定语从句用法总结.doc

定语从句用法总结
一. 定义：定语由一个句子来充当，那么这个句子就叫做定语从句.
eg：The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other。其中划线部分为定语从句。
二. 分类:分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,还有间隔性定语从句。
eg： 1。This is the school （that/which）we visited last year。 (限制性定语从句）
2。The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect. (非限制性定语从句)
3。The days are gonewhenphysical strength was all you needed to make a living。（ 间隔性定语从句）
注：定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句无逗号隔开、不可缺少、起修饰限制作用；而非限制性定语从句有逗号隔开、可有可无、起补充说明作用。
三. 构成:定语从句有先行词、引导词和从句构成.
先行词是定语从句所修饰限制的名词或代词.
引导词是用来引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词.
eg： The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.
此句中先行词为：narrow streets and small houses，
引导词为:that, 定语从句为：that are built close to each other
四．基本原则
定语从句中不能出现与先行词在意义上相一致的词
Eg。This is the book that I like it best .（it 与book指同一物，所以要去掉。)
五．定语从句中常见考点:
考点一.关系代词和关系副词的辨别
1。 关系代词that（人、物），which（物）、who(m)(人）、whose(某人的，某物的)、as
2。 关系副词when(表时间）、where（表地点)、why(表原因）
注:关系副词可变为“介词+关系代词"结构（即:关系副词=介词+关系代词）。
eg：This is the mountain village where（=in which）I stayed last month。
3。 怎样选择正确的关系代词或关系副词
方法一：找出先行词和定语从句中动词，看定从中动词与先行词能否构成习惯搭配。能，用关系代词;不能，用关系副词.
Eg。I will never forget the day that I spent with my parents。（定从中动词spent 与先行词the day 构成spent the day ，所以用关系代词that或which或省略)
方法二：找出先行词和定语从句，看定语从句是否缺少主语、宾语或表语，如缺少,用关系代词。如不缺少，定语从句所表达意思相对完整，用关系副词.
eg：①。This is the factory ____ made cars 。 (缺少主语，所以用关系代词that 或which，作主语不能省略)
②.This is the reason _______ he was late for school.（定语从句he was late for school 表达意思相对完整，所以用关系副词why 或介词+关系代词for which）
注意:当先行词为case、position、point、situation、society、activity等抽象意义的名词时，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
eg:He got himself into a dangerous situation where he may lose control of the plane 。
考点二. 定从中that 与which的区别
1. 关系代词只用that的情况.
（1）当先行词为不定代词（all、much、little、few、some、any、none、one、something、anything、everything等)或先行词被不定形容词（all、many、some、few、little等）修饰时。
eg：Do you have anythingthat you want to say for yourself?
（2)当先行词既有人又有物时。
eg:Do you know the things and personsthat you are talking about.
（3）当先行词含有序数词或最高级时。
eg： ①This bus is the first that will go to Beijing.
②This is the best movie that I have ever seen。
(4）当先行词被only、very、next、last等修饰时.
eg：This is the very book that I’m looking for.
(5）在who或which引导的特殊疑问句中。
eg：Which is the bike that you lost？
(6）当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时.
eg：Zhengzhou is no longer the city that it used to be.
2关系代词只用which的情况。
（1）引导非限制性定语从句时.
eg：He turned to be a very successful man，which was more than we expected。
(2)在“介词+关系代词”结构中，关系代词只用which。
eg:This is the question about which they have so much discussion in the past few weeks。
（3）当关系代词后有插入成分时.
eg:Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, which, of course, made all the others upset。
3。指人时，关系代词只用who（m）的情况。
（1）引导非限制性定语从句时。
eg：She has a daughter，who is a doctor in the famous hospital.
（2）当“介词+关系代词（宾格形式)”结构引导定语从句时。
eg: The gentleman about whom you told me proved to be a thief。
(3）当关系代词后有插入成分时。
eg：This is my friend who,I think，is the best in our class。.
(4)在There be句型结构中，先行词指人时.
eg：There is a young lady who asks for you。
考点三：as的用法及as与which的区别
1. as引导的定语从句
(1）as常用于固定搭配中：the same。 。 。 as，such…as,as/so…as
eg：①。Zhengzhou is such a wonderful city as everyone likes to visit.
比较：Zhengzhou is such a wonderful city that everyone likes to visit it.
注意:第一句是定语从句，所以定从中没有出现与先行词city 意义上一致的词，
第二句是状语从句，that 后应为完整句子，所以it 不能省略。
②。Today I bought the same bike as Tom did last week 。（同样的但不是同一辆）
比较：Today he wears the same coat that he did yesterday .（同一件衣服)
（2） as常用于固定句型中:as we all / everyboby know(s), ，as is often the case,as we expect等。
eg：As we all know，Zhengzhou is an attractive city。
2。在非限制性定语从句中，as与which的区别
⑴指代整句话内容时,as可位于主句前面、中间或后面；而which一般位于主句后。另外，which还可指代一个名词或一个短语。
eg①： As we all know，Tom is a good boy.
②:China,which was founded in 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.
③：She doesn’t think she is wrong,which makes her teacher angry.（which指代上文整个句子）
⑵.as在句中有正如之意，而which没有,
eg: ①He succeeded this time，as had been expected。
②She has made great progress，which makes her parents very happy。
③As we all know，knowledge changes life。
考点四。 定从中所属关系的表达
whose引导定语从句时必须和名词放在一起。whose+n（s)
=then（s)+of which/whom
=of +which/whom+the+n(s）
eg:The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired。
= The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired。
= The house of which the roof was damaged has now been repaired。
考点五．定从中动词形式与先行词的一致
eg： ①He is one of the students who fail the exam。
②He isthe only one of the students who fails the exam.
③Those who are fond of studying do well in exams。
考点六. the way作先行词引导定从时,关系词可用in which/that/省略。
eg：I don’t like the way that/in which/省略he spoke to me。
考点七。 介词+关系代词
在这种结构中,关系代词表示人，只能用whom ；关系代词表示物，只能用which 。
*怎样选择正确的介词
1。根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。如：
①This is the pen on which I spent 10 yuan。 （spend money on sth。为固定搭配）
② This is the pen for which I paid 10yuan。 （pay money for sth.为固定搭配）
2。根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。如:
①I remember the day on which I graduated from high school。
(强调在具体某一天要用介词on)
② I remember the days during which I lived in Russia。
(强调在某几天时间内要用介词during）
③ I remember the monthin which I got along with Tom（在month前介词要用in)
3。根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。
Is that the newspaper for which youoften write articles？
（write ..。for the article）
4。根据从句中形容词的习惯搭配。
①The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her carelessness 。 ( be happy with ”对…表示满意”)
老板对其不满意的那个秘书将由于她粗心而被解雇.
②He is a learned man with whom we are familiar 。
( be familiar with 对..。熟悉)他是一位我们熟悉的有学识的人。
5。 有些“动词+介词"的固定词组不可拆开用
常见的动词词组有：look for,look after, care for，send for,hear of，hear from， deal with，
get through,pay attention to等
Eg .This is the watch （which/that） I amlooking for.这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking。(错误）
6。 “不定代词both,some,any,many,（a)few，none,neither…等 +of whom 或of which,表示整体与部分的关系或所属关系
eg：①I have many apples，some of which are bad。（很多苹果中有一些是红色）
比较：I have many apples and some of them are bad 。
②He has three children, none of whom is kind to him.
比较:He has three children but none of them is kind to him .
7.“介词+which+to do"作定语的情况
介词+which+to do作定语相当于介词+which引导定语从句。其中定语从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句含有情态动词.
eg：①Frank’s dream was to have a shop in which to produce the workings of his own hands。 （Frank’s dream was to have a shop in which he could produce the workings of his own hands.）
②He has no house in which to live。（=He has no house in which he can live。）
8.“介词+where”引导的定语从句的情况
有时候，我们可以见到“介词+where”引导定语从句的情况.此时,where代替的是表示地点的介词短语。
eg:You can look out of the window，from where you get a good view。(其中where=out of the window)
考点八：定从句与短语的转化
1. The girl （who is ）dancing now just returned from Beijing。正在跳舞的女孩刚从北京回来
2. I love the stories （which were) written by Mary .我喜欢玛丽写的故事。
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