上海牛津英语7AUnit3、4知识点及语法重点.doc

教学内容：7A Unit3、4知识点及语法重点（一般现在时、过去式，现在完成时）
教学重点：三种时态的概念及特殊用法
教学难点：现在完成时—瞬间动词与延续性动词的转换
教学过程:1、课文知识点讲解 2、时态解析 3、练习巩固 4、 家庭作业
Unit 3 Friends from other countries
重点短语
1. most of                                             2. for example
3. more than                                          4. call sb. sth.[来源:学+科+网]
5. far away from                                          6. read about
7. write to sb.
 [来源:学科网ZXXK]
语法知识
1. The words about different countries and people in these countries.
不同的国家名称和这些国家的人们的叫法。

Country
People
Language
Canada[来源:学&科&网]
Canadian(s)
English
The USA/ America
American(s)
English
The UK/ Britain
British
English
India
Indian(s)
Indian
Australia
Australian(s)
English
Japan[来源:学&科&网]
Japanese(s)
Japanese[来源:学,科,网Z,X,X,K]
2. 用there be句型表示客观存在（就近原则）
3. 现在完成时
（一）含义
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。)
Michael has been ill.(含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地)
（二）结构
助动词have /has+动词过去分词，主语为第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have 。
（三）句型
1、肯定句：主语+have /has+动词过去分词+其他。
I have studied English for 5 years .
2、否定句：主语+have /has+not +动词过去分词+其他。
We haven’t been there .
3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他？
Has he eaten that apple ?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ have /has +主语+动词过去分词+其他？
（四）用法
1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。
e.g. Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：
e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用
e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing?
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。
e.g. Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain this year.
The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)
6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。
e.g. We have had four texts this semester.
现在完成时中的时间状语：
★already通常用于肯定句中，意为“已经”，位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾，表示惊讶。例如：
We have already cleaned the classroom.
Have you finished it already？
★yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”；用于否定句中，表示“还(没)”。例如：
—Has he found his watch yet？他还没找到他的表吗？
—No, not yet. 是, 还没有。
★ever意为“曾经”，常用于疑问句或否定句中，位于助动词和过去分词之间，表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如：
Have you ever been there？你曾经去过那里吗？
Nothing has ever happened here. 这里未曾发生过什么事。
★never意为“（曾经）从未、没有”, 是否定副词，在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如：
I haven’t ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。
★just意为“刚刚”, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。
e.g. He has just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。
★ just now意为“刚才 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from school just now.他刚才从学校回来。
★for 和since的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用，since 与时间点连用。
注意：since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。
e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970.
I haven’t seen her since she left Shanghai.
I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I havenever seen her.
★have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has
been in的区别。
have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过, 人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在, 常与一段时间连用
e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去过上海。
She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。
Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗？但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao?
区分短暂性动词与持续性动词.
表示短暂性(瞬间性)的动词在现在完成时的句中不能和一段时间连用.短暂性的动词如：come，go，join，leave，buy等，在完成时态中不能与for,since短语或How long等引起的时间状语连用。
瞬间动词不能直接与for，since 连用，要改变动词为延续性动词。
瞬间动词转换为延续性动词：
buy ---- have borrow ---- keep
• arrive/ come---- be in /at leave ----away (from)
• join----be a member of/be in
• die--- be dead get up ---- be up
• get married---- be married go there ---- be there
• begin/start---- be on stop---- be over
• open ---- be open
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 ：
一般过去式：过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作。

现在完成时：为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的联系，对现在的影响。
一般过去时强调过去发生的动作或状态，与现在没有联系。

现在

现在

一看时间状语。如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能用一般过去时。如：
I have visited the factory.
I visited the factory last year.
二看句首有无疑问词。如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗（句首无疑问词），常用现在完成时；但进一步询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事时（句首有疑问词）就要用一般过去时。如：
－Have you had your breakfast? －Yes, I have.
－When did you have it? －At seven thirty.
注意： 这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。如：
How many words have you learned by heart?
How did you learn them by heart?
三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词。如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，最好选用延续性动词，并使用现在完成时；如果是瞬间动词，则用一般过去时。如：
He has been a league member for two months.
He joined the Youth League two months ago.

现在完成时练习题
　　一、单项选择
1、Both his parents look sad .
Maybe they _________what's happened to him .
　　Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
　　2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
　　Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
　　3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
　　Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
　　4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year
Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
5、-Our country ______ a lot so far .
　　　-Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
　　Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good
　　Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study
　　Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
　　7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. Knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
　　Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
　　9、-These farmers have been to the United States .
　　 -Really ? When _____ there ?
　　Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go
　　Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
　　10、-______ you ___ your homework yet ?
　　　　-Yes . I _ it a moment ago .
　　Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
　　Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
　　　　二、句型转换
　　3、The old man _________ last year. He for a year. (die) （动词填空）
　　4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
　　 This factory ________ for twenty years.
　　5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
　　Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.
　　6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
　　Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
　　7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)
　　 _______ two years ________ the Green family moved to Fra nce.
　　8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)
　　 ___________________________________________
　　二、句型转换。
　　1、has he? 2、How long 3、died, has been dead
　　4、has been open 5、has been away 6、joined；ago
　　7、It is, since 8、The bus has been here for ten minutes.
UNIT 3练习题
给出首字母填空，使句子意思通顺。
1. The shopkeeper said,“A thief s_________ the watches from the shop.”
2. It was an exciting match. We enjoyed m_________ of it.
3. My brother studies biology at u_____________.
4. I’m sorry to hear that you fell over and h_________ your arm and leg.
5. Before you go into the cinema, you should buy a t_________.
6. Mr.Green and his wife a_________ with each other last night.
7. Don’t h______ We still have a lot of time.
8. We’ll r_________ the theft to the police right now.
9. I told a lie to my best friend. I felt g______________, so I said sorry to him.
10. Tom got up late, so he ran to school w_____________ having breakfast.
11. It is a_________ 10 o’clock, so you must go to bed right now.
12. When you a_________ home, please call me up.
13. Guangzhou is famous for its d_____________ food.
14. It is due today, so you must r______________ the books to the library.
15. When you cross the street, you should look a_________.
16. Yesterday the little boy f_________ his mother into the zoo.
17. My father p_________ up the phone and dialed 110.
18. When we got off, we saw six policemen s______________ round the man.
19. We w_________ for the bus for about 20 minutes this morning.
20. Don’t mind too much when they c______________ you to others.
Unit 4 Jobs people do

1. the same … as … 和… 一样的…
2. make sick people better 使病人康复
3. look after sick people 照顾病人
4. drive sick people to the hospital 开车将病人送往医院
5. work for a construction company 为一家建筑公司工作
6. work in an office 在一个办公室工作
7. draw plans of buildings 为建筑物画图纸
8. type letters 打字
9. move people’s furniture to their flats 将人们的家具搬到新寓所去
10. wear a uniform穿制服
11. at work 上班
12. put out fires 灭火
13. rescue people 救人
14. deliver letters and parcels 送信和包裹
15. drive an ambulance驾驶救护车

16. answer the phone 接电话
17. go to meetings with the manager 和经理一起出席会议
18. take notes 记笔记,做记录
19. come towards 朝……方向来
20. knock down Ben (knock him down) 撞倒Ben (撞倒他)
21. both…and … ……两者都
22. catch fire 着火
23. run away 逃跑
24. be afraid 恐怕
25. stop the traffic 阻断交通
26. have a broken arm手臂骨折
27. on one’s way to spl. 在某人去某地的路上
28. sweep the streets 清扫街道
29. collect rubbish 搜集垃圾
30. empty the rubbish bins 清空垃圾桶
31. He sees the street cleaners cleaning the streets. 他看见道路清洁工在清扫街道。
32. I enjoy working with all the people in my office. 我喜欢与办公室的所有人合作。
33. What’s your mother? 你妈妈的工作是什么？
= What’s your mother’s job?
= What does your mother do?
= What job does your mother do?

学大教育科技（北京）有限公司English Mr. Zhang
一、 一般现在时
（一）定义
表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，还表示主语具备的性格
和能力及客观真理。
例：I get up at 6:30 in the morning .
She is at home .
(二)构成
主要用动词原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加s/es。
(三)句型
1、肯定句：主语+谓语+其他。
She reads English everyday .
2、否定句：主语+don’t/doesn’t+谓语+其他。
He doesn’t get up at 6:30 in the morning .
3、一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+V原+其他？
Do you like English ? Yes ,I do ./No, I don’t .
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+V原+其他？
What time do you get up every morning ?
Where does your father work ?
（三）用法
1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，带与表示频率的时间状语如：often , sometimes , usually，always , everyday year，month．．．） , once/twice a week (month , year , etc.) , seldom , on sundays等连用。
I leave home for school at seven every morning .
2、表示客观真理，科学事实、格言警句。
The sun rises in the east .日出东方。
　　 The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
3、当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。
　　I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
　　4、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
　　He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。
　　That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
　　Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
（四）动词第三人称单数形式变化规则
1、一般情况下，动词后直接加-s;
如：help-helps ,clean-cleans ,give-gives等。
2、以s，x，ch，sh或o结尾的动词，在词尾加-es;
如：dress-dresses,fix-fixes,watch-watches,finish-finishes等。
3、以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，把y变为i，再加-es;
如：study--studies,fly-flies,carry--carries等。
4、动词have遇在主语是第三人称单数时，have改为has，
如：He has an interesting book .
5、动词be遇有主语是第一人称单数时，be改为am，遇有主语是第二人称时，be改为are，遇有主语是第三人称单数时，be改为is
一般现在时练习题
　　1）用动词的适当形式填空
　　1.I like ____________ (swim).
　　2.He _________(read) English every day.
　　3.We _________(go)to school at seven in the morning.
　　4.Mike________(go)to school at seven in the morning.
　　5.My mother________(like) ______(go) shopping.
　　6.I can ________(draw) many beautiful pictures.
　　7.She_________(make) a model plane.
　　8.Do you ________(like)_________(run)?
　　9.Does he_________(like)_________(jump) ?
　　10.Does Nancy_________(grow)flowers on Saturday ?
　　　　2）用所给的人称改写句子
　　1.I take photos on Sunday. ( Mike)
　　2.We grow beautiful flowers. (she)
　　3.They like collecting stamps. (Ben)
　　4.I listen to music carefully. (my aunt)
　　5.You like making a model ship. (Helen)
二、 一般过去时
（一）结构
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。
基本结构 否定句 一般疑问句
Be动词 was/ were+not was或were提前，放于句首
行为动词 didn’t+do（动词原形） Did+主语+do（动词原形）
注：在一般过去时的句子中，谓语动词可分为两类一类是be动词，其形式为was与第一、三人称单数连用，were与第二人称和复数人称的主语连用。凡是由be动词做谓语的句子，变否定句时，直接在其后加not,即wasn’t 或weren’t，变一般疑问句将was/ were放在句首，句末用问号。另一类谓语动词是由行为动词来充当，如stayed\went\visited等,这一类动词做谓语时，可与任何人称连用，句子变否定时，要在主语后面，动词的前面加didn’t，动词用原形；一般疑问句是把did提到句首，动词用原形。

I was in Shanghai last year . I wasn’t in Shanghai last year .
Was you in Shanghai last year ?
He went to the park yesterday . He didn’t go to the park yesterday ?
Did he go to the park yesterday ?
（二）句式
1、肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他。
I was in Beijing yesterday .I went to the beach yesterday .
2、否定句：主语+wasn’t 或weren’t+其他。
主语+didn’t + V原+其他。
I wasn’t in Beijing yesterday .I didn’t go to the beach yesterday .
3、一般疑问句：was/ were+主语+V原+其他？
Did +主语+V原+其他？
Were you in Beijing yesterday ?
Did you go to the beach yesterday ?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ was/ were+主语+其他？
特殊疑问词+did+主语+V原+其他？
Where were you yesterday ?
Where did yougo yesterday ?
（三）用法
1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况，常与明确的时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last week(month , year…),…ago,the other day ,just now ,at the age of…,in 1980等连用。如：
At the age of ten ,she began to learn to play the piano .
2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
When I was a child ,I often play the football in the street .
3、在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。
He said he wouldn’t go if it rained .
（四）动词过去式的规则变化
1) 一般情况下, 在动词原形末尾加-ed ; 如look-looked
2) 结尾是字母e 的动词加-d, 如 practice-practiced；
3) 结尾是“辅音字母+y” 的动词, 变“y”为“i” 再加ed, 如study studied;
4) 重读闭音节结尾, 双写动词尾的辅音字母，再加ed, 如stop stopped。
不规则动词表
Infinitive Past tense Infinitive Past tense
catch cau