主动表被动资料讲解.doc

主动表被动

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主动形式表示被动意义

一般说来，表示被动意义要用被动态，构成被动态的动词必须是及物动词，不及物动词是没有被动语态的。但是，英语里有些不及物动词在S—V(A)结构中却含有被动意义。这里主要有两种情况：
一种是早期英语用法：
The house is building.（房屋在建造中。）
The book is printing.（书在印刷中。）
在现代英语中则要求用被动态表示：
The house is being built.
The book is being printed.
另一种情况是为数不少的不及物动词可以表示被动意义：不及物动词的这种用法与汉语表示颇为相似，在日常用语中很常见：
This box doesn’t close properly. 这箱子关不拢。
This kind of cloth washes well. 这种布料很耐洗。
The hall soon filled． 那大厅不久便坐满了人。
The match lights easily． 这火柴容易划着。
The door won’t lock / open． 门锁不上/打不开。
His new novel is selling well. 他的新小说销路良好。
The window won’t shut． 这窗关不上。
This paper tears easily． 这种纸一撕就破。
对上述不及物动词为什么能用于表示被动意义的问题，说法不一。通常认为这部分动词一般都是及物动词，是及物动词的不及物用法。也有人认为像His books don’t sell这种句子的动词在形式上是主动的，意义是被动的，实际上是His books are not sold的意思。
对于以上说法，荷兰学者依拉德斯 (P A. Erades) 提出了反对意见，提出：这种 “主动”结构相对应的“被动”结构是存在的，但是，一看就知道含义不同。他说His novels are not sold. 仅仅说明一个事实，而His novels don’t sell. 却意味着这些小说有某种内在品质在影响其销路，意味着这些小说肯定不属于“畅销书”之列。以此类推，下列一组句子意思不同：
a：The house won’t let．（租不出去）
b：The house will not be let．（不会出租）
再如： The door won’t lock.（门锁不上）
说明门本身有毛病，这与通常的被动态所表示的含义不同，就是说The door will not be locked. 并非说门本身有问题而锁不上，而是指某人不会锁门，或者在说话人看来门是不会被锁上的。
其它主动形式表示被动意义的情况

1. 在动词want, need, require, deserve后用动名词的主动形式表达被动含义，相当于不定式的被动式。
The houses want /need /require cleaning. = The houses want /need /require to be cleaned.
That man deserves punishing. = That man deserves to be punished.
2. 在介词worth 后用动名词的主动形似表达被动含义。
The book is worth reading. (= The book is worthy of being read / to be read.)
3. let与blame构成的不定式作表语时，用主动表被动。
This room is to let. (此屋出租)
He is to blame. (他该受责备)
4. 作定语时，当不定式和它所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系，并且句中的另一名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动表被动。
I have a lot of work to do.
Give him some books to read. 
He has a family to support.
但要注意这种结构：
There is so much work to do/to be done.
5. 在“主系表＋动词不定式”的句型中，如果表语是形容词，并且不定式中的动词和句子的主语含有逻辑上的动宾关系，则用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
That is hard to say.
The question is easy to answer.
This book is difficult to understand.
6. 有些介词短语用作表语或定语时，可以表示被动意义。
The thief is under arrest.
The road under repair must be closed to all traffic at once.
The building is under construction.
The whole matter is under discussion. 
Apples are on sale.
7. 有些动词兼有实意动词和系动词两种词性，它们的系动词常表示被动意义。常见的
有taste (吃起来), sound 听起来), smell (闻上去), feel (摸上去感觉), look (看上去), prove (证明是)等。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
Good medicine tastes bitter.
His theory proved (to be) wrong.
She looks tired.
9. 某些不及物动词或短语，如occur (被想到), come out（被出版）, come to one’s mind（被想起）, turn out（证明是）等，本身表被动含义，不能用被动形式。
It never occurred to me to phone you.
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th
century.
Suddenly an idea came to his mind.
If tomorrow turns out wet, we’ll have to change our plan.

巩 固 练 习
1. There are many good films played by Jackie Chan that are worth ________.
A. to be seen B. being seen C. seeing D. to see
2. The food ________ easily and sells ________.
A. cooks…well B. is cooking…good
C. is cooked…well D. cooks…good
3. The window of the room can’t ________.
A. have be closed B. close C. be closing D. closed
4. Oh, boy, why are you killing your time this way? Can’t you find something ________ doing at
all?
A. useful B. valuable C. worth D. good
5. She kept her eyes ________ all the time.
A. to close B. closing C. close D. closed
6. The girl ________ in red is my second daughter.
A. dressing B. dressed herself C. dressed D. is dressed
7. ________ deep down in the earth, the dead forests rotted away and became coal.
A. Buried B. Burying C. To bury D. Being buried
8. My transistor radio is out of work. It ________.
A. need to be repaired B. needs repairing C. need repairing D. needs to repair
9. The classroom ________ 30 feet long.
A. measures B. is measured C. has D. has length
10. Take care! Don’t get the ink on your shirt, for it ________ easily.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washed out
C. isn’t washed out D. isn’t washing out
11. How sweet the music ________!
A. sounds to B. is sounded C. is sounded to be D. sounds
12. The question asked by him is hard ________.
A. to answer B. to be answered C. to be answering D. for answer
13. In warm weather fruit and meat ________ long.
A. don’t keep B. cannot be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping
14. He received a telegram ________: “Mum sick.”
A. written B. said C. reading D. writing
15. The kind of glasses made by experienced workers ________ comfortably.
A. is worn B. wears C. has worn D. has been worn
16. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ________ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated
17. _____ nice, the dish tastes very bitter.
A. Seen B. Smelt C. Smelling D. Seeing
18. You can’t go that way, I’m afraid, as the road is ________ repair.
A. for B. under C. in D. on
19. The picture ________ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung
20. The flowers ________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
21. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ________.
A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed
22. If there’s a lot of work ________, I am happy to just keep on until it is finished.
A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing
23. Please remain ________; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated
24. Can those ________ at the back of the classroom hear me?
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
25. That is a small town ________ 30 miles south of Chicago.
A. locating B. being located C. having been located D. located

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