美国文学复习总结.doc

美国文学史复习1（colonialism）
第一部分  殖民主义时期的文学
一、时期综述
1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记
2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：
1）their voyage to the new land
2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops
3) About dealing with Indians
4） Guide to the new land， endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit
3、清教徒的思想：
1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式
2） Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology。 重建教堂，提供简单服务,建立神圣地位
来源：(http://blog.sina。com。cn/s/blog_5d7e2e330100blsr。html） — 美国文学史复习1(colonialism）_苗苗_新浪博客
3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝
4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5)religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God。强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton ＆ Roger William
他们的不同:John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy； William begins the history of religious toleration in America。
5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God。 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利.没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。
6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet
7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.
美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution)
(2009-01-17 15:54：25)
一、美国的性质：
The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic — the United States of America。 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国—-美利坚合众国.
二、代表作家:
1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林  1706-1790
1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集
It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation
2） Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific， economic and political ideas。 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题
3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学—-就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。
4)first applied the terms ”positive” and ”negative” to electrical charges.
5）As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England。 He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war。 作为殖民地的代表,他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣.他说服法国支持美国的独立战争.
6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity， a subtle humor， sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能,表达简洁明了,幽默，讽刺天才、
7）The Way to Wealth 致富之道      The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
一、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
殖民地时期作家.独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period， the only good American author before the Revolutionary War。
出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。1732—1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac" annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集
1.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”。同法国谈判获得援助,后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.
2.其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic辛辣的。
3。他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography"。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine”
二、 Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832)
1． 革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post—Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit.一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist， a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）；“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry).
2． 1770年第1部作品《想象的力量》（The Power of Fancy）。1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可as a satirist of the British.
3． 1776年出版《夜屋》（The House of Night）哥特式小说the Gothic mood. F·L·帕蒂称它为“在美国听到的第一部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美”“the first distinctly romantic note heard in America" and “The Beauties of Santa Cruz"。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品采用了这种风格blending the praise of nature with social protest, in his characteristic later manner。
4． 1781写下名诗《英国囚船》(The British Prison Ship）一首抨击色彩诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍a good piece of invective， reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity。此后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽刺continuing to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems。
5． 1786年他的早期作品被收录在《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War".
6． 1788 年出板《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”。 1791 年创办《国家公报》对抗《联邦公报》with Jefferson’s support “National Gazette” campaigned against the opinions of the “Gazette of the United States” edited by John Fenno (Supported by Hamilton）。
7． 他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular government. 作为诗人,他预示了美国文学独立的到来as a poet， Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比,后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格in contrast with the ornate华丽的 style of his early couplets， he later developed a natural, simple， and concrete diction。
Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺  poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者
1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period。
2)has been called the ”Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父
The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士—-—--同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花;The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
学习指南:
1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing。 Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds.
2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit。
Part Ⅲ The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学 1815-1865
美国文学史复习3（Romanicism)
（2009-01—17 18：58：09）
一、文学特征：
1、Environment：
1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境
2)array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮
2、美国文学特点:
pluralistic多元化  manifestations varied 表现形式多样  Individualistic个人主义  conflicting 矛盾
3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics， moral enthusiam, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption。浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
1、The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism.
They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature
an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters。 Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement.
tendency to exalt赞扬 the individual and the common man
The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past
American Romanticism is， in a certain way， derivative
2、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature。 逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。
3、 Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。
4、他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm， faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception， and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.
5、美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代,成这一时期文学的主要形式novels， short stories， and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America's principal literary forms.
6、the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams， and vast oceans。 The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则
7超验主义（1830s—the Civil War）:既不讲究逻辑,也不讲究系统,它只强调超越理性的感受,超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized。 It exalted feeling over reason，
individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. individual is divine and, therefore， self-re1iant
They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul"， an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part。
8、American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature.
To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible； but to Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.
二、代表作家：
1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution
① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism。 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家
②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》， the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature。现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上,把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁.
④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》
 A History of New York  纽约的历史----—美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；
The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-——--使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉
1.1819—1820他第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his “Sketch Book" appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment。 He introduced the familiar essay to America 他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣 his best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions.
2。1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“A History of New York” by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers， has become a classic of humor。．
教材作品： Rip Van Winkle
Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary craftsmanship
1。Irving's great indebtedness to European literature
Most of Irving's subject matter are borrowed heavily from European sources, which are chiefly Germanic. Irving’s relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.
　　A History of New York is a patchwork of references, echoes, and burlesques。 He parodies or imitates Homer， Cervantes， Fielding， Swift and many other favorites of his。 He was also absorbed in German Literature and got ideas from German legends for two of his famous stories ”Rip Van Winkle" and ”The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." The Alhambra is usually regarded as Irving’s "Spanish Sketch Book" simply because it has a strong flavor of Spanish culture. Most of the thirty—three essays in The Sketch Book were written in England, filled with English scenes and quotations from English authors and faithful to British orthography. Washington Irving brought to the new nation what its peop1e desired most in a man of 1etters the respect of the Old World.
　　2。Irving's unique contribution to American literature

　　Irving’s contribution to American literature is unique in more than one way. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame。 Although greatly influenced by European literature, Irving gave his works distinctive American flavor。 "Rip Van Winkle” or ”The Legend of Sleepy Hol1ow”， however exotic these stories are, are among the treasures of the American language and culture. These two stories easily trigger off American imagination with their focus on American subjects, American landscape， and, in Irving’s case, the legends of the Hudson River region of the fresh young 1and。 It is not the sketches about the Old World but the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring. He was father of American short stories。 And later in the hands of Hawthorne and Melville the short story attained a degree of perfection.
3、writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed
4、We get a strong sense impression as we read him along， since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than read， for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.
5、The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic异国的 place.
2.William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特1794-1878
1. 1817年伟大史诗《死之思考》(希腊语)，人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作the stately poem called ” Thanatopsis" (Greek， meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.
2. 《致水鸟》是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗",“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief poem in the language”。
3. 后期,他用无韵诗的形式翻译了《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》his most important later works are his translations of the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” into English blank verse。
4. 当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时,布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age， so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.
American Literature of Post-Romanticism
Transcendentalism 超验主义
1）as a moral philosophy， transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason individual expression over the restraints of law and custom。不讲逻辑，不讲系统,只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴,反对美国社会的拜金主义。
3)they believe in the transcendence of "over soul”， an all—pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part。 相信精神上的超越,相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源.
4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind。 “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.
5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善
Thoreau 梭 罗，beheld divin