4.副词转译成动词As he ran out,he forgot to have his shoes on.(穿上鞋子）The successful fishermen of that day were already in.(都已回来了。)第13页2.其它词转换成名词其它词转换成名词 2.1.动词转译成名词动词转译成名词Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.这些材料特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。The design aims at automatic operation,easy regulation,simple maintenance and high productivity.设计目标在于自动操作，调整方便，维护简易，生产率高。第14页2.2.形容词转译成名词Out of the corner of his eye he could see the landscape.It was industrial and at that hour,sad.他眼角余光还能瞥见窗外景色。这里是工业区，此刻一片萧条景象。It was a stormy morning,with rain and mist.那天早上有暴风，还夹着雨和雾。第15页More examples:In the fission（裂变）process，the fission fragments are very radioactive.在裂变过程中，裂变碎片含有强烈放射性。Both the compounds are acids,the former is strong,the latter weak.这两种化合物都是酸，前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。第16页 2.3.副词转译成名词The supermarket would give everyone 10%off on all cash purchases.那家超市将给每一位用现金购物顾客10%优惠(折扣）。What is the fare to London and back?去伦敦一个往返需要多少钱?第17页3.其它词转换成形容词其它词转换成形容词3.1.形容词派生名词转译成形容词Security and warmth of the cabin of a ship were wonderful.船舱很安全也很温暖，好极了。The pallor（n.苍白，灰白，）of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白脸色清楚地表明了她那时情绪。第18页3.2.有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，能够译成有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，能够译成形容词。形容词。The economic blockade was a failure to Cuba.对古巴经济封锁很失败。As he is a perfect stranger in the city,I hope you will give him the necessary help.他对这个城市完全陌生，希望你给他必要帮助。第19页4.其它词转换成副词其它词转换成副词4.1.英语名词译成汉语动词时，英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰修饰该名词形容词转译成汉语副词。该名词形容词转译成汉语副词。Warm discussion arose on every corner as to his achievements.处处于热烈地讨论他成就。We took brief,restless naps,struggled to understand the intermittent broadcasting of the radio.我们短短地，不安地睡了几次，尽力想听懂收音机里断断续续广播。第20页4.2.其它词转换成副词常见句型Give an accurate/exact answer准确回答Make full use of充分利用Have a clear and unemotional exposition清楚客观地阐述Place the highest value on高度重视第21页More examples:We tend to like handling clocks and watches of all sorts.我们往往喜欢摆弄各种钟表。No doubt we have well established channels of distribution and we canvass（检验）the retailers directly,without any middleman.毫无疑问，我们有既定分销渠道，不经中间人直接审查零售商。I have the honor to inform you that.(the kindness,the fortune,the pleasure)我很荣幸地通知你（善意，有幸，高兴）To my surprise，he came finally.我很吃惊他最终来了。To my delight,I passed all the exams.很高兴我都及格了。第22页Assignments:Do the first paragraph of translation exercise on Page 61 of your book.Write the Chinese translation after each English sentence.Underline the Converted words in both the English and Chinese sentences.第23页Chapter Eight Affirmative vs.Negative 正说反译，反说正译 英语中含有no,not,never,non-,un-,im-,in-,-less 等成份词句，汉语中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”等成份词句，都称为否定说法，简称反说；相反，英汉语中不含这些成份词句称为必定说法，简称正说。英语和汉语中都有从正面或反面来表示一个概念现象。翻译时，英语里有些从正面表示词和句子，译文中可从反面来表示；英语里有些从反面表示词和句子，译文中可从正面来表示。比如：第24页 Excuse me.对不起。（原文从正面表示，译文从反面表示。）“Dont stop working,”he said.（英语反面表示）他说，“继续干活吧。”（汉语正面表示）第25页He went into the insecure building.（反面表示）他走进那所危楼。（正面表示）他走进那所不安全大楼。（反面表示）以上三个句子中，Excuse 和 Dont stop 都是动词，insecure 是形容词，译时分别用反面表示法“对不起”（动词）、正面表示法“继续”（动词）和正、反面表示法“危”和“不安全”（形容词），其词类恰巧都分别与原文相一致。但也应看到，利用这种方法翻译时往往还可能有词类转换现象，如：第26页He knew he was mortally ill.（副词）他知道他得是不治之症。形容词）This would cover my absence from the classroom.（名词）这就为我不在教室提供了借口。（动词）Without reasoning one is apt to be beyond control.（介词）没有理智轻易变成不受约束。（动词）第27页 从标准上说，英语中正说最好译成汉语正说，英语中反说最好译成汉语反说，方便更准确地传达原文意义，但在实践中，二者正反表示形式有时不能吻合，必须进行正反转换，即将正说处理成反说，将反说处理成正说。先谈正说转反说。在英语中，诸如avoid,cease,deny,fail,hate,ignore,miss,overlook,pass,dodge,prevent,stop之类动词，absence,aversion（厌恶）,failure,refusal之类名词，absent,far(from),free(from),little 之类形容词，out,too(to)之类副词，above,beyond,instead of 之类介词，before,rather than之类连接词，都属于“正说类”词汇，但译成汉语时，有时却要“正说反译”。比如：第28页 Another person runs to avoid doing anything else,to dodge a decision about how to lead his life or a realization that his life is leading nowhere.(C.Tucker:“Fear of Dearth”)另一个人跑步则是为了不做别事，不对怎样生活作出决定，不去感受自己生活碌碌无为。They were of course all intending to be surprised;but their astonishment was beyond their expectation(J.Austen:Pride and Prejudice,Ch.14,V.)大家都做好了诧异准备，但却没有料到会诧异到这个地步第29页He had an aversion to yielding so completely to his feelings,choosing rather to absent himself;and eating once in twenty-four hours seemed sufficient sustenance（食物，生计）for him.(E.Bronte:Wuthering Heights,Ch.20,V.)他不愿意完全凭感情用事，所以宁肯自己不来吃饭。看来，二十四小时吃一顿饭，在他是足够了。例1)中avoid和dodge是两个正说概念及物动词，都表示“回避”意思，译成汉字都用反说“不”字来传译。例2)中beyond是个正说概念介词，意思为“超出”，译成汉字也改成反说“没有（料到）”。例3)中名词aversion和动词absent，原来也都是正说概念，译成汉字也都改成了反说“不愿意”和“不来（吃饭）”。第30页 有时候，英文中正说句子可能处理成正说、反说都能够，但处理成反说可能更自然，更顺畅。请看下面例句：I knew her before I ever met your mother.(R.Zacks:“The Date Father Didnt Keep”)我没遇见你妈妈之前就认识她了。不少译者一看到before 引导状语从句，都习惯于译成正说“在之前”，这么译不是不可以，不过像本例句这么句子，似乎译作“没之前”更符合汉语习惯。第31页一、英语从正面表示，译文从反面表示一、英语从正面表示，译文从反面表示（一）动词（一）动词 下面三个英语例句都用动词从正面表示，而译成汉语时都从反面表示：1）“when will the plane take off?”“If the weather holds a couple of days.”“什么时候（起飞）？”“要是天气三两天内保持不变，就能够起飞。”2）The first bombs missed the target.第一批炸弹没有击中目标。3）Such a chance denied me.我没有得到这么一个机会。第32页（二）副词（二）副词 1)We may safely say so.我们这么说万无一失（或：错不了）2)A：The boy is quite clever.B：Exactly 甲：这孩子很聪明。乙：一点不错（没错）。3）The subversion（颠覆）attempts proved predictably futile.不出所料，颠覆活动证实毫无效果。第33页（三）形容词（三）形容词1）Hes not stupid,merely ignorant.他并不愚笨，仅仅是无知而已。2）It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.甚至只要有一点点风声走漏出去，结果就不 堪构想。3）The explanation is pretty thin.这个解释是相当不充实。4）His refusal is not final.他拒绝不是不可改变。第34页（四）介词（四）介词1）This problem is above me.这个问题我不懂（或：我处理不了）。2）It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.他无权签署这种协议。3）These planes were held back to protect the home lands instead of being used where they were badly needed.这些飞机被留在后方保卫本土，未用于其它急需地方。第35页五）连接词五）连接词1）The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered.游击队员宁愿战斗到死，而决不投降。2）Hed rather be buried with it(a belt)under a mountain of rock than trust another bank!他宁可和这条腰带一起埋入石山下，也不愿再去信任一家银行了。3）I will not go unless I hear from him.假如他不通知我，我就不去。第36页（六）名词（六）名词This failure was the making of him.这次不成功是他成功基础。Within minutes the men came racing in with the two jeeps.They were both very excited,so I had to pretend to be calm to prevent my worry from spreading.几分钟后，那些人乘着两辆吉普回来了。他们都很激动，所以这时我得故作镇静以免我不安心情绪影响他们。第37页（七）短语（七）短语The islanders found themselves far from ready to the war.岛民发觉自己远远没有做好作战准备。Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity.双方认为，那和平提议是一个他们能够接收而不失体面提议。We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们信任。第38页When Philip missed the last bus,he was at a loss to know what to do.菲利普误了最终一班公共汽车，茫然不知该怎么办。And there was much to excite a childs imagination:glimpses of the pacific Ocean to the west,the San Bernardino Mountains to the north,a“haunted house”in the nearby foothills to be viewed with awe and approached with caution 这里有许多能够激发孩子想象力景象：西方朦胧太平洋海面，北面圣贝纳迪诺山脉，不远处小山脚下那间令人望而生畏，不敢轻易走近“凶宅”第39页（八）句子（八）句子If it worked once,it can work twice.一次得手，再次不愁。He was 75,but he carried his years lightly.他七十五岁了，可是并不显老。My guess is as good as yours.我猜测并不比你高明。The decision has yet to come.决定还没有做出。第40页二、英语从反面表示，译文从正面表示二、英语从反面表示，译文从正面表示（一）动词（一）动词 英语中有些作反面表示动词在译文中往往能够从正面表示，这并不困难，如demobilize“复员”；unfasten“解开”；displease“使人生气”，等等。1）I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.一天我和他乘车转了转，看看船怎样卸货。2）The man jumped over a neighboring garden wall and disappeared among the crowds.这个家伙从邻居花园墙头上翻了出去，在人群中消失了。3)The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.虽经他一再解释，疑团依然存在。第41页（二）副词（二）副词1）He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。2)Mary agreed that the prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably.许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很丢面子。3）Mr.Rumsfeld said the Soviet Union was unprecedentedly engaged in a missile-building program.拉姆斯菲尔德说，苏联正以空前规模推行制造导弹计划。第42页（三）形容词（三）形容词1）He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious（重复无常）.他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是重复无常。2）All the articles are untouchable in the museum.博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。3）It was an unusual unit,flying an easily identifiable aircraft.这是一支异乎寻常部队，乘是很轻易辩认飞机。4）Hitlers undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with world-wide condemnation.希特勒对犹太人露骨迫害行为受到全世界训斥。第43页四）名词四）名词1）It was said that someone had shown discord（不和）among them.听说有些人在他们中间搞挑拨离间。2）He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business.他对他父亲生意表示强烈厌恶情绪。3）I watched with disbelief as a number was put on my right forearm82585.当一个号码82585刺在我右前臂时，我怀疑地看着。第44页（五）短语（五）短语1）Dont lose time in posting this letter.赶快把这封信寄出去。2）The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer.调查结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症。3）Students,with no exception,are to hand in their papers this afternoon.今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。第45页（六）句子（六）句子1）The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us.这些事情引发了我们重视。2）Such flights couldnt long escape notice.这类飞机迟早会被人发觉。3）Ashurst saw at once that Phil was not all right.艾舍斯特马上看到菲尔出了毛病。第46页 Almost from the first,Strauss had his cloth dyed the distinctive indigo（靛蓝）that gave blue jeans their name,but it was not until the 1870s that he added the copper rivets（铜铆钉）which have long since become a company trademark.(C.Quinn:“The Jeaning of America”)几乎从一开始，施特劳斯就把他布料染成别具一格靛蓝色，所以便有了蓝色牛仔裤之称。不过，直至19世纪70年代，他才往裤子上加了铜铆钉；长久以来，这铜铆钉也就成了企业标志。not until 是反说法，译成汉语变成正说“直到”。第47页 I believed then that I would die there,and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below.They were not the less beautiful to me.这时我以为我要死在那儿了，而下面山谷里景致却看得异常清楚。在我看来，这些景致依然那样漂亮。not the less 属于双否定说法，翻译中无须“东施效颦”，也来个双否定，而只要依据汉语习惯，译成正说“依然那样”即可。第48页 从实践来看，英语中正说和反说，在多数情况下，还是译成汉语中对应正说和反说。所以，对于正反说转换，切不可随心所欲，为转换而转换，而是要确实出于需要或是出于译文需要，或是出于增强表示效果需要，比如：Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go,merely on that account,for in general you know they visit no new comers.(J.Austen:Pride and Prejudice)卢卡斯爵士夫妇打定注意要去，还不就是为了这个缘故，因为你知道，他们通常是不去造访新搬来邻居。merely on that account 也能够“正”译成“仅仅为了这个缘故”，但似乎显得平淡了一些，而“反”译成“还不就是为了这个缘故”，则能愈加充分地表示出说话人急迫心态。第49页1.Affirmative in English,but Negative in ChineseIm at my wits end to keep this child quiet.要让这个孩子平静下来，我已经无计可施。The mother said she would let her son off washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before super.那位妈妈说假如她儿子能在晚饭前完成作业，她就不让他刷碗了。第50页2.Negative in English,but affirmative in ChineseThe doubt was still unresolved after his repeated explanations.虽经他一再解释，疑团依然存在。All the articles in the museum are untouchable.博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business.他对他父亲生意表示强烈厌恶情绪。第51页3.The Same English Word,with Either Affirmative or Negative Equivalents in ChineseHe is free with his money.他不差钱（他花钱很大方）。The station is no distance at all.车站一点不远(近在咫尺）。The criminal is still at large.罪犯依然未被逮捕（逍遥法外）.It is no less than a fraud.这简直是一场骗局。（不亚于，无异于)第52页4.Double Negative for EmphasisThere is not any advantage without disadvantage.有一利必有一弊。It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.人都会犯错误。It never rains bit it pours.不雨则已，一雨倾盆(不鸣则已，一鸣惊人)第53页5.Roundabout Affirmative（迂回式必定）He didnt half like the girl.他非常喜欢那姑娘。I couldnt agree with you more.我非常赞同您意见。我再同意你不过了。He cant see you quick enough.他想尽快和你见面。I couldnt feel better.我以为身体好极了。Dont scamp your work because you are pressed for time.不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。第54页6.Some Traps in Negative Structures(否定结构陷阱）（1）notbecause The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.发动机并非因为没燃料停。（2）cannot too He cannot be too hardworking.他再努力也不为过。第55页（3）all/everynot All cities did not look like they do today.过去城市并不都像今天这么千篇一律。all that glitters is not gold.发光不一定都是金子。（4）bothnot Both the instruments are not precision ones.这两件仪器不都是精密仪器。we both cannot go.我们俩不能同时都走。第56页（5）for all（尽管（尽管；不；说不定）；不；说不定）You may leave at once for all I care.你尽可马上离开，我才不论呢。He seemed as fresh as ever;for all that I never saw him drink or eat.尽管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么，他似乎依然精神饱满。For all we know,the files we were supposed to photograph were already on their way.说不定那些该由我们拍摄文件已在途中。（6）It be+adj.+n+thatIt is a good workman that never blunders.智者千虑，必有一失。（再聪明工匠也难免犯错。）It is a long lane that has no end.路必有弯。（再长胡同也有尽头）It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.坏事未必对人人都有坏处。（再坏事也不是对人人都有坏处。）第57页No Assignments This Week.第58页