环境工程专业英语汇总.doc

专业英语环境：environment 环境工程： environmental engineering环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing水环境：watershed 水体：water body流域：watershed 水质：water quality水资源：water resources 供水：water supply废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant生物性水质指标： biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality indexDS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demandTDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demandTSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygen TOC：total organic carbon PH值： TN：总氮 total nitrogen TP：总磷 phosphorusZn：zinc Cu：CopperAs：arsenic Cd：CadmiumCr：chromium Ni：NickelHg：mercury Pb：plumbum物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment 蒸发：evaporation 稀释：dilution扩散：dispersion 吹脱：stripping好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：bio-membrane process厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contact SBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯 Styrene Butadiene RubberUASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification 一级处理：primary treatment 二级处理：secondary treatment 三级处理：tertiary treatment高级氧化处理：advanced treatment 生活污水：domestic wastewater生产废水：industrial wastewater 城市生活污水：municipal wastewater电镀废水：metalplating plants印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater 浊度：turbidity硬度：hardness 水质净化：water quality purifies混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent 活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption隔油池：oil separation tank 中和池：neutralization tank调节池：adjusting tank 生物反应池：biological reactor 加药设备：physical equipment 沉淀池：sedimentation tank 初沉池：primary sedimentation tank 二沉池：secondary sedimentation tank絮凝剂：flocculant 混凝剂：coagulate flocculant生物降解：biodegradation 生物累积：bioaccumulation飘尘：floating dust 可吸入颗粒物：inhalable particles能见度：visibility 酸雨：acid rain一次污染物： primary pollutant 二次污染物：secondary pollutant 氮氧化物：nitrogen oxides 硫氧化物：sulfur oxides硫化氢：hydrogen sulfide 碳氧化物：carbon oxides硝酸：nitric acid 盐酸：hydrochloric acid 硫酸：sulfuric acid 二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide除尘工艺：Dust removal吸收：absorption 吸附：adsorption静电除尘：electric dust precipitation 重力除尘：gravitational settling臭氧：ozone光化学烟雾：photochemical smoke 喷淋（洗涤）：scavenging土壤：soil 热污染：temperature change/thermal pollution噪声：noise 放射性：radioactivityEIA：environmental impact assessmentCAD（计算机辅助设计）：computer aided design大气污染控制工程：air pollution control水污染控制工程：water pollution control固体废物污染控制工程：solid waste management污染源：pollution source同化作用：assimilation 固体废物：solid wastes危险废物：hazardous wastes 化学污泥chemical sludge：生物污泥：biological sludge 工业固废：industrialwastes 分选处理：separation treatment矿业固废：mine solid wastes 破碎处理：processing农业固废：agriculture solid wastes 压实处理：reduction in volume污泥脱水：disposal of the sludge ？污泥浓缩：sludge thickening带式压滤：Belt filter press离心脱水：centrifugal dewatering 筛分：screening堆肥和堆肥化：compost and composting沼气和沼气化：biogas热解与焚烧：pyrolysis and incineration生物转化作用：biotransformation热化学转化作用：thermo-chemical 固化和稳定化作用：solidification and stabilization资源化：resource减量化：pollution control无害化：harmlessness固体废物全过程控制：solid waste integrated control固体废物污染控制：solid waster pollution control固体废物处理：processing and recovery处置：disposal物质回收：materials recovery 物质转化：material conversion能量回收：energy recovery 能量转化：energy conversion1. Environmental engineering has been defined as the branch of engineering that is concerned with protecting the environment from the potential, deleterious effects of human activity, protecting human populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors, and improving environmental quality for human health and well-being.（2页）环境工程学是环境工程的分支学科，其研究内容包括保护环境免受人类活动改造形成的潜在和不利影响保护人类免受不利环境因素的影响持续改善环境质量，以造福于人类健康与福祉。2. An understanding of the nature of the environment and of human interaction with it is a necessary prerequisite to understanding the work of the environmental engineering.（2页）了解环境性质以及环境与人类相互作用是了解环境工程师的先决条件。3. Engineers must appreciate the fundamental principles of ecology, and design with the environment，so as not to impact adversely on especially fragile ecosystem。For example ，one of the most fragile of all ecosystem is the deep oceans ，yet ocean disposal of hazardous waste is seriously advocated by some engineers。The inclusion of ecological principles in engineering decisions is a major component of the environmental engineering profession。（6页）环境工程师必须深入了解、重视生态学的基本原理，并应用生态学原理来规划环境，以免影响较脆弱的生态环境。例如：深海是所有生态系统中最脆弱的环境之一，但却有些工程师极力主张危险废物深海处置。因此充分考虑生态学基本原理是是环境工程职业在工程决策上的一个重要组成部分。4. In a natural state, earths life forms live in equilibrium with their environment. The numbers and activities of each species are governed by the resources available to them。（11页）在自然环境状态下，地球上生物与其生存环境之间处于一种相互适应、相互协调的动态平衡关系5. As pollutants enter air ，water，or soil，natural processes such as dilution，biological conversions，and chemical reactions convert waste material to more acceptable forms and disperse them through a large volume。（17页）6. The environmental engineers unique role is to build a bridge between biology and technology by applying all the techniques made available by modern engineering technology to the job of cleaning up the debris left in the wake of an indiscriminate use of that technology。（17页）？7. For only by bringing technology into harmony with the natural environment can the engineer hope to achieve the goals of the professional-the protection of the environment from the potentially deleterious effects of human activity， the protection of human population from the effects of adverse environmental factors，and the improvement of environmental quality for human health and well-being。（18页）8. The atmosphere，like a stream or a river，has natural，built-in self-cleansing processes without which the troposphere would quickly become unlivable for humans。Most of the air-pollution-control devices discussed in this chapter，for both stationary and mobile source，make use of some of the principles involved in the natural atmospheric cleansing processes。（34页）9. When the various and sundry natural atmospheric cleansing mechanisms are overwhelmed by gaseous and particulate emissions，the effects of air pollution become increasingly more evident。Clothing is soiled，particles are deposited on buildings and other surfaces，plants are damaged，visibility is reduced，and human respiratory problems are increased。To prevent these and other evidence of air pollution，it is necessary to establish control procedures or to install control devices。But even with the application of the best available technology，low-level emission must ultimately be removed by natural atmospheric cleansing mechanisms。（35页）10. In summary，for treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters，new technology，new processes，and new approaches，as well as modifications of old approaches，are the order of the day。The image today is no longer that of the “large concrete basins”，but one of a series of closely integrated unit operations。These operations both physical and chemical in nature，must be tailored for each individual wastewater。The chemical engineers skill in integrating these unit operations into effective processes makes him admirably qualified to design wastewater treatment facilities。（48页）11. Some conjecture exists as to a precise definition for physical-chemical treatment。Although other systems might be considered，the only one discussed here is chemical clarification followed by dissolved organic removal。The first stage of treatment is designed to provide efficient suspended and colloidal solid removal along with phosphorus removal；the second operation removes a large percentage of the dissolved organic matter。（56页）？12. Biological reactions may be classified as aerobic，anaerobic，or photosynthetic according to the predominant type of microbial activity and all three are of importance in biological processes used for wastewater treatment。These are several basic principles which are common to all three of these classifications.（59页）13. No city or industry lives in isolation from its neighbors，and this is particularly true of the waste discharges matter of a community。The decision to discharge wastes into a stream affects many communities。A regional approach to waste treatment can attempt to eliminate ill-advised or irresponsible decision-making。（67页） 14. Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted。（73页）15. Solid wastes，as noted previously，include all solid or semisolid material that is no longer considered of sufficient value to retain in a given setting。（77页）16. The overall objective of solid-waste management is to minimize the adverse environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes，especially of hazardous wastes。（81页）