高级英语句型转换.doc

浅谈高级英语句型转换 潘军武广东省高等教育自学考试英语教育专业开设16门课程， 这其中高级英语属于核心课程，难度也较大，尤其是句型转换更是让许多考生感到难以下笔，复杂的句子结构使人仿佛坠入五里雾中。教学指南里有少数句型转换答案在作者看来也有值得商榷之处，现就此类题型做出一点探讨，以利广大考生顺利通过高级英语课程。转换步骤该题型指令意义有三。首先，此类句型转换已给出开头，二是句子意义不能改变，即信息尽量完整保留，不增不减。三是句子结构变换后要成为一个完整的新句子。如：. All the statistics point to a rapidly declining rate of population increase, but that is ing about chiefly through a high infant mortality. 这是个复合句（a pound sentence）, 句法上是并列关系, 意义上是转折关系, 其中却又包含因果关系。新句子开头为：According to all statistics, a high infant mortality_.要做此题，考生须明白原文中that 是指代 a rapidly declining rate of population increase, 这是结果。而原因a high infant mortality被提到了句子的开头，e about through 是先表果再表因，不能再用。现在只须找到先表达原因再表示结果的词就行了。make, cause, lead to, result in, 都可以。指南答案：According to all statistics, a high infant mortality causes the rate of population increase to decline rapidly.这个答案语法上完全正确，但由于没有尽量保留原文表达，将population in crease to decline 一起用，多少有些不自然。事实上，做句型转换一大秘诀就是尽量保留原文表达，只改变结构性词语！答案二：According to all statistics, a high infant mortality leads to / results ina rapidly declining rate of population increase.明显这个新句整体上表达上更为通畅。现归纳做句型转换作题三步法。一：首先将原句和新句对照，找出意义重叠部分。例：Its success as a hunter had been based entirely on a capacity to outrun any animal in Africa, together with the superb coordination of its hunting pack.It is successful as a hunter because_.It is successful as a hunter意义等同于Its success as a hunter 而且 because也传达了 be based on 的意义。二：把剩余部分原封不动地照抄上去。It is successful as a hunter because a capacity to outrun any animal in Africa, together with the superb coordination of its hunting pack.三： 找到关节部分, 将结构性表达填充进去，并作相应的调整。because 不能直接接续 a capacity，如果将because视为一个连词，a capacity缺主谓成分。按照句意，加上it has 即可, 指南答案it has had似乎有些画蛇添足。指南答案：It is successful as a hunter because it has had a capacity to outrun any animal in Africa, together with the superb coordination of its hunting pack.答案二：It is successful as a hunter because it has a capacity to outrun any animal in Africa, together with the superb coordination of its hunting pack.如果将because视为一个复合介词because of 一部分从而将其补充完整也行。为使句子更通顺, 应将a 换成its.答案三：It is successful as a hunter because of its capacity to outrun any animal in Africa, together with the superb coordination of its hunting pack.按此方法转换得来的句子，只需作稍许结构变化，意义却十分忠实于原文，表达上由于保持了原有搭配成分，读来较为自然通顺。其实高级英语中的句型转换, 很多是从句的转换。例一： The incident reinforced my sense that mountaineering serves as an apt analogy for the art of teaching. There is some likeness_.指南答案： There is some likeness, as I believed more strongly because of the incident, between mountaineering and the art of teaching.分析：原句包含一个同位语从句。Likeness代替了an apt analogy，首先原样照抄。There is some likeness between mountaineering and the art of teaching. 其实这句就是原同位语从句(my sense that) mountaineering serves as an apt analogy for the art of teaching. 那原来的主谓成分(The incident reinforced my sense) 如何处理呢？ 一个普遍转换法则就是：同位语从句可转换为由which 引导指代前面整句的定语从句。如We were really shocked by the news that he was still alive. 可转换为：He was still alive, which really shocked us. 依此类推，可由另一答案。答案二： There is some likeness between mountaineering and the art of teaching, which was my sense reinforced by the incident.同样，下面答案的道理也应容易弄懂。例二： In such a land, Lee stood for the feeling that it was somehow of advantage to human advantage to have a pronounced inequality in the social structure. A pronounced inequality in the social structure was _.答案： A pronounced inequality in the social structure was somehow of advantage to human advantage to have a pronounced inequality in the social structure, which was the feeling Lee stood for in such a land.商榷之处高级英语教与学指南书对广大的考生有莫大的帮助。但令人遗憾的是，指南书上有少量答案，或遗漏原有信息，或误解原意，乃至于犯语法错误也有之，现一一指明。一：遗漏信息例： Choosing words is part of the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words. To define our thoughts and feelings_.指南答案：To define our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words, we choose our words carefully.分析：Choosing words变成了we choose our words carefully. 因为新句是动词不定式开头所以必须补出逻辑主语，但原文一个重要观点Choosing words is part of the process of realization不见了。答案二：To define our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words, we should be careful about choosing words, because it is also part of the process of realization.二：误解原意例一： I could boast that not a groan or cry of fear escaped me in these perils, had I not derived some poor consolation in my mortal lot from the belief that the whole world was dying with me and I with it. Because I derived some poor consolation_. 指南答案： Because I derived some poor consolation in my mortal from the belief that the whole world was dying with me, and I with it, I could not boast that not a groan or cry of fear escaped me in these perils. 分析：由于原文是虚拟语气，因此有个not，新句没有保留虚拟语气，却还用了not，正好把意义说反了。去掉not即可。这类错误容易发现也容易改。答案二：Because I derived some poor consolation in my mortal from the belief that the whole world was dying with me, and I with it, I could boast that not a groan or cry of fear escaped me in these perils.例二： There is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed. Procrastination has been honored_.指南答案： Procrastination has been honored long, suggesting that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.分析：如果用了分词suggesting那么它的逻辑主语势必是Procrastination.如此构句显然不符原意。Suggest的逻辑主语应是a long and honorable history of procrastination. 原句可改写成：A long and honorable history of procrastination suggests that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.答案二： Procrastination has been honored long, which suggests that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.例三：Edna St. Vincent Millay may have burned the candle at both ends and wondered at its lovely light, but her first drafts are treasures for future generations. It is probable that Edna St. Vincent Millay had worked_.分析：这句话是从Edna St. Vincent Millay 那首短诗A Few Figs from Thistles(此标题出自圣经圣经之马太福音第十二节)化来，此诗当时脍炙人口，burn the candle at both ends自此后也就成为英语谚语，意为精疲力竭也要完成某件事情或为某事过度消耗精力。Wonder at意为惊羡。此处candle喻指诗人自己，lovely light 即是她最终成型的作品(final draft)。诗人呕心沥血，最终有了让自己都惊讶的作品所以作者感叹but her first drafts are treasures for future generations.指南答案：It is probable that Edna St. Vincent Millay had worked hard day and night, but not sure about her success.这个答案完全背离了原意，而且给出的开头就将原句野蛮的撕裂开来，已完全不是句型转换，就算句子正确也只是paraphrase.这样的错误几不可改。指南书里类似的出题还有不少，建议将paraphrase型句型转换去掉。三：少数语法问题例一：How appropriate, even ironic, it might have been had his various drafts gone the way of the burning books that he deplores and disappeared into a memory bank.指南答案：Like the disappearance of the burning books that he deplores, his various drafts may disappear in to a memory bank, which, in that case, it might be so appropriate and even ironic. 这个给出的句子开头Like the disappearance of the burning books that he deplores, his various drafts may将disappearance与drafts并列，明显是错误平行结构（misparallelism）。新句中which和it也不能并存。答案二：Likethe burning books that he deplores, his various drafts may disappear into a memory bank, which would be very appropriate and even ironic if it happened.例二： This element of uncertainty lent an interest to the occasion which it could not otherwise have attained. The occasion was made more interesting just_.指南答案：The occasion was made more interesting just for this element of uncertainty, which it could not be otherwise. 分析： 关于这个句子很多学生都看不大明白。原句中Which和it似乎指代不清。但按照定语从句规则，Which应该是attain的宾语，所以Which是指an interest，而it应指the occasion. 但指南给的答案中which和it再一次生硬地并列在了一起，纯属病句。如果真正懂得Which是指an interest，而it应指the occasion那么就会看到在新句中an interest作为名词已经消失，再用Which只能是指代this element of uncertainty，所以答案应调整如下。答案二：The occasion was made more interesting just for this element of uncertainty, without which it could be otherwise.四：别扭句 英文表达的正确与流畅是两码回事。指南书中也有少数句子读起来扭异常。例一： If a buildings design made it appear impregnable, the institution was necessarily sound, and the meaning of the heavy wall as an architectural symbol dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory. A buildings apparently impregnable design made _.指南答案： A buildings apparently impregnable design made not only the building itself necessarily sound but also its heavy wall as an architectural symbol significant, because of the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than of any aesthetic theory.分析：Not onlybut also在句中读起来十分拗口，整体语句不够通顺。而且原句是the institution was necessarily sound，意为如果建筑外观看起来似乎牢不可破，让人就觉得制度也必定健全。新句把原句篡改为building itself necessarily sound，是没有真正领会原句。原文中and其实是做出推论，墙的意义不在美学观念而在于对金钱的态度。答案二：A buildings apparently impregnable design made people believe that the institution was necessarily sound, and the meaning of the heavy wall as an architectural symbol dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory.例二： Manuscripts are our gift to our heritage, and we have no right to deprive future generations of learning how we think and feel, simply because we find word processing more convenient. The convenience of word processing should not be a reason _.指南答案： The convenience of word processing should not be a reason for us to deprive future generations of learning, by manuscripts as our gift t our heritage, how we think and feel.分析：By manuscripts as our gift t our heritage这种表达读来较为古怪。其实将它变为一个分句即可。答案二： The convenience of word processing should not be a reason for us to deprive future generations of learning how we think and feel, because manuscripts are our gift to our heritage. 本文小结英语是一门重视形式，讲求逻辑的语言。句型转换能强化考生的语法能力，增强他们对英语各类句法结构的认识，丰富自己的表达手段。本文提出的三步法能最大限度的利用原有句子表达，通过转换结构，进一步提高英语学习者造句作文的能力，希望对广大参加广东省高等教育自学考试英语教育专业的考生有所裨益。