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1、syntax 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never ap
2、pears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a plement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP
3、 PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP
4、 NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.
5、 a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary beca
6、me very ill c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P N What will you e talk about e d) The apple
7、might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the man OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N V NP Det
8、 N The apple might hit the man e) He often reads detective stories. S NP VP N Qual V NP A N He often reads etective stories OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Pres N Qual
9、 V NP A N He often reads etective stories 4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures. a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.
10、 InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det A N Pst V NP Det A N A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane b) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S) NP Infl
11、 VP Det A N Pst V PP P NP Det A N A huge moon hung in the black sky c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det A
12、 N Pst V PP P NP Det N An unusual event occurred before the meeting d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det A NP
13、Pst V PP A N P NP Det A N A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill 5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. a) Jim has washed the dirty shir
14、ts and pants. InflP(=S) NP VP N Aux V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has was
15、hed the dirty shirts and pants OR InflP(=S) NP VP N Infl V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has
16、 washed the dirty shirts and pants b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N
17、 Helen put on her clothes and went out OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her cl
18、othes and went out c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N
19、 V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pres VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V
20、A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in. S S CON S NP VP NP VP Det N V
21、 Adv Det A N V Adv The detective went out and the mysterious man came in e) Crusoe knows that spring will e and the snow will melt. S NP VP CP N
22、 V C S S CON S NP VP NP VP N Aux V Det N Aux V Crusoe knows that spring
23、 will e and the snow will melt 6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as plements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence. a) You know that I hate war. S NP
24、 VP CP N V C S NP VP NP N V N You know that I hate war
25、 OR CP C InflP(=S) NP Infl VP CP N Pres V C S NP
26、 VP N V NP N You know that I hate war b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over. S NP VP
27、 CP N V C S NP VP CP N V C S
28、 NP VP Det N VL A He said that Tom asked whether the class was over c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.
29、 S NP VP N VP NP CP Aux Neg V NP C S Det N NP
30、 VP N V NP Det A N Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a R
31、olls-Royce. S NP VP CP N VL A C S NP VP
32、 Det N V NP NP N Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce e) The children argued over whether bats had wings. S
33、 NP VP CP Det N VP C S V P NP VP N V NP N The children argued over
34、 whether bats had wings 7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences. a) The essay that he wrote was too long. Deep structure CP C S
35、 NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP Infl VP N
36、V NP N The essay he wrote that was too long Surface Structure CP C S NP VP
37、 Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP NP Infl VP N N Pst V NP N
38、 The essay that he wrote e was too long b) The dog that he keeps bites. Deep structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP
39、 V C Infl S Pres NP VP N V NP N The dog he keeps that bites
40、 Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V C S NP NP Infl VP
41、 N N Pres V NP N The dog that he keeps e bites c) Herbert found the man she loved. Deep structure CP C S NP
42、 VP N Infl V NP CP Det N C S NP Infl VP
43、 NP N V N Herbert fo
44、und the man she loved who Surface Structure CP C S NP VP N Infl V NP
45、CP Det N S C NP Infl VP NP NP
46、 N V N N Herbert found the man (whom) she loved e d) The girl
47、 whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics. Deep structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP
48、 P NP C Infl S N NP VP PP N Qual
49、VP NP V P N The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics Surface Structure
50、 CP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP P NP C S
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