新标准大学英语综合教程3课文翻译和课后习题答案Unit3市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

UNIT 3ART FOR ARTS SAKE第1页How We Listen1Wealllistentomusicaccordingtoourseparatecapacities.But,forthesakeofanalysis,thewholelisteningprocessmaybecomeclearerifwebreakitupintoitscomponentparts,sotospeak.Inacertainsensewealllistentomusiconthreeseparateplanes.Forlackofabetterterminology,onemightnamethese:(1)thesensuousplane,(2)theexpressiveplane,(3)thesheerlymusicalplane.Theonlyadvantagetobegainedfrommechanicallysplittingupthelisteningprocessintothesehypotheticalplanesistheclearerviewtobehadofthewayinwhichwelisten.Text第2页2Thesimplestwayoflisteningtomusicistolistenforthesheerpleasureofthemusicalsounditself.Thatisthesensuousplane.Itistheplaneonwhichwehearmusicwithoutthinking,withoutconsideringitinanyway.Oneturnsontheradiowhiledoingsomethingelseandabsent-mindedlybathesinthesound.Akindofbrainlessbutattractivestateofmindisengenderedbythemeresoundappealofthemusic.Text第3页3Thesurprisingthingisthatmanypeoplewhoconsiderthemselvesqualifiedmusicloversabusethatplaneinlistening.Theygotoconcertsinordertolosethemselves.Theyusemusicasaconsolationoranescape.Theyenteranidealworldwhereonedoesnthavetothinkoftherealitiesofeverydaylife.Ofcoursetheyarentthinkingaboutthemusiceither.Musicallowsthemtoleaveit,andtheygoofftoaplacetodream,dreamingbecauseofandaproposofthemusicyetneverquitelisteningtoit.Text第4页4Yes,thesoundappealofmusicisapotentandprimitiveforce,butyoumustnotallowittousurpadisproportionateshareofyourinterest.Thesensuousplaneisanimportantoneinmusic,averyimportantone,butitdoesnotconstitutethewholestory.5ThesecondplaneonwhichmusicexistsiswhatIhavecalledtheexpressiveone.Here,immediately,wetreadoncontroversialground.Composershaveawayofshyingawayfromanydiscussionofmusicsexpressiveside.Text第5页DidnotStravinskyhimselfproclaimthathismusicwasanobject,athing,withalife ofitsown,andwithnoothermeaningthanitsownpurelymusicalexistence?ThisintransigentattitudeofStravinskysmaybeduetothefactthatsomanypeoplehavetriedtoreaddifferentmeaningsintosomanypieces.Heavenknowsitisdifficultenoughtosaypreciselywhatitisthatapieceofmusicmeans,tosayitdefinitely,tosayitfinallysothateveryoneissatisfiedwithyourexplanation.Butthatshouldnotleadonetotheotherextremeofdenyingtomusictherighttobeexpressive.Text第6页6Listen,ifyoucan,tothe48fuguethemesofBachsWell-Tempered Clavichord.Listentoeachtheme,oneafteranother.Youwillsoonrealizethateachthememirrorsadifferentworldoffeeling.Youwillalsosoonrealizethatthemorebeautifulathemeseemstoyoutheharderitistofindanywordthatwilldescribeittoyourcompletesatisfaction.Text第7页Yes,youwillcertainlyknowwhetheritisagaythemeorasadone.Youwillbeable,inotherwords,inyourownmind,todrawaframeofemotionalfeelingaroundyourtheme.Nowstudythesadonealittlecloser.Trytopindowntheexactqualityofitssadness.Isitpessimisticallysadorresignedlysad;isitfatefullysadorsmilinglysad?Text第8页7Letussupposethatyouarefortunateandcandescribetoyourownsatisfactioninsomanywordstheexactmeaningofyourchosentheme.Thereisstillnoguaranteethatanyoneelsewillbesatisfied.Norneedtheybe.Theimportantthingisthateachonefeelsforhimselfthespecificexpressivequalityofathemeor,similarly,anentirepieceofmusic.Andifitisagreatworkofart,dontexpectittomeanexactlythesamethingtoyoueachtimeyoureturntoit.Text第9页8Thethirdplaneonwhichmusicexistsisthesheerlymusicalplane.Besidesthepleasurablesoundofmusicandtheexpressivefeelingthatitgivesoff,musicdoesexistintermsofthenotesthemselvesandoftheirmanipulation.Mostlistenersarenotsufficientlyconsciousofthisthirdplane.Text第10页9Itisveryimportantforallofustobecomemorealivetomusiconitssheerlymusicalplane.Afterall,anactualmusicalmaterialisbeingused.Theintelligentlistenermustbepreparedtoincreasehisawarenessofthemusicalmaterialandwhathappenstoit.Hemusthearthemelodies,therhythms,theharmonies,thetonecolorsinamoreconsciousfashion.Butaboveallhemust,inordertofollowthelineofthecomposersthought,knowsomethingoftheprinciplesofmusicalform.Listeningtoalloftheseelementsislisteningonthesheerlymusicalplane.Text第11页10LetmerepeatthatIhavesplitupmechanicallythethreeseparateplanesonwhichwelistenmerelyforthesakeofgreaterclarity.Actually,weneverlistenononeortheotheroftheseplanes.Whatwedoistocorrelatethemlisteninginallthreewaysatthesametime.Ittakesnomentaleffort,forwedoitinstinctively.Text第12页11Perhapsananalogywithwhathappenstouswhenwevisitthetheaterwillmakethisinstinctivecorrelationclearer.Inthetheater,youareawareoftheactorsandactresses,costumesandsets,soundsandmovements.Allthesegiveonethesensethatthetheaterisapleasantplacetobein.Theyconstitutethesensuousplaneinourtheatricalreactions.Text第13页12Theexpressiveplaneinthetheaterwouldbederivedfromthefeelingthatyougetfromwhatishappeningonthestage.Youaremovedtopity,excitement,orgaiety.Itisthisgeneralfeeling,generatedasidefromtheparticularwordsbeingspoken,acertainemotionalsomethingwhichexistsonthestage,thatisanalogoustotheexpressivequalityinmusic.Text第14页13Theplotandplotdevelopmentisequivalenttooursheerlymusicalplane.Theplaywrightcreatesanddevelopsacharacterinjustthesamewaythatacomposercreatesanddevelopsatheme.Accordingtothedegreeofyourawarenessofthewayinwhichtheartistineitherfieldhandleshismaterialwillyoubecomeamoreintelligentlistener.Text第15页14Itiseasyenoughtoseethatthetheatergoerneverisconsciousofanyoftheseelementsseparately.Heisawareofthemallatthesametime.Thesameistrueofmusiclistening.Wesimultaneouslyandwithoutthinkinglistenonallthreeplanes.Text第16页我们是怎样听音乐我们是怎样听音乐1我们都按照各自不一样能力来听音乐。但为了便于分析，假如把听整个过程分成几个组成部分，那么这个过程会更清楚一些。从某种意义上来说，我们听音乐有三个不一样层次。因为缺乏更加好术语，我们姑且把它们命名为：（1）感官层次；（2）表现层次；（3）纯音乐层次。把听过程机械地分割为以上三个假想层次，唯一好处是让我们更清楚地了解自己是怎样听音乐。Text第17页2 听音乐最简单方式是为了去获取乐声带来纯粹愉悦感，这是音乐感官层次。在这个层次上，我们只是听音乐，不做任何思索。我们打开收音机，一边做着其它事情，一边心不在焉地沉醉在音乐中。乐声本身魅力带我们进入一个无需思索美妙心境。Text第18页3 令人意外是，许多自认为是合格音乐兴趣者在听音乐时过多地使用了这一层次。他们去听音乐会是为了忘却自我。他们把音乐当成一个慰藉，一个逃避，由此他们进入了一个能够忘却日常生活理想世界。当然，他们也没有在思索音乐。音乐允许他们离开现实，到另一个地方去做梦，因为音乐而做梦，做相关音乐梦，却从没有真正观赏过音乐。Text第19页4确实，乐声魅力是一个强大而原始力量，不过你不该让它占据你过多兴趣空间。感官层次是音乐一个主要层次，非常主要，但并不是音乐全部。5音乐存在第二个层次就是我所说表现层次。一提到这个问题，我们马上就进入到一个颇具争议领域。作曲家总是设法避开相关音乐表现方面讨论。Text第20页斯特拉温斯基不是曾经声称他音乐是一个“物体”，是一件有自我生命“东西”，除了纯音乐性存在之外没有任何别含意吗？斯特拉温斯基这种不妥协态度可能源于这么一个事实：有那么多人尝试着从众多音乐作品中读出完全不一样含意。确实，要准确地说出一部音乐作品含意已经极难了，要必定并确定地说出来，还要使每个人对你解释都感到满意，是难上加难。但我们不该所以走到另一个极端，不能去剥夺音乐“表现”权利。Text第21页6可能话，你不妨听听巴赫平均律钢琴曲集中48个赋格主题。依次地、一个个地听听其中每一个主题，你很快就会意识到每个主题都反应了一个不一样情感世界，你很快也会意识到你越以为某个主题美妙，就越难找到令你完全满意字眼来描述它。Text第22页是，你当然知道那个主题是欢快还是悲伤。换句话说，你能够在脑海中勾勒出那个主题情感框架。那么就更仔细地听一下这个悲伤主题吧，要明确悲伤性质。是消极厌世悲伤，还是无可奈何悲伤？是时运不济悲伤，还是强颜欢笑悲伤？Text第23页7假设你很幸运，能用许多词句充分表示你对选中主题确实切了解。但这依然无法确保其它人对你了解都感到满意，他们也完全没有必要感到满意。主要是，每个人能亲自感受某个主题表现力，或以一样方式去感受一部完整音乐作品独特表现力。假如是一部伟大音乐作品，就别指望每次去听它都能给你带来相同感受。Text第24页8音乐存在第三个层次是纯音乐层次。除了令人愉悦乐声及其所表现情感之外，音乐也因其音符本身以及对音符处理而存在。多数听众都没有充分认识到音乐这第三个层次。Text第25页9对我们全部些人来说，愈加充分地认识这个纯音乐层次非常主要。毕竟乐曲使用是实实在在音乐材料。聪明听众一定要做好准备，随时提升自己对音乐材料以及这些材料使用了解。他必须要愈加有意识地倾听音乐旋律、节奏、和弦及音色。但最主要是，为了能够跟上作曲家思绪，他还必须了解一些音乐形式方面知识。去听全部这些成份就是在纯音乐层次上观赏音乐。Text第26页10让我重复一遍，我仅仅是为了讲解得更清楚才把听音乐三个层次机械地分割开来。实际上，我们从来都不会只在其中一个层次上听音乐。我们其实是把它们联络起来，同时在三个层次上听音乐。这并不需要付出多少脑力，因为我们是凭本能这么做。Text第27页11可能，用去剧院看戏来作类比，能使这种本能联络愈加明白易懂。在剧院里，你能注意到男女演员、服装和布景、声音和动作。这些东西组合在一起，会让我们以为剧院是一个令人愉悦地方，它们组成了我们观赏戏剧感官层次。Text第28页12戏剧表现层次来自于你看舞台演出时取得感受。它激起你怜悯、兴奋或是愉悦。正是这种笼统感觉，除了听台词所感受到，主要是存在于舞台上某种情感东西，与音乐表现性相类似。Text第29页13剧情以及剧情发展相当于我们所说纯音乐层次。剧作家塑造和发展戏剧人物方式，和作曲家创造和发展主题方式是一样。你能否成为一个聪明听众，取决于你对剧作家或音乐家处理艺术材料伎俩了解有多深。Text第30页14显然，看戏人从来就不会单独注意到这其中一个元素。他是同时注意到了一切。听音乐道理也是一样，我们同时地、不假思索地在三个层次上倾听音乐。Text第31页Words&Phrasessakeplaneterminologysensuousexpressivesheerlymechanicallyusurppotentaproposconsolationqualifyqualifiedengenderresignedlypessimisticallysadnessfuguepreciselyintransigentpurelyhypotheticalabsent-mindedlybrainlessproclaimcomposerconstituteworkofartsmilinglyfatefully第32页Words&Phrasespleasurablesufficientlymelodyrhythmclarityinstinctivelyinstinctivesimultaneouslyseparatelytheatergoerplaywrightgaietytheatricalanalogyanalogouscostume第33页Words&Phrasessotospeaksplitupshyawayfrompindowngiveoffderivefromasidefrom第34页Words&PhrasesStravinsky斯特拉温斯基Bach巴赫Well-TemperedClavichord平均律钢琴曲集第35页saken.C(usu.sing)(fortheof/forsb.s)1)usedtoindicatesth.thatisdoneasanendinitselfratherthantoachievesomeotherpurpose目标e.g.1.Newideasamounttochangeforchangessake.新思想会为变化而变化。2.Ihopeyourenotdoingthisjustforthesakeofthemoney.我希望你做这件事不光是为了钱。2)thebenefitorregardofsomeoneorsomething利益；好处e.g.Wehopeforhersakethattheweddinggoesasplanned.看在她份儿上，我们希望婚礼按计划进行。Words&Phrases第36页plane n.C a levelof thought,development,orexistence层次；水平e.g.1.ItwasatUnitedthatGoramwouldreachahigherplaneofachievement.格拉姆在联队里才能到达更高成就。2.Thetwobooksareoncompletelydifferentintellectualplanes.这两本书完全在不一样知识层面上Words&Phrases第37页terminology n.Uthewordsandphrases used in a particular business,science,orprofession术语；专门用语e.g.1.chemicalterminology化学术语2.Idontunderstandanyofscientificterminology.我对科学术语一无所知。Words&Phrases第38页sensuousa.1)relatingtooraffectingyourphysicalsensesratherthanyouremotionsorthoughts感官方面；影响感官e.g.Helikessensuousmusic.他喜欢刺激音乐。2)suggestingphysicalpleasure肉体享受；性感e.g.Shewasattractedbythatactorssensuouslips.她被那个演员性感嘴唇所吸引。Words&Phrases第39页expressive a.1)clearly showing what your thoughts or feelings are,especiallybyyourbehavior（尤指行为）富于表现力，明确表露（想法或情感）e.g.Hegaveanexpressiveshudderwhenaskedtoholdthesnake.当他被要求拿起那条蛇，他不寒而栗。2)(of)(veryfml)showingtheessentialfeaturesofanemotion,idea,orquality表现；表示e.g.Theletterwasexpressiveofhissincereregret.这封信表示了他真诚歉意。Wordfamily:express v.expression n.Words&Phrases第40页sheerly ad.purely;utterly;absolutely纯粹地；全然地；绝对地e.g.1.That most exact and convincing of all sciences,mathematics,issheerlymetaphysical.科学中最严谨而令人信服一门，数学，就是纯粹形而上学。2.Whenwegotoutofthemuseumwewentbacktoourhotelsheerlyonfootwhichwasalittlebittiringbutonthewaybacktothehotelwedidhaveagreattime.从博物馆出来后，我们完全是徒步返回酒店，虽说有点累，但回酒店路上，我们确实很开心。Words&Phrases第41页mechanically ad.inamechanicalmanner机械操作地；机械地mechanical a.usingpowerfromanengineormachinetodoaparticularkindofwork;affectingorinvolvingamachine机械操作；机械e.g.1.Theflighthasbeencancelledduetomechanicalfailure.因为机械故障，这趟航班被取消了。2.Thisdooropensmechanically.这扇门是自动打开。3.Evencarsthatweremechanicallysoundstartedrusting.机械性能方面并无问题车子也开始生锈。Words&Phrases第42页hypotheticala.basedonsituationsoreventsthatseempossibleratherthanonactualones（基于）假设，假定e.g.1.Idontwanttotalkabouthypotheticalsituations.我不想谈论假设情况。2.Uniformmotionisonlyhypothetical.匀速运动只是一个假设性运动。Wordfamily:hypothetically ad.hypothesisn.Words&Phrases第43页absent-mindedly ad.preoccupiedly;in anabsent-mindedmanner健忘地；心不在焉地absent-minded a.likely to forget things or to thinkabout something different from what you should bethinkingabout健忘；心不在焉e.g.1.Imgettingmoreabsent-mindedasIgetolder.伴随年纪变大，我变得更健忘了。2.Sheabsent-mindedlyplayedsomehairswhichclungtothecomb.3.Shetalkedtothestrangerwhilewalking,asifabsent-mindedly.她和那个陌生人边走边聊，似乎心不在焉。Words&Phrases她心不在焉地摆弄梳子上粘附着几根头发。第44页brainless a.1)notusingintelligence无须动脑筋；不用花费脑力e.g.Doyouthinktypingisabrainlesstask?你以为打字是不费脑子活儿吗？2)stupid;foolish无头脑；愚笨e.g.Shewasinnomoodfortheirbrainlessgabblethisafternoon.这个下午她没有心情听他们愚蠢闲聊。Words&Phrases第45页engender vt.(fml)causeafeelingorattitudetoexist 造成；造成e.g.1.Crimeissometimesengenderedbyjealousy.犯罪有时是由妒忌造成。2.Sympathyoftenengenderslove.Doyouknowanysynonymsofengender?Words&Phrasescreategiverisetoarousebringaboutleadtocause同情经常引发爱情。generate第46页qualified a.abletodosth.,becauseyou have the knowledge,skill,or experience that isneeded 有资格；有能力e.g.1.Sheiswellqualifiedtogiveanopinion.她有资格发表意见。2.They have difficulty finding qualified personnel athome.(CET4-06)他们在国内难以找到胜任员工。Wordfamily:qualification n.Seealso:qualify.Words&Phrases第47页qualify v.1)(as/for)havetherightqualitiesorbeintherightsituationtobeconsideredassth.ortoreceiveordosth.有资格e.g.Ourteamhasqualifiedforthesemi-final.我队已经有资格进入半决赛。2)(as/in)becomeamemberofaparticularprofessionafteraperiodoftrainingorstudy（经过一段时间训练或学习后）取得资格e.g.Andrewqualifiedasateacherin1995.安德鲁1995年取得教师资格。Antonym:disqualifySeealso:qualified.Words&Phrases第48页consolationn.C,Usth.thatmakesyoufeellessunhappyordisappointed抚慰；慰藉e.g.1.Itwassomeconsolationtoknowthatnooneelsehadpassedthetest.得知没他人经过这个测试是一个抚慰。2.Theonlyconsolationfortheteamisthattheygetachancetoplaythegameagain.球队唯一抚慰就是他们有机会再赛一场。Wordfamily:console v.e.g.NoonecouldconsoleherwhenPeterdied.彼得逝世后，没人能抚慰她。Words&Phrases第49页apropos prep.(of)(fml)relatingto:used for saying sth.else about the subject you aretalkingabout（用于提及相关话题）与相关，附带e.g.1.He had nothing to say apropos of the latestdevelopment.关于最新进展，他无可奉告。2.Aproposofnothing,hesuddenlyaskedmeifIlikedfootball!他突然没头没脑地问我是否喜欢足球！Words&Phrases第50页potent a.powerful,oreffective 强大；有力；有效e.g.1.Iwasconvincedbyhispotentarguments.他那有力论据把我说服了。2.A good company pension scheme remains a potentweaponforattractingstaff.好企业养老金计划在吸引员工方面依然是有利武器。Words&Phrases第51页usurp vt.(fml)takeajoborpositionthatbelongstosomeoneelsewithouthavingtherighttodothis 篡夺；侵占e.g.1.Thekingresentedanyonetryingtousurphisauthority.国王憎恨任何想要篡位人。2.HenryIVusurpedthethroneofEngland.亨利四世篡夺了英国王位。Words&Phrases第52页constitute v.(fml)(linkingverb)ifseveralpeopleorthingsconstitutesth.,theycombinetoformit 组成；组成；形成e.g.1.Twelvepeopleconstitutearesearchgroup.12个人组成了一个研究小组。2.Theriseincrimeconstitutesathreattosociety.犯罪率上升对社会组成了威胁。3.Failingtocompletetheworkconstitutesabreachoftheemploymentcontract.未能完成工作被视作违反员工协议行为。Wordfamily:constitutionn.Words&Phrases第53页Cf:constitute&consist ofB,CandDconstituteA./AconsistsofB,CandD.A由B、C和D三部分组成。e.g.1.Thecommitteeconsistsofscientistsandengineers.委员会由一些科学家和工程师组成。2.Sevendaysconstituteaweek.一周有七天。Words&Phrases第54页composer n.Csomeonewhowritesmusic,especiallyclassicalmusic（尤指古典音乐）作曲家e.g.Wordfamily:compose v.Words&Phrases1.Hes a composer of seriousmusic.Ilikehismusicalot.他是个庄重音乐作曲家，我非常喜欢他创作曲子。2.The composer kicked themusicaroundforawhile,tryingitout.作曲家把这个曲子随便哼了一会儿，看看行不行。Beethoven第55页proclaim vt.1)statesomethingpublicly 公开申明；宣告e.g.Theystillproclaimthattheirpolicywassuccessful.他们依然声称自己政策是成功。2)announcesomethingofficially正式宣告e.g.1.In 1882,Brazil proclaimed itself independent fromPortugal.2.Thepresidentproclaimedthatanewcurrencywouldbeissued.Words&Phrases1882年，巴西宣告脱离葡萄牙独立。总统宣告将发行新货币。第56页purely pletely,orastheonlyissueorreason 纯粹地；完全地e.g.1.Michaelsaidthathisplanned10-dayvisitwouldbeapurelyprivateaffair.麦克说他原计划10天访问是一次纯私人事件。2.Thequestionispurelyacademic.这是一个纯学术性问题。3.Hisconclusionsarepurelyspeculative.他结论完全是推测而来。Words&Phrases第57页intransigent a.(fml)refusingtochangeyourideasorbehaviourwithnogoodreason固执己见；顽固e.g.1.His intransigent attitude really annoys the peoplearoundhim.他顽固态度真让周围人感到讨厌。2.TheIranrulerswillbemoreintransigenttoU.S.afterbombing.轰炸会使伊朗统治者对美国持愈加强硬态度。Words&Phrases第58页precisely ad.1)exactly确切地；明确地；准确地e.g.1.Tellmepreciselywhatyouwant,please.请明确地告诉我你想要什么。2.Temperaturecanbemeasuredprecisely.温度能够准确地测出。2)clearly清楚地；清楚地e.g.Dartmanspokeveryprecisely.达特曼说得非常清楚。Wordfamily:precisea.precisionn.Words&Phrases第59页fugue n.C(technical)apieceofclassicalmusicthatrepeatsasimpletuneanddevelopsitintoacomplicated pattern using different instruments orvoices赋格曲（一个重复简单曲调并用不一样乐器或声音赋予复杂曲式古典音乐）e.g.CanyoutransposethisfugueintoGmajor?你能把这个赋格曲转换成G大调吗？Words&Phrases第60页sadness n.sing,Uafeelingofbeingunhappy,especiallybecausesth.badhashappened悲伤；难过；难过e.g.1.Joanschildhoodwasfilledwithpainandsadness.乔安童年充满了痛苦和难过。2.Yesterdaysjoywillbecometodayssadness;yettodayssadnesswillgrowintotomorrowsjoy.昨日高兴变成今天忧愁；今天悲伤又转为明日喜悦。