新版上海牛津版七年级上册语法.doc

新版上海牛津版七年级上册语法
一、 知识点
（一） 特殊疑问词
特殊疑问句：以疑问代词what, who, whose, which或疑问副词when, where, why, how 等放在句首提问的句子，叫特殊疑问句。答句必须针对问句中的疑问词来回答，疑问词分为疑问代词和疑问副词。
一、特殊疑问词
(一) 疑问代词who/whom/whose/what/which
1. who, whom, whose 只能指人
who常作主语或宾语；whom作宾语，可用who替代；whose常作定语或表语。
eg: Who taught you math last year? (主语)
Whom did you see? (宾语)
Whose father works in Shenzhen? (定语)
2. what用来询问物或数量，用来询问人时涉及人的职业，身份或外貌。如：
What would you like to eat today? 你今天想吃什么？
What is your mother ? 你妈妈是干什么的？
3. which用来询问人或物，一般有特定的选择范围。如：
Which is your sister of the two girls? 那两个姑娘中哪个是你姐姐？
(二)疑问副词
常用的疑问副词有：where, when, why, how以及how引伸的一些疑问词组，如：how much (many), how long, how old, how far, how often, how soon等。他们在句中通常作状语，可表时间，方式，原因等。如：
When will you e back? 你什么时候回来？
Where did you put your mobile phone? 你把手机放哪
Why are you late? 你为什么迟到？
How long did you stay in Beijing? 你在北京呆了多久？

二、不定冠词
1. 不定冠词是a/an，一般放在名词之前。a 用于以辅音（不是辅音字母）开头的单词前，an用于以元音（不是元音字母）开头的单词前。如：
a boy 一个男孩 a European country 一个欧洲国家
an island 一座岛屿 an hour 一小时
2. 不定冠词的用法
(1) 用在可数名词的单数形式前面
*表示一类事物或人中的任何一个。如：
There is an island over there. 那儿有一座岛
Be sure to bring me a dictionary. 一定要给我带本字典来。
*表示一类事物或人，a/an 在此处不用翻译。如：
An ear is an organ for listening. 耳朵是听觉器官。
A tiger is a wild animal. 老虎是一种野生动物。
(2) 用在专有名词前面，表示“一个”、“一种”、“一类”或“一个类似.....的”。如：
That city is a Venice in China. 那座城市是中国的威尼斯。

1. 容易弄错的单词总结
an hour一个小时 an honest boy一个诚实的男孩 a university一座大学
a uniform一件制服 an unusual watch一块不寻常的手表 a useful book一本有用的书
a umbrella一把雨伞 an uncle一位叔叔

（二） 一般现在时：
表示现在的状态、经常的或习惯性的动作、表示主语具备的性格和能力等。与一般现在时连用的时间状语：often， always， sometimes，usually， every day/ week/ year 等。
一般现在时的构成：(be动词型)
肯定句：主语＋am/is/are＋其它成分（名词、形容词、介词短语）
He is an engineer.
否定句：主语＋am/is/are not＋其它成分
They are not in the library.
一般疑问句：Am/ Is /Are+主语＋其它成分?
Is it a tall tree? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
一般现在时的构成：(实义动词型)
肯定句：主语(除第三人称单数)＋动词原形＋其它成分
I get up at six every day .
主语(第三人称单数)＋动词s/es ＋其它成分
My father usually goes to work by bus.
否定句：主语(除第三人称单数) ＋don’t＋动词原形＋其它成分
I don’t like swimming.
主语(第三人称单数)＋doesn’t＋动词原形＋其它成分
The old man doesn’t like playing cards .
 一般疑问句：Do +主语(除第三人称单数) ＋动词原形＋其它成分?
Do the boys often go swimming in summer?
Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.
主语为第三人称单数
Does+主语＋动词原形＋其它成分?
Does she brush her teeth every day?
Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.

主语是第三人称单数时,行为动词的变化规则如下:
1、一般动词在词尾加-s,如: helps， makes， gets， swims，knows， plays等
2、以s， x，ch，sh 或o结尾的动词在词尾加-es，如dresses，washes，catches，does等
3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es， 如fly---flies，study--- studies等
play-plays enjoy-enjoys
（四）名词：
名词是表示人，事物，地点或抽象概念的名称。名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词表示可以用数字进行计算的名词，不可数名词表示不能用数字进行计算的。可数名词有单复数形式，若要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念，需使用名词的单数形式。表示名词的单数时，要在名词前面加上冠词a或an.若要表示两个或两个以上的概念时，要用到名词的复数形式。
My younger sister has a job in a store.　我妹妹在商店工作。
She has two jobs.她打两份工。
（一）、可数名词与不可数名词
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
物质名词
抽象名词
表示单个人和事物。
表示一群人或一些事物的名称。
表示物质或不具备形状和大小的个体的物质。
表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。
mother, flower, tree, bag
people, police, family
milk, rice, bread English,water, money,
news, weather, love
注:集体名词做主语时,谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数,如果强调整体用单数,强调个体或成员,则用复数.
The police are searching for him.
The Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
（二）、名词复数形式变化：
（1）规则变化
1）一般变化， 在名词后加-s，如：
book—books; bag—bags
2) 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名面，加-es，如：
bus—buses; box—boxes; watch—watches; wish—wishes; glass—glasses
3) 以辅音字母加-y结尾的单词，变y为i再加-es，如：
city—cities; country—countries; study—studies; family—families
4) 以f或fe结尾的单词，有些将f或fe变为v, 再加-es; 有些只加-s :
wife—wives; knife—knives; wolf—wolves; thief—thieves; shelf—shelves; myself—myselves; life—lives; half—halves; leaf—leaves; 　　　　
roof—roofs; chief—chiefs; belief—beliefs; proof—proofs; handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handerchieves(手帕／头巾)
5) 以o结尾的名词，有些加-s ，有些加-es。如：
　 hero—heroes; Negro—Negroes; potato—potatoes; tomato—tomatoes (两人两菜)
photo—photos; radio—radios; piano—pianos; studio—studios;
bamboo—bamboos; zero—zeros/zeroes;
（２）不规则变化
　　　child—children; foot—feet; tooth—teeth; goose—geese;
mouse—mice; man—men; woman—women
　　　注意：由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式同上。
Englishman—Englishmen; Frenchman—frenchmen; 但German—Germans(不是合成词)
（３） 单复数同形
deer; sheep; fish; Chinese; Japanese
（４）有些名词只用复数形式：
　　　 clothes(衣服); pants(短裤；裤子); jeans(牛仔裤); shorts(短裤); glasses(眼镜); scissors(剪刀)　　　这类词常与a pair of ; two pairs of 这样的短语连用
（５）某些词虽以s结尾，但仍为单数；
　　　a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数；
　　　b.　news为不可数名词；
　　　c. the United States(the US); the United Nations(the UN)　应视为单数;
（三）、不可数名词只有单数形式。
物质名词通常属于不可数名词。如：
液体和气体：water; milk; air; 思想和感觉：beauty; love; hate
极小的物体：rice; salt; sand 学校科目：English; Maths; Art
四、一般现在时中，单数可数名词和不可数名词后要用动词的第三人称单数形式；可数名词复数后要用动词原形。如：
This orange es from Germany.
This coffee es from Germany.
These oranges e from Germany.
五、不可数名词的量词
物质名词的数量，一般用单位或容器的量表示，即“单位＋of＋物质名词”的形式。
I had a bowl of soup and two cups of tea just now.　我刚刚喝了一碗汤和两杯茶。
如 a piece of; a bottle of ; a glass of ; two cups of
There be 句型：
There be 句型与have（has; had）的各种形式的区别
1、there be 句型表示：在某地有某物（或人）
There is a vase on the table.
2、在there be 句型中，主语是单数，be 动词用is ; 主语是复数，be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品，be 动词根据最邻近be 动词的那个名词决定,即“就近一致”。
There is a duck in the pond.
There are some ducks in the pond.
There is a ball and some toys on the floor.
There are some balls and a toy on the floor.
3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词提到句首。在there be句型的般疑问句中，如果可数名词的复数形式和不可数名词前没有别的修饰词，往往都要用any来修饰。
There isn’t s a vase on the table.
Is there a vase on the table?
--Is there a post office near here? --Yes, there is .
--Are there any students in the classroom? --No, there aren’t.
Are there any teachers from America in your school?
Is there any rice in your bowl
4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别：there be 表示在某地有某物（或人）；have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。
I have a lot of friends in the classroom.
There are a lot of students in the classroom.
5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句,any 用于否定句或疑问句。
There is some water in the glass.
There isn’t any water in the glass.
6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用：and 用于肯定句，or 用于否定句。
There isn’t a pen or two books on the desk.
7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：
How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语？
How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语？
--How many students are there in your school?
--There are about two hundred (students in our school).
8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：What’s + 介词短语？
There is a bird in the tree. →What’s in the tree?
There are some bikes over there. →What’s over there?
There is a little girl in the room. →Who is in the room?
９、There be结构一般用在句子的开头，而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面。
（五）一般将来时
一、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
句中一般有以下时间状语：
tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天）等。
二、基本结构：分为两种：
1、will+ do.
肯定句：主语+will+动词原形+其他
Peter will go to Nanning next week.
否定句：主语+won’t(will not的缩写)+动词原形+其他
Peter won’t go to Nanning next week.
一般疑问句：will+主语+动词原形+其他？
Will Peter go to Nanning next week?
肯定回答：Yes, he will. 否定回答：No, he won’t.
2、 be going to + do
肯定句：主语+am/is/are going to+动词原形+其他
Peter is going to go to Nanning next week.
They are going to go to Nanning next week.
I am going to go to Nanning next week.
否定句：主语+am/is/are not going to+动词原形+其他
Peter isn’t going to go to Nanning next week.
They aren’t going to go to Nanning next week.
I am not going to go to Nanning next week.
一般疑问句：Am/Is/Are+主语+ going to+动词原形+其他？
Is Peter going to go to Nanning next week?
Are they going to go to Nanning next week?
Are you going to go to Nanning next week?
肯定回答：Yes, he is. 否定回答：No, he isn’t.
注意：
一般疑问句中， be或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or,第一二人称互换。
There is/are 句型中的将来时：
There is going to be +其他
There will be+其他
（六）if条件从句
一．条件状语从句的概念
条件状语从句，表示主句动作发生的条件。即在某种条件下，一件事情可能发生。在英语中由连接词if或unless等引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。条件是指某一件事情实现之后（状语从句中），一件事情（主句）才能发生，通常译作“假如，只要，如果”等意思。条件状语从句中，主从句的时态要遵循“主将从现”的原则。即，主句是将来时态时，从句用一般现在时代替将来时态。
二. 条件状语从句的引导词
1. If conj . 如果，假如
If you ask him，he will help you．如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。
If you fail in the exam，you will let him down．
如果你考试不及格，你会让他失望的。
2. unless conj.除非,若不,除非在……的时候 （if ...not...）

You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.
如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。
Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。
3. so/as long as conj.只要
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.
只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。
三．关于条件句的时态，常见的有以下三种情况：
1、条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时，那么从句常常用一般现在时。
When I grow up, I’ll be a nurse and look after patients.
我长大后要当一名护士，照顾病人。
2、如果主句是祈使句，那么从句通常要用一般现在时。
If you want to have a chat ,call me up.
如果你想聊天，打我xx。
（七） 一般过去时
一、一般过去时的概念：
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last year, yesterday, in 1990, two days ago等；也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作，常和often, always等频率副词连用。
　　例如：
　　①I saw him in the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上看见他了。
　　②Li Mei always went to school on foot last year. 去年李梅总是步行上学。
二、一般过去时的构成：
1. be动词的一般过去时的构成：
第一人称单数和第三人称单数用was, 其余人称用were
例如：
①I was ten years old at that time.
②There were many people standing in front of the door.
2. 实义动词的一般过去时的构成：
(1) 规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则：
①一般在动词原形末尾直接加上ed。
如：look--- work--- jump--- stay---
②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，直接加d。
如：live--- close--- dance---
③末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加ed。
如：stop--- shop--- prefer---
④末尾是辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i，然后再加ed。
如：study--- try---
(2) 不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。
如：am(is)--- are--- go--- e---
take--- have(has)---
三、一般过去时的几种句型：
(1) be动词的一般过去时的句型：
①肯定句结构为：主语+was / were+其它。
如：I was at home yesterday.
They were really happy at the party.
②否定句结构为：主语+was not (wasn’t) /were not (weren’t)+其它。
如：I wasn’t at home yesterday.
They weren’t happy at the party.
③一般疑问句结构为：Was / Were+主语＋其它？
如：---Were you at home yesterday? ---Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
---Were they happy at the party? ---Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
④特殊疑问句结构为：疑问词＋was / were+主语＋其它？
如：---Where were you last night? ---We were at my uncle’s house.
---How was your weekend? ---It was great.
(2) 实义动词的一般过去时的句型：
①肯定句结构为：主语+动词的过去式+其它。
如：He went to the toy store yesterday.
We took some pictures in the park.
②否定句结构为：主语+did not (didn’t)+动词原形+其它。
如：He didn't go to the toy store yesterday.
We didn’t take any pictures in the park.
③一般疑问句结构为：Did+主语＋动词原形＋其它？
如：---Did you go to Beijing last week? ---Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
---Did he meet the businessman before? ---No, he didn't. / Yes, he did.
④特殊疑问句结构为：疑问词＋did+主语＋动词原形＋其它？
如：---What did you do last night? ---I did my homework
---Where did you go last week? ---I went to Shanghai with my parents.

（八）人称代词及物主代词
代词（人称代词&物主代词&不定代词）★重点▲难点
含义:我们可以用代词来代替先前所提及的名词或名词短语。
John asked Sally for her telephone number, so she give it to him.
★（一）人称代词：人称代词是指人或事物的代词，有性、数、格的区别。

数
格

人 称
单 数
复 数
主 格
宾 格
主 格
宾 格
第一人称
we
me
we
us
第二人称

you

you
you
you
第三人称
he
him
they
them
she
her
it
it
(1) 主格在句中作主语。例如：She is my English teacher.
(2) 宾格在句中作宾语。例如：They don’t want me to go there alone.
Don’t worry. I can look after her.
▲以下几点需要注意：
1. It作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如：
It is about 10 kilometres from here. 离这儿大约有10公里。
2. It 还可用作形式主语来代替由不定式，以避免句子头重脚轻。例如：
It is not easy to learn English well.
3. 人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮。例如：
We love our country, we hope she’ll be stronger and stronger.

★（二）物主代词：是用来表示物体的归属的。物主代词的含义：“谁的” .物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
（注：形容词性物主代词须放在名词前面使用，形容词性物主代词须单独使用.）例如：
This isn’t your gift .It is her gift.
This isn’t your s .It is hers.

词 义
类 型
我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他/她/它们的
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his
her
its

our
your
their
名词性物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
（注：除了mine之外，名词性物主代词直接在形容词性物主代词后加s.）
思考：its 与it’s 的区别？

（三）不定代词
复合不定代词：★
some
any
no
every
something
anything
nothing
everything
someone
anyone
no one
everyone
somebody
anybody
nobody
everybody

★ 在肯定句中用somebody(=someone)/ something；
在否定句及疑问句中用anybody（= anyone）/ anything；
▲ 形容词或else修饰不定代词时，形容词或else应放在不定代词后面。
例：something new.
★疑问句中，当说话人期待对方作出肯定回答时，常用some-系列的不定代词。
例：Would you like something to eat?
二、 课堂练习
( )6. There is _______ packet of salt in _______ box.
A. a; / B. a; the C. the; / D. the; a
( ) 7. Susan is good ________ Chinese. And she likes ________ music.
A. in; listen B. in; listening C. at; listening to D. at; listen
( )8. The shoes are very nice. Can I ________?
A. try it on B. try on it C. try them on D. try on them
( ) 9. There is ______ on the table.
A. a bowl and two cups of tea B. two cups of tea and a bowl
C. two cups of tea D. cups of tea
( )10 .--- ________ do you sleep every night?
--- More than 7 hours.
A. How often B. How many C. How much D. How long
( )11. —Is this ball, Joe?
—No, it’s not .
A. your; my B. your; mine C. yours; my D. yours; mine
( )12. – How do you like Shanghai, Joyce? -- I think it’s one of ____in the world.
A. biggest city B. the biggest city C. the biggest cities D. big cities
( )13. – Are you _____ stamps? -- Yes. I enjoy____stamps very much.
A. keen on, collecting B. like, seeing C. love, to buy D. interested in, to collect
( ) 14. -- ____ a letter for you. It is from May. -- Oh, I know. I will ______ it soon.
A There is, answer to B. Here is, reply to
C. There is, reply D. Here is, answer to
( )15. – Did you see______in Beijing? -- Sure.
A. something interesting B. anything interesting
C. interesting anything D. interesting something
( )16.Let’s_____ waste time. There is going to be the final exam in two weeks.
A. don’t B. not to C. not D. don’t to
( )17. How many________ are there in your school?
A. woman teacher B. woman teachers C. women teachers D. women teacher
( )18. . – Don’t forget to bring your umbrella.
-- Why?
-- Look at the clouds. It_____ .
A.rains B. is going to rain C. was raining D. is raining
( )19. Shenzhen is_____the south of China.
A on B. in C. to D. at
( )20. .-Mike,I am so ____ that I can't believe my eyes.
-I agree with you. It is so____.
A.surprise;surprised B.surprised;surprised
C.surprising;surprised D.surprised;surprising
( )21. On Sundays Lily____ a dancing club and practises dancing with