美国历史英文版.ppt

American HistoryFrom 1800 to 1945Preface:the 1790sn nThe United States gradually expanded,territorially and experientially.n nThe Bill of Rights is added in 1791.n nThe cotton gin is invented in 1793.Preface:the 1790sn nThe country had built up$74,000,000 of debt from the war,and had to pass taxes to pay this debt,and then enforce the taxes.Preface:The 1790sn nThe first political parties were Jefferson and Madisons Democratic-Republican party and Hamiltons Federalist party.Preface:The 1790sn nThe Federalists wanted to create a strong and efficient federal government,but sometimes alienated the people,for example by passing high taxes on houses,land,and slaves,and in turn causing several rebellions.n nThe Democratic-Republicans favored the middle class,and encouraged expansion of American settlements.The Louisiana Purchasen nThe purchase of a huge expanse of land from France in 1803 radically increased the size of the United States and allowed for a greater number of farmers.The War of 1812n nThe Americans declared war against Britain The Americans declared war against Britain because of interferences with American trade in because of interferences with American trade in Europe,mistreatment of American sailors,and Europe,mistreatment of American sailors,and Britains encouragement of hostilities with the Britains encouragement of hostilities with the Native Americans.Native Americans.n nWashington D.C.was burned,but the Americans Washington D.C.was burned,but the Americans eventually won.eventually won.n nNative Americans were later forced to move Native Americans were later forced to move west(to Oklahoma)in the Trail of Tears(1830).west(to Oklahoma)in the Trail of Tears(1830).Economy and Politics in the 1820sn nNew political parties formed:the Democrats(from the Democratic-Republicans)and the Whigs.The latter favored the growth of industry.n nBanking was an object of great debate:there was no federal bank or currency,and the previous federal banks charter had expired.Economic Growth in AmericaThe Second Great Awakeningn nThere was a great religious revival that changed the face of American Christianity.“Manifest Destiny”and the American Dreamn nThough people were optimistic about American Though people were optimistic about American society,most farmers had little time or money,society,most farmers had little time or money,and though there were more wealthy people in and though there were more wealthy people in the United States than Europe by 1850,most of the United States than Europe by 1850,most of them were born into wealthy families.them were born into wealthy families.n nWestern expansion dispersed this wealth,as Western expansion dispersed this wealth,as Americans asserted a right to spread out to Americans asserted a right to spread out to places like Oregon,California,and Texas,an places like Oregon,California,and Texas,an idea called“Manifest Destiny”.idea called“Manifest Destiny”.Slaveryn nSlavery was an established institution Slavery was an established institution in the American economy,particularly in the American economy,particularly in the South,but many people became in the South,but many people became convinced that it was an undesirable convinced that it was an undesirable influence on society.influence on society.n nEconomic developments had also made Economic developments had also made it a less profitable institution than it it a less profitable institution than it had been in the past.had been in the past.n nAt the same time,there was a At the same time,there was a widespread idea that African Americans widespread idea that African Americans were inferior,according to different were inferior,according to different theories.theories.Slaveryn nThere were also many disputes in the law about There were also many disputes in the law about the slaves:the slaves:The Constitution defined slaves as 3/5 of a person for The Constitution defined slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purposes of Congressional representation.the purposes of Congressional representation.The trans-Atlantic slave trade was banned in 1807 by The trans-Atlantic slave trade was banned in 1807 by the British Parliament.the British Parliament.The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required Northern The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required Northern police to help in catching slaves.police to help in catching slaves.In the Dred Scott Case,the Supreme Court ruled that In the Dred Scott Case,the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property and could not sue in court nor slaves were property and could not sue in court nor be protected by acts of the Federal government.be protected by acts of the Federal government.The Beginnings of Warn nPartisan politics took hold of issues of slavery Partisan politics took hold of issues of slavery and economics that divided the North and and economics that divided the North and South,and made already-inflamed issues take South,and made already-inflamed issues take center-stage in political issues.center-stage in political issues.n nThere are a number of polarizing causes within There are a number of polarizing causes within that:the slavery question,regionalism,the that:the slavery question,regionalism,the election of Lincoln,and the ongoing dominance election of Lincoln,and the ongoing dominance of the North in Congress.of the North in Congress.n nThe end result was that the South grew tired of The end result was that the South grew tired of its bonds to the Union.its bonds to the Union.The War Beginsn nOn 12 April 1861,Confederate forces attacked On 12 April 1861,Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina.Fort Sumter in South Carolina.n nLincoln responded by summoning a Lincoln responded by summoning a volunteer army to volunteer army to recapture recapture government government property.The North property.The North quickly built up a quickly built up a strong border strong border defense and defense and blockaded the blockaded the Southern states.Southern states.The Nature of the Conflictn nThe American Civil War was the bloodiest conflict in American history,and soon both sides were running out of soldiers and supplies,but the North had a more diverse and stable economy to draw from.n nTo the credit of the South,General Robert E.Lee was loyal to his state of Virginia,and was certainly the most talented commander of either side,and had the soldiers and opportunity to win the war,if it could be won quickly.Objectives of theConfederate States of American nPresident Jefferson Davis of the CSA effectively President Jefferson Davis of the CSA effectively turned control of the army over to General Lee,turned control of the army over to General Lee,who had rapidly proved his brilliance in who had rapidly proved his brilliance in command,to the wide respect of his mand,to the wide respect of his men.n nThe strategy was to strike hard The strategy was to strike hard and fast at Washington D.C.,toand fast at Washington D.C.,todisable the army,capture Lincoln,disable the army,capture Lincoln,and demoralize the Union.and demoralize the Union.n nThe British were considering The British were considering allying themselves with the South.allying themselves with the South.Objectives of the Federal Government of the United States of American nPresident Lincoln had to keep a tenuous balance President Lincoln had to keep a tenuous balance between the extremes of the remaining between the extremes of the remaining Union States for their loyalty.Union States for their loyalty.His priority wasHis priority wasmaintaining the unity of the maintaining the unity of the nation,because regardingnation,because regardingany issue,if the country was not any issue,if the country was not whole,his actions would be of whole,his actions would be of limited effectiveness.limited effectiveness.The War Ragesn nFor one year,the war continued,as General Lee For one year,the war continued,as General Lee won one battle after another and the Union was won one battle after another and the Union was forced to send more and more troops.forced to send more and more troops.n nIn 1862,the Union defeated Lee at the Battle of In 1862,the Union defeated Lee at the Battle of Antietam,pushing him back,and Lincoln issued Antietam,pushing him back,and Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.the Emancipation Proclamation.n nIn 1863,the Battle of Gettysburg would decide In 1863,the Battle of Gettysburg would decide the result of the war,though the war would the result of the war,though the war would continue for another two years,until the capture continue for another two years,until the capture of the Southern capitol:Richmond,Virginia.of the Southern capitol:Richmond,Virginia.The Battle of Gettysburgn nThe Battle of Gettysburg was a three-day The Battle of Gettysburg was a three-day military engagement between the attacking military engagement between the attacking Rebel Army of General Lee and the defending Rebel Army of General Lee and the defending Union Army of the Potomac River.Union Army of the Potomac River.n nThe armies,unknown to each other,moved past The armies,unknown to each other,moved past each other so that the Southern army was each other so that the Southern army was positioned to attack Washington D.C.from the positioned to attack Washington D.C.from the north and the Northern army was between the north and the Northern army was between the Southerners and the Federal Capitol.Southerners and the Federal Capitol.n nSuddenly they met in the small town of Suddenly they met in the small town of Gettysburg,Pennsylvania.Gettysburg,Pennsylvania.The Battle of Gettysburg:Day 1n nIn the first day of the In the first day of the battle,the Union and battle,the Union and Rebel forces met andRebel forces met andthe Union retreated to the Union retreated to a ridge above the city.a ridge above the city.n nThis ridge would be aThis ridge would be astrong Union positionstrong Union positionfor the rest of the for the rest of the battle.battle.The Battle of Gettysburg:Day 2n nOn the second day ofbattle,the Rebel armyattempted to flank theUnion army by goingaround the southernedge,at Little Round Top,where they werefamously defeated.The Defense of Little Round Topn nThe most famous maneuver of the second day was the defense of Little Round Top by Colonel Joshua Laurence Chamberlain and his soldiers from Maine.The Battle of Gettysburg:Day 3n nHaving attacked bothsides of the Union army,Lee decided to attackthe center.He ordereda bold charge withartillery support.This was unlikely to succeedand was repelled.The End of the Warn nAfter defeat at Gettysburg,the South lost its allies and its ability to effectively attack,and so was defensive for the rest of the war.n nEventually Richmond was lost,and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865.n nThe victory was bittersweet as President Lincoln was assassinated by Southern-sympathizing conspirators later that year.The Reconstructionn nBeing recently treacherous,the government of the Being recently treacherous,the government of the Southern states had to be replaced by more loyal,Southern states had to be replaced by more loyal,Northern military leadership.Northern military leadership.Lincoln had wanted a moderate plan for reconstruction,but he Lincoln had wanted a moderate plan for reconstruction,but he and his followers were opposed by suspicious Republicans.and his followers were opposed by suspicious Republicans.This made the South vulnerable to exploitation.This made the South vulnerable to exploitation.n nThe Freedmans Bureau was established to support the The Freedmans Bureau was established to support the newly-freed slaves with health care,education,and newly-freed slaves with health care,education,and employment.employment.n nThe Fourteen Amendment applied most of the Bill of The Fourteen Amendment applied most of the Bill of Rights to state governments as well as the federal Rights to state governments as well as the federal government.government.New Forms of Racismn nWith their state governments under Northern martial law,Southerners became fiercely opposed to new legislations.n nBy 1877,the Southern states had been granted their sovereignty again,and passed the Jim Crow laws,declaring that Blacks would remain“separate but equal”.Of course,it was not really equal,because the Of course,it was not really equal,because the lawmakers were not concerned with the lawmakers were not concerned with the quality of Black peoples facilities.quality of Black peoples facilities.New Forms of Racismn nDuring the Reconstruction Era,societies such as During the Reconstruction Era,societies such as the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)formed to resist anyone the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)formed to resist anyone who created who created“impurities”in their“impurities”in their elitist White Anglo-elitist White Anglo-Saxon Protestant Saxon Protestant culture by acts of culture by acts of violence and violence and terrorism.terrorism.Industry and Urban Expansionfrom 1865 to 1918n nOver 27,000,000 immigrants arrived into the Over 27,000,000 immigrants arrived into the cities of the United States,offering a work force cities of the United States,offering a work force and population base.and population base.n nThe average annual income of non-agricultural The average annual income of non-agricultural workers grew by over 100%(after factoring workers grew by over 100%(after factoring inflation).inflation).n nCorporations grew even more powerful,Corporations grew even more powerful,becoming“trusts”,which were effectively a form becoming“trusts”,which were effectively a form of monopoly.of monopoly.n nThe United States had become the worlds The United States had become the worlds leading industrial nation.leading industrial nation.The Working Classn nThe wages of workers rose to be double what was paid The wages of workers rose to be double what was paid in Europe,but the work was harder and with less leisure.in Europe,but the work was harder and with less leisure.n nLabor unions,Labor unions,groups of workers groups of workers using striking and using striking and common interests common interests to demand higherto demand higherwages and better wages and better working conditions,working conditions,began to appear.began to appear.The Spanish-American Warn nIn 1898,the United States lost patience with Spanish In 1898,the United States lost patience with Spanish abuse of the Cuban natives when an American ship was abuse of the Cuban natives when an American ship was sunk in a Cuban harbor.sunk in a Cuban harbor.n nThe result was a mostly-naval battle won by the The result was a mostly-naval battle won by the Americans.Americans.n nA treaty was writtenending the Spanish Empire by A treaty was written,ending the Spanish Empire by transferring ownership of Cuba,Guam,Puerto Rico,and transferring ownership of Cuba,Guam,Puerto Rico,and the Philippines to the United States.the Philippines to the United States.Cuba was immediately given independence;th