句子成分和结构课件省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

require earn devote inform donate requirement headmaster literatureavailable enjoyable challenging fluentsomehow fluently differently usually第1页英语词性分类英语词性分类词类又叫词性，英语词性共有十大类。词类又叫词性，英语词性共有十大类。Parts of Speech第2页1 名词名词 noun n.student 学生学生 2 代词代词 pronoun pron.you 你你3 形容词形容词 adjective adj.happy 高兴高兴 4 副词副词 adverb adv.quickly 快速地快速地5 动词动词 verb v.cut 砍、割砍、割 6 数词数词 numeral num.three 三三7 冠词冠词 article art.a 一个一个 8 介词介词 preposition prep.at 在在.9 连词连词 conjunction conj.and 和和 10 感叹词感叹词 interjection interj.oh 哦哦 实词实词虚词虚词第3页取得英语语法成功基石取得英语语法成功基石第4页句子是由词按照一定语法结构组成。句子是由词按照一定语法结构组成。组成句子各个部分叫做句子成份。组成句子各个部分叫做句子成份。句子成份：句子成份：主主谓谓宾宾表表补补定定状状同位语同位语第5页 ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语第6页主语（主语（subject）句子说明人或事物句子说明人或事物,主语普通位于主语普通位于_。Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.Shewentoutinahurry.Fourplusfouriseight.To seeistobelieve.Smokingisbadforhealth.The youngshouldrespecttheold.What he has saidistrue.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（名词化形容词）（名词化形容词）（句子）（句子）句首句首第7页找出以下句中主语并说出是有什么来充当找出以下句中主语并说出是有什么来充当1.Thesunrisesintheeast.2.Seeingisbelieving.3.Toseeistobelieve.4.Whatheneedsisabook.5.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（名（名词词）（动动名名词词）（不定式）（不定式）（句子）（句子）（It形式主形式主语语，主，主语语从句是真正主从句是真正主语语）第8页当当不定式、动名词或从句不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，防止头重脚轻，时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，防止头重脚轻，所以惯用所以惯用it作形式主语作形式主语置于置于句首句首，而将真正主，而将真正主语放在句尾。此时语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。无词义。什么情况下用什么情况下用it作形式主语？作形式主语？第9页 你能划出以下句子真正主语吗你能划出以下句子真正主语吗?你知道翻译以你知道翻译以下句子吗？下句子吗？1)It is wrong to tell a lie.()2)It is no use arguing about it.()3)It is uncertain who will come.()说谎是错误。说谎是错误。争吵是没用。争吵是没用。谁要来还不确定。谁要来还不确定。第10页 谓语谓语（predicate）说明主语动作、状态和特征，用说明主语动作、状态和特征，用动词动词充当（有充当（有时不止一个动词），时不止一个动词），主谓主谓普通要靠在一起。普通要靠在一起。简单谓语简单谓语:由由动词动词或或动词词组动词词组组组成成Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?Helooked aftertwoorphans.复合复合谓语谓语由由情情态动词态动词或助或助动词动词+动词动词;Hecan speakEnglishwell.Shedoesnt seemtolikedancing第11页 选出以下句中谓语选出以下句中谓语 He looked up the word in the dictionary.A.looked B.looked up C.looked up the word D.in the dictionary He has caught a bad cold.A.has B.caught C.has caught D.a bad cold He practices running every morning.A.running B.practices running C.practices D.every morning第12页Showyourpassport,please.Shedidntsayanything.Howmanydoyouwant?-Iwanttwo.Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.Theyaskedtoseemypassport.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（名（名词词）(代代词词）(数数词词)(名名词词化形容化形容词词)(三三)宾语（宾语（object）动作对象或承受者，动作对象或承受者，由由n.或相当于或相当于n.词担任。词担任。置于置于_或或_之后。之后。（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子）及物动词及物动词介词介词第13页 有有些些及及物物动动词词如如give,tell,bring,buy等等能能够够带带双双宾宾语语，一一个个指指人人，一一个个指指物物。通通常常情情况况下下，指指物物叫叫直直接接宾宾语语，指指人人叫叫间间接接宾宾语语。间间接接宾宾语语多放在直接宾语之前。多放在直接宾语之前。间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语pleasepassmethe book.Heboughthis girlfriendsome flowers.He gave me some books.第14页宾语有三种宾语有三种动宾动宾 I bought a book.直接直接/间接宾语间接宾语 She gave John a book介宾介宾 They talk about a book.注意注意第15页 挑出以下句中宾语挑出以下句中宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.The teacher turned off the lights.Hell give us a talk.They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.第16页（四）表语（四）表语（predicative）在在系动词系动词后部分就是表语后部分就是表语1.The war was over.2.They seem to know the truth.3.Time is precious.4.Im not quite myself today.5.That remains a puzzle.6.I dont feel at ease.第17页系动词系动词1.表状态表状态 be(am,is,are)2.表感官表感官 sound,taste,feel，look,seem,appear3.表连续表连续 keep,remain,stay,stand You keep quite!5.表改变表改变 become,grow,come,go6.表终止表终止 prove,turn out 证实证实第18页Ifoundthebookinteresting.Doyousmellsomethingburning?Hemadehimselfknowntothem.Sheaskedmetolendherahand.（五）（五）宾语补宾语补足足语语 （object complement）补充说明宾语情况补充说明宾语情况。由。由n./adj./介宾介宾/分词分词/不定不定式式等担任。等担任。与宾语一起组成与宾语一起组成复合宾语。复合宾语。惯用动词有惯用动词有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let等等 第19页（六）同位语（六）同位语（appositive）位于位于名词或代词名词或代词后面，解释说明它们性质和情况，后面，解释说明它们性质和情况，二者语法功效相同，后面是前面同位语。二者语法功效相同，后面是前面同位语。Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.Hehimselfwilldotheexperiment.Heistheoldestamongthemfour.Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句第20页（七七）定语）定语（attributive）Heisacleverboy.Hisfatherworksinasteelwork.Thereare54studentsinourclass.Doyouknownbettyssister?Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.Hisspokenlanguageisgood.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词全部格名词全部格)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)对对n./pron.进行修饰限定成份，进行修饰限定成份，汉语中用汉语中用表示。表示。()()()()()()第21页定语后置：定语后置：假如定语是假如定语是一个单词一个单词时，通常要时，通常要前置前置。而由而由一个词组或一个句子一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常表示时，通常后置。后置。Thegirlin red ishissister.Wehavealotofworkto do.Thegirlstanding under the treeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwho spoke just now?第22页用以修饰用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句及全句成份成份,状语位置灵活。状语位置灵活。I am very sorry.We often help him.When I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语（从句作时间状语)（八八）状语）状语（adverbial）第23页状语分类状语分类:状语按照内容可分为状语按照内容可分为时间时间,地点地点,原因原因,目标目标,结果结果,条件条件,让步让步,方方式式,程度程度,伴随情况伴随情况等等.表示表示时间、地点、目标状语时间、地点、目标状语普通位于句子两头，强调普通位于句子两头，强调时放句首。时放句首。第24页画出以下句子状语画出以下句子状语 Iwillbebackinawhile.Theyareplayingontheplayground.Hewaslatebecausehegotuplate.HegotupsolatethatImissedthetrain.Iwaitedtoseeyou.Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.Thisbookisveryinteresting.Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.第25页 句子成份巩固练习句子成份巩固练习 第26页（一）指出以下句子划线部分是什么句子成份：（一）指出以下句子划线部分是什么句子成份：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.9.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.10.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?第27页（二）分析以下各句中所包含句子成份（二）分析以下各句中所包含句子成份第28页1.Last week I went to the supermarket.Last week I went to the supermarket.状状 主主 谓谓 状状2.The play was very interesting.The play was very interesting.主主 系系 状状 表表3.I cant hear a word.I cant hear a word.主主 谓谓 宾宾4.They were talking loudly.They were talking loudly.主主 谓谓 状状第29页4.It was Sunday.It was Sunday.主主 系表系表5.I never get up early on Sundays.I never get up early on Sundays.主状主状 谓谓 状状状状6.I looked at the young man and the young woman angrily.I looked at the young man and the 主谓主谓 宾宾 young woman angrily.宾宾 状状第30页7.I read a few lines,but I didnt understand a word.I read a few lines,but I didnt 主主 谓定谓定 宾宾 连连 主主 谓谓 understand a word.谓谓 宾宾8.My holidays passed quickly,but I didnt send cards to my friends.My holidays passed quickly,but I 主主 谓谓 状状 连连 主主 didnt send cards to my friends.谓谓 宾宾 宾宾第31页9.I got up early and bought thirty cards.I got up early and bought thirty cards.主主 谓谓 状连状连 谓谓 定宾定宾10.He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.He is working for a big firm and he has 主主 谓状谓状 连连 主谓主谓already visited a great number of different 状状 谓谓 定定 定定places in Australia.宾定宾定第32页11.He has just bought a car and has gone to Alice Springs,a small town in the centre of Australia.He has just bought a car and 主主 谓谓 状状 谓谓 宾宾 连连has gone to Alice Springs,a small town 谓状同位语谓状同位语in the centre of Australia.定定第33页12.He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.He calls at every house in the street主主 谓谓 宾定宾定 once a month and always asks for状连状连 状谓状谓a meal and a glass of beer.宾宾第34页13.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.You will tell your friend 主主 谓谓 定定 间宾间宾 that youve got to school.直宾直宾第35页nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ingV-edetc.主主语语谓谓语语宾语宾语宾语宾语宾补宾补表语表语宾语宾语(间)宾语宾语(直直)Vt系动词ViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/remain/keeptaste/smelletc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.第36页1.Things changed.2.Trees are green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.6.There lies a book on the desk.主主 +谓谓 主主 +系系 +表表主主+谓谓 +宾宾主主+谓谓 +间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语 主主+谓谓 +宾宾 +宾补宾补There be 句型句型简单句基本句型实例简单句基本句型实例第37页Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go.PracticePractice 主主 +谓谓主主+系系 +表表主主 +谓谓 +宾宾主主+谓谓 +间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语主主+谓谓 +宾宾+宾补宾补第38页从属成份从属成份基本成份修饰语。能够是：基本成份修饰语。能够是：定语：即用来修饰名词单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词单词、短语或从句状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外词单词、短语状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外词单词、短语或从句。或从句。定定 语语PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearbyShelikesorangesimported from the USA.JohngaveMarymanybooks，which are full of illustrationsHaveyouseenthebookon the desk?Theboyplaying over thereismybrother.Peopletherelikesports.第39页John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news,he jumped with joy.As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状语语第40页按句子结构分：1)简单句简单句2)并列句并列句3)复合句复合句句子类型句子类型第41页只有一个主语（或并列主语）和只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。一个谓语（或并列谓语）。（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小句子单位。（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小句子单位。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.第42页我们能够给我们能够给名词加上形容词、介词短语名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，修饰，给句子给句子动词加上副词动词加上副词修饰或给句子加上修饰或给句子加上状语状语修饰等，以使整个句子意思变得更丰富和充修饰等，以使整个句子意思变得更丰富和充实。但不论怎样变，都只有实。但不论怎样变，都只有一个主谓结构一个主谓结构。He worked hard all his life.(划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)He is a school student in No.1 Middle School.(划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student)第43页e.g.You help him and he helps you.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.并列句并列句句型：句型：简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句简单句 并列句是由两个或两个以上简单句并列句是由两个或两个以上简单句连接而成。并列句中各简单句意义连接而成。并列句中各简单句意义同等主要，同等主要，相互之间没有隶属关系，相互之间没有隶属关系，是平行并列关系是平行并列关系。它们之间用连词。它们之间用连词连结。连结。第44页practiceThis is me and these are my friends.They must stay in water,or they will die.Its not cheap,but it is very good.It was late,so I went to bed.andorbut soHe knocked at the door;there was no answer.Youre alive!And shes dead.第45页就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构句子。就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子次要部分，即从句部分。次要部分，即从句部分。句型句型主句主句+引导词引导词+从句；或引导词从句；或引导词+从句从句+主句主句复合句复合句第46页句型句型主句主句+引导词引导词+从句；或引导词从句；或引导词+从句从句+主句主句The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.、(when引导一个时间状语从句引导一个时间状语从句)As is known to all,China is getting more and more powerful.(as 引导一个定语从句引导一个定语从句)Where there is a will,there is a way.(Where引导一个地点状语从句引导一个地点状语从句)第47页名词性从句名词性从句状语从句状语从句定语从句定语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句复合句中从句包含复合句中从句包含A plane is a machine that can fly.He said that he didnt like her.第48页v My roommate was sleeping,we didnt want to wake her up.请用所学知识更正以下病句请用所学知识更正以下病句My roommate was sleeping.We didnt want to wake her up.My roommate was sleeping,so we didnt want to wake her up.I went to bed because I was tired.v I went to bed.Because I was tired.第49页v China has hundreds of islands,and the largest of which is Taiwan Island.v China has hundreds of islands,the largest of them is Taiwan Island.China has hundreds of islands,and the largest of them is Taiwan Island China has hundreds of islands,the largest of which is Taiwan Island第50页Exercises 判断句型1.Having finished his homework,the boy went on to help his mother.2.What he says doesnt suit what he does.(简单句简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子整个句子)(复合句复合句包含两个名词性从句：包含两个名词性从句：What he says 是一个主语从句；是一个主语从句；what he does 是一个宾语是一个宾语从句从句)第51页3.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.4.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.5.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?简单句简单句复合句复合句简单句简单句第52页6.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.7.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.8.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句第53页9.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.10.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?11.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.12.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句简单句简单句第54页1.She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.A.arrivingB.to arriveC.having arrived D.and arrived2.She thought I was talking about her daughter,_,in fact,I was talking about my daughter.A.whom B.where C.which D.while第55页3.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,_ was very reasonable.A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of that 4.She is American,_ she knows little about American history.A.so B.yet C.and D.therefore 第56页5._ several times about it,but he could not give the correct answer.A.Being asked B.Having been asked C.He would ask D.He had been asked 6._ the days went on,the situation there got worse.A.With B.Since C.While D.As第57页7.lShe won the first prize in the speech contest and _ surprised us.A.which B.it C.as D.whol She won the first prize in the speech contest,_ surprised us.A.which B.it C.as D.who第58页8._ the text a second time,the meaning will become clearer to you.A.Read B.Reading C.If reading D.When you read 9._,so he didnt come to school last week.A.Though he was ill B.Being ill C.Having been ill D.He was ill第59页