阅读理解答题技巧和策略培训讲学.doc

阅读理解答题技巧和策略
专四题型调整发布后，阅读理解部分题型发生了较大变化。整体还是四篇文章的阅读，选择题由原来的20道减至10道，并增加了5道分别基于4篇文章的简答题，要求用不超过10个单词的句子进行简要回答。根据样题来看，新增的简答题题型和选择题考查的题型出入不大，涉及词义题、细节题、主旨题、态度题，但不排除今后会考查推理题。故总体而言阅读部分的难度提高了。在分值计算方面，每一道简答题所占比重应会比客观选择题更高，预计选择题计1分/题，简答题计2分/题。在时间上，总阅读时间从之前的25分钟增加到35分钟。
大家要注意的是，在改革通知中，阅读理解这部分文章选材发生了变化，去掉了原有的经济类文章的选材，新增了学习类文章的选材。
阅读选材虽然去掉了经济类文章，但并不意味着难度会相应降低，同学们不可掉以轻心。新增的学习类题材在所给样题中暂未涉及，同学们在备考中可以有意识地选择语言学习、教育、校园相关的文章进行阅读。

【备考建议】
针对简答题这一新题型的备考，教研君建议同学们可以从以下两方面入手：
一、素材选择：
在练习的素材选择方面，有多种选择，一是以历年的阅读理解选择题练手，做题时先只看题目不看选项，在原文中定位到相关信息后，尝试用自己的语言进行表达，然后再从四个选项中做出选择，同时与正确选项进行对比，看看与自己的表述有何差异。一般来说，真题试题的选项比较精炼概括符合简答题的答题要求，是考生可以参考模仿的样例。二是利用四、六级改革前快速阅读的题目。此类题目有3道主观简答题，要求考生用自己的语言表述，但给出了大量的题干信息，难度相对更低。考生可以以此作为基础练习。
二、解题方法：
积极运用“抓题干关键词回原文定位”的解题方法，在获取原文相应信息后，找出关键信息进行整合，并用简洁的语言进行回答。在语言表达上，除了可以用个别词语回答的题，整合句子时需注意句式结构完整，注意不要遗漏谓语动词、形容词、名词等传达实意的词汇。如果整合的内容超过10个单词，则尝试对小部分词或短语进行同义替换，尽量避免使用从句而造成超过字数的情况。

英语专四考试阅读项目是对考生在英语阅读能力方面的检验，要求学生在考试中充分展示自己真实的阅读水平。所以要想取得好成绩，就需要我们平时勤学苦练，从掌握阅读技巧的基本方法着手，逐步、有效地提高阅读能力。以下部分将举例说明阅读时所涉及的方面。
正式阅读前的预读
要进行英语阅读，必须首先具有一定的词汇量（包括固定词组）和语法积累。但是这并不等于阅读就过了关；我们还必须掌握一定的阅读方法或技巧，才能对原文有更准确和深刻的理解。特别在阅读一些不大熟悉的材料时，阅读技巧就显得尤为重要，正式阅读前的预读就是首先应该掌握的技巧。
有些学生不管在平时还是在考试时，一拿到文章后，马上就开始仔细阅读文章中的每个句子。因此往往一段读下来还不知该文章的主题。这样既费时，理解效果也不好。比较可取的方法是: 在正式阅读前，先预读一遍，然后再细读每个句子。如果不习惯通读全文，或者在考试中时间不允许，那么至少也应该读其中一段或几个句子，然后再逐句细读。这样做的目的是为了了解全文或某一段的大致内容，既有利于读者根据上下文选择合适的词义，分析词和词、句和句之间的关系，也有利于读者根据文章内容涉及的领域、人物、地理等背景情况，从自己的头脑里调用相关的背景知识来帮助理解文章的内容，提高阅读效率。事实上，通读和细读相结合本身就是基本阅读技巧之一。
在正式阅读一篇文章（尤其是较长篇幅的文章）之前，以下的步骤能帮助读者更有效地组织思路、理解原文 仔细阅读文章的标题（如果有的话）；阅读诸如副标题、斜体字、黑体字等内容，快速浏览图表、数字，以便了解主题内容和写作目的；阅读文章的第一段和以后各段的第一和最后一个句子，因为许多作者常常把他们要表达的中心大意放在段落的第一句或最后一句里；如果存在一个结论性的段落，也应仔细阅读。通过预读方式，读者能基本了解文章的中心大意，语言的难度，以及细读时可能会遇到的问题。预读时还应带着问题阅读，这些问题将有助于读者决定他们细读时所需要的阅读技巧。下面是一些阅读问题的例子。
1. 我是否熟悉文章所涉及的话题？
2. 文章的写作风格是文学性的（literary），还是事实性的(factual)？
3. 对于这样的文章，我是否能以较快的阅读速度来获得较好的理解？
4. 作者的写作目的是什么？
5. 文章整体的语言难度如何？词汇是普通词汇还是专业词汇？
6. 作者通过这篇文章想告诉我们什么？
7. 文章能回答哪些主要问题？
快速预读下面一篇文章，时间控制在一分钟内。在预读过程中可随手写下几个你认为完成阅读本文后可得到答案的问题。
Those Funny Things Your Body Does

Gooseflesh, dimples, yawning — they may seem strange to you, but your body knows what its doing.
What Causes “Butterflies” in the Stomachs?

Your body is often a road map of your emotions — blushing, gooseflesh, and that quivering sensation in your stomach when youre nervous or anxious are all psychosomatic reactions. States of emotional excitability bring on muscular contractions throughout the body, resulting in generalized tension. “Butterflies” in your stomach is merely a localized tension state, caused by muscle spasms in the stomach and intestines, as well as an oversecretion of hormones from the adrenal glands. At the same time, your hands may get sweaty and your heart thump, proof again of the interconnection between the bodys systems.
Why Does Your Hair Turn Gray?

Scientists are still puzzling over this one. They know that hair colour is due to tiny pigment granules scattered along the inside of the hair shaft. They also know that these pigments are produced by cells near the hair root, and are deposited in the shaft as it forms. But researchers still dont understand the exact chemical process that takes place in the hair bulb and causes the pigment cells to stop producing colour. Most people develop noticeable gray hairs by their mid40s, although a lucky few make it to their 50s with no change in colour. Generally, blondes gray before brunettes. And, contrary to numerous ghost stories, there are no scientific data to show that hair can turn gray overnight (although rapid graying may be the result of disease). Unfortunately, the process is irreversible. Vitamins wont bring back that lost colour, either.What Is a Dimple? Its a shame that such a charming feature should have so mundane a cause, but here are the prosaic facts: The skin is attached to muscles underneath the surface, and some people have an extra point of attachment, usually on the cheek. When the facial muscles contract, they draw the skin up at that point, forming a dimple.
Why Do You Get Gooseflesh?

Remember the last time you stepped out of the shower into an airconditioned room? A chill passed over your body, leaving your skin rippled with little bumps. What happened Once again, an instantaneous reaction took place, triggered either physiologically by the cold or psychologically by fear or stress. The autonomic nervous system called into action a group of tiny muscles, each of which is linked to one of the millions of hair shafts all over your skin surface. When these muscles, medically known as the erector pili, contract, they lift the skin and hair attached to them. This closes off the pores and blood vessels, preventing heat loss. The result: gooseflesh.
Can You Really Be “Double Jointed”?

Boasting of their prowess, kids will try to impress their friends by performing such astounding feats as twisting their thumbs backward toward their forearms, or bending their fingers into grotesque positions. But “doublejointedness” is a misnomer — its the ligaments, not the joints, that are responsible for these supple movements. Joints (“articulations as the medical books say) are the mooch fibrous sheaths at the end of every bone. Lined with cartilage and lubricated by the sticky fluid contained in small sacs known as bursas, joints — due to their unique construction — permit a certain amount of movement but also restrain us from moving in ways that may cause injury. Ligaments, tough but flexible ropes of fibrous tissue, hold the joints together and thus support the skeletal system. Because of their construction, some peoples ligaments stretch more than others, allowing for the increased agility that we have come to call double jointedness.
Why Do We Yawn?

Did you ever notice that when youre exhausted, drowsy, or simply bored, your breathing becomes shallow? Actually, your rate of respiration slows, too. Under normal circumstances, most people inhale and exhale 12-24 times a minute, bringing in 9-12 pints of air. But this rate can drop as low as 7 or 8 times per minute, as it does during sleep, for example. Although most people think carbon dioxide is “the bad guy” in terms of normalizing respiration (oxygen being “the good guy”) it is actually the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream that brings our respiration rate back up to normal when it starts to slide. Nerve cells in the respiratory centre (in the brain stem just above the spinal cord) are highly sensitive to carbon dioxide. When there is too much of it in the blood, the centre signals the lungs or respiratory muscles to breathe deeper and faster. At the same time, the autonomic nervous system (which controls internal organs, muscles, and nerves without your realizing it) signals the facial muscles around the jaw to contract into a yawn, forcing you to take an extra deep breath. The combination of these two movements helps eliminate the excess carbon dioxide. You could say that yawning provides an added boost that nudges the respiratory process along.
下面是一些你可能在预读时写下的问题:
1. What kinds of bodily activities are associated with anxiety?
2. Can hair graying be reversed?
3. Is “gooseflesh” a psychological or physiological phenomenon?
4. Is “double jointed” behaviour quite abnormal?
5. Does yawning have a psychological effect on a physiological basis?
你所写下的或想到的问题与以上的问题一样吗？你是否在文章中找到答案？你应该能在一分钟内找到文章大意。

对于阅读中碰到的生僻词，我们首先要学会识别哪些情况下即使不了解词义也不影响对短文的理解；其次是转变对生僻词义认识上的态度，即在许多情况下不必了解该词的确切意义，尤其没有必要了解它在英汉辞典中的中文释义，而只需对该词词义的大概而笼统的理解就行。实践中，在确定了短文中哪些生僻词的词义有必要作一大概了解后，我们可以从以下两个角度来猜度词义：
一、构词知识

即利用单词的构词要素词根，前后缀来识记单词。词根是一个单词的根本部分，代表词的基本意义；前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分，通常也有一定含义；后缀是加在词根或单词后面的部分，通常在增加词义的同时还改变词性。通过词根词缀构词的方式有多种，现简单归纳如下：
①前缀+词根：inter(中间)+vene→intervene(介入)
②词根+后缀：circl(圆)+let(小)→circlet(小环)
③词根+词根：tele(远)+scope(镜)→telescope(望远镜)
④前缀词根+后缀：in(不)+aud(听)+ible(可)→inaudible(听不见)
⑤双前缀+词根：re(再)+dis(取下)+cover(盖)→rediscover(再发现)
⑥词根+双后缀：care(用心)+less(不)+ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地)
⑦前缀+双词根：tri(三)+gono(角)+metry(测量)→trigonometry(三角几何)
⑧双词根+后缀：biblio(书)+phil(爱)+ist(人)→bibliophilist(书籍爱好者)
⑨双前缀+词根+后缀：ir(不)+re(反对)+sist(站)+ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的)
⑩前缀+词根+双后缀：se(离)+greg(群)+ation+ist→segregationist(种族隔离主义者)
双前缀+词根+双后缀：un(不)+pre(先)+ced(走)+ent+ed→unprecedented(史无前例的)
二、上下文线索

利用上下文线索猜测词义的方法很多，但其核心是寻找与该生僻词相关的上下文意义线索，这些线索主要可归纳为以下几种：
（1）同义定义  为了便于读者理解作者本义，作者有时会对文中的生僻词或专业性较强的词直接给出定义。在下定义时，作者常使用一些信号词， 如：is/are(called)，means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例：
Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true. 或标点符号，如——，()等，
例： Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.
有时，作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义，例：
Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollow gutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.
Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big, complex types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates, or backboned animals.
（2）近义复述  同一短文中上下毗邻的句子通常有互释作用，我们可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词相关的信息来猜度词义。例：
Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married.
Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.

（3）反义对照  在表示对照的上下文中，常包含有意义相反的词语或概念，这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索，帮助我们猜度词义。常有以下一些信号 词：although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary，on the other hand等。 例：Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools, but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.
Most dentists-offices are drab places, while Emilio’s new office is a bright, cheerful place.  
（4）搭配集合  利用词与词的搭配或该词所出现的语境，我们也能推知词义的大概轮廓。例：
People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket(套，壳) of the radiator.
A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive, well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her, he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly, dowdy wife.
（5）比较举例  上下文中的比较和举例，能揭示比较物或列举物之间的共性，我们可根据这些共性来推知有关词语的意思。例：
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.  
（6）因果时间  因与果、时间的先与后都是事物发展变化过程中的必然关系，在利用上下文推测词义时，这些关系也至关重要。例：
Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
When Mark was in pedantic mood, he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring, insignificant topics.
（7）常识  包括我们的生活经历、经验常识以及自己专业方面的知识，在阅读到与自己专业相近的文章时，我们都会感到相对容易，这正是我们的专业知识在帮我们理解。例：  
An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.
An atomic clock is so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein’s relativity theories.