专业四级知识点.doc

    1. The computer system _____suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet. （2023年辽宁卷）
    A. broke down B. broke out C. broke up D. broke in
    解析：A由语境逻辑可以推出该空表达"坏了"，因此应填broke down.　
    2. To understand the grammar of the sentence，you must break it _____ into parts. （2023年湖北卷）
    A. down B. up C. off D. out
    解析：A break…… down在此意为"将……分解"，符合语境逻辑。
    3. I was still sleeping when the fire _____ ，and then it spread quickly. （2023年广东卷）
    A. broke out B. put out C. came out D. got out
    解析：A由the fire与spread之间的语境逻辑可以推出该空表达"（火灾）发生"，因此应填broke out.以上三题都是考察break短语的用法，本文在此对其做一归纳。
1. break down
(1).（机器或车辆）出故障，坏掉 The telephone system has broken down. The car broke down on the freeway.汽车在高速路上抛锚了。
(2)失败 Negotiations between two sides has broken down.双方谈判失败了。
(3).被搞垮，垮掉 Her health broke down under the pressure of the work.
break sth. down
(1).打倒，破坏某物 The firefighters had to break door down to reach the people trapped inside.消防人员不得不破门而入，解救困在里面的人。
(2).破坏，消除（尤指某种感情或态度） break down resistance/oppose 崩溃抵抗/反对
(3).把~分类，划分 Each lesson is broke down into several units.每一课都提成几部分。
(4).使分解为，使变化成 Sugar and starch are broken in the stomach.糖和淀粉在胃里被分解。
2. break up
(1).解散，驱散。如：The police broke up the crowd （the meeting）。 警察驱散了人群（集会）。The meeting will break up at eleven o’clock.会议将在十一点钟结束。
(2).（学校等）放假。如：When do you break up for Christmas？ 你们什么时候放圣诞节假？(3).关系结束，破裂。如：The weather shows signs of breaking up. 好天气看样要过去了。
    Their marriage is breaking up. 他们的婚姻濒临破裂。
(4).击碎，撞碎。如：The ship broke up on the rocks. 船触礁撞毁了。
    Let's break up the whole into parts. 让我们化整为零。
(5).break up with sb. 绝交。如：She's just broken up with her boy-friend. 她刚与男朋友绝交。
(6).变得虚弱，垮掉 He broke up under the strain.
break sth. up
(1).拆开，打散The ship was broken up for scrap metal.船被拆解为废铁。
(2).结束关系，关闭公司等 They decided to break up the partnership.他们决定拆伙。
(3). (尤指用武力) 迫使放弃某事 The police are called to break up the fight.有人叫来警察来制止打斗。
3. break in破门而入，破门而入；打断Last night a thief broke in and stole away his camera. 昨夜一个小偷闯了进来， 偷走了他的相机。
    He broke in with some ideas of his own.他插了话， 说了说自己的一些见解。
“I didn’t do that!” She broke in.
    4.break into强行进入，撬开汽车等；忽然……起来They broke into the prison and set free all the prisoners. 他们冲进监狱，释放了所有的囚犯。We had our car broken up last week.我们的车上周被人撬开了。
    Hearing the sad news，the old woman broke into tears. 听到这个悲哀的消息， 这位老年妇女忽然哭了起来。As the President’s car drew up, the crowd broke into loud applause.总统的车座停下时，人群中爆发出热烈的掌声。
    5. break out战争爆发，争吵爆发,（火灾）发生When did the war break out？ 这场战争是什么时候爆发的？
    I have heard that a quarrel broke out between them. 我听说他们之间爆发了争吵。
    More than one hundred fires broke out in our city last year. 去年我市发生了一百多起火灾。
break out of 逃离某地，摆脱某状况 Several prisoners broke out of the jail.几名囚犯越狱了。
She needed to break out of her daily routine and do something exciting.她需要从平常事务中解脱出来，找点故意思的事做。
break out in 忽然充满某物 Her face broke out in a rash.她的脸上忽然长出一片红疹。He broke out in a cold sweat.他忽然冒出一阵冷汗。
    6. break away from sb./sth.打破陈规；奋力挣脱；放弃习惯;脱离,背叛(政党，国家等，尤指再组建新的)
You must break away from these old customs. 你们必须破除这些旧风俗。
The dog broke away from its owner and ran away. 狗挣脱了主人，跑了。
You'd better break away from the habit of smoking. 你最佳改掉吸烟的习惯。
The people of the province wished to break away and form a new state.该省人民希望分离成立一个新国家。
    7. break through
(1). 太阳或月亮从云层中露出 It was a cloudy day， but the sun at last broke through.原本是个阴天，但是太阳最后还是出来了。The sun broke through at last in the afternoon.下午太阳终于拔蕴而出。
 (2).冲破，突破 ，战胜  Our soldiers successfully broke through the enemy's defenses. 我们的战士成功地突破了敌军的防线。
(3).作出重大发现，取得突破 Scientists think they are beginning to break through in the fight against cancer. 科学家认为他们在对抗癌症的研究中有所突破。
    8. break into pieces破成碎片The mirror fell to the ground and broke into pieces. 镜子掉到地上摔成了碎片。
    9. break one's word/promise食言， 说话不算数I believe in him，because he never breaks his word / promise. 我信任他，由于他历来不食言。
    10. break the law/rule违反法律/规章制度Nobody can break the rules of our company. 没有人能违反我们公司的规章制度。
    11. break forth忽然发出，爆发，迸发， 发作The crowd broke forth in cheers. 欢呼声从人群中迸发出来。
    12. break in two使破成两半When I hit the ball， my bat broke in two. 击球时我的球拍断成两截。
    13. break the record打破纪录This athlete has just broken the world record in men's high jump. 这名运动员刚刚打破了男子跳高世界纪录。
    14. break one's heart使某人心碎，使某人悲痛欲绝To tell you the truth， the bad news broke my heart at that time. 说实话，那时这个坏消息使我悲痛万分。
单选
51.感慨句的句式
What+a/an+adj. +单数可数名词+主语+谓语 What a great pity you missed the lecture again!
What+adj.+可数名词复数+其他 What interesting books you’ve bought for us!
What +adj. +不可数名词+其他 What great fu surfing on the Internet!
How +adj./adv.+主语+谓语 How short life is! How quickly he runs!
How +主语+谓语 How you are working!你工作真卖力
How+ adj. +a/an +单数可数名词+主语+谓语 How beautiful a girl she is!

在可数名词复数和不可数名词前，不用“how+adj.”构成的感慨句，要用“what+adj. +可数名词复数/不可数名词”构成的感慨句。
What great changes we have had these years! 对的
How great changes we have had these years! 错误
What good news it is! 对的
How good news it is! 错误
What a wonderful plan you have made! 对的
How wonderful plan you have made! 对的
关于倒装句式
Boy as /though he is, he likes to play with girls.
=Although/though he is a boy, he likes to play with girls.
未倒装的状语从句既可用though，也可用although，就是不能用as；倒装的状语从句既可用though，也可用as，就是不能用although。
即：as必须倒装，although不能倒装，though两者皆可。
Late although it was, we still went on working. (x)
As it was late, we still went on working. (x)
HOWEVER 用法：
1. 用作副词，注意以下用法：
(1) 表达让步，意为“无论如何”“不管如何”，用来修饰形容词或副词，其词序为：however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语。这样用的however其实具有连词的功能，用以引导一个让步状语从句。如：
However much he eats, he never gets fat. 不管他吃多少，他永远吃不胖。
However cold it is, he always goes swimming. 不管天有多冷，他都去游泳。
However far it is, I intend to drive there tonight. 不管有多远，我今晚也要开车到那儿去。
这样用的 however 与 no matter how(no matter how只引导让步状语从句) 大体同义。如：
No matter how much he eats, he never gets fat.
No matter how cold it is, he always goes swimming.
No matter how far it is, I intend to drive there tonight.
有时从句谓语可用情态动词。如：
Don’t laugh however funny it may be. 无论多么有趣也不要笑。
I’ll try to finish it in time, however hard it may be. 无论多么难，我也要准时完毕。
此外，“however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语”有时可以有所省略。如：
I refuse, however favorable the conditions. 不管条件如何有利，我都不干。（conditions后省去了are）
I’d rather have a room of my own, however small (it is), than share a room 无论房间多么小，我宁愿一个人住一间，而不乐意与别人合住一个房间。
A grammar rule, however true (it is), is useless unless it can be understood. 一条语法规则，不管如何对的，除非能懂，否则毫无用处。
(2) 表达转折，特别用于谈及一个既成事实时，表达转折，其意为“可是”“仍然”等。可放在句首、句中或句末，通常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。如：
My father, however, did not agree. 但是，我父亲不批准(.com)。语法网
My room is small; however, it’s comfortable. 我的房间很小，但却很舒适。
He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however. 他说情况如此，可是他错了。
注意，however不能像 but（但是）那样直接连接两个句子（注意正句中的标点符号）。如：
我们都已尽了最大的努力，但是我们还是输了。
误：We all tried our best, however we lost the game.
正：We all tried our best, but we lost the game.
正：We all tried our best; however, we lost the game.（分号可以表达句子的结束）
正：We all tried our best. However, we lost the game.
(3) 表达惊奇或强调，相称于how ever的用法，其意为“究竟如何，到底以什么方式”。如：
However did you get here without a car? 没有汽车你究竟是如何来的呢?
However does he manage to write music when he is so deaf? 他聋成这个样子，究竟是如何从事作曲的呢?
2. 用作连词，引导方式状语从句，表达“无论以何种方式”“不管如何”。如：
However it may be, I shall take your word. 无论如何，我将会相信你的话。
The painting looks wrong however you look at it. 这张画不管怎么看都显得不对劲。
However you travel, it’ll take you at least two days. 无论你怎么个走法，至少要两天时间。
54. It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
　 It is time that the children went to bed.
　 It is high time that the children should go to bed.
56.ought to 和 should 区别
1. ought to 和 should 都表达义务，意思为：应当，本该。但 ought to 强调道义、法律所规定的职责；而 should 一般是表达说话者的一种主观见解。如：We ought to respect our teachers and parents. 我们应当尊敬老师和父母亲。We should work hard. 我们应当努力工作。
2. ought to 和 should 接动词的完毕时，表达该做的事而未做，常具有对对方的责备。如：You ought to / should have finished your work yesterday. 你本应当在昨天就把工作完毕了。I should have visited you if I had known your address. 要是我知道你的地址，我早该来拜访你了。
61.such的用法见打印
this和that作副词时的用法
代词this和that也可用作副词，相称于so。如：
Is it this hot every day? 天天都这样热吗?
I didn’t think it would be this easy. 我没想到会这样容易。
I can’t believe he was that good an actor. 我简直不敢相信他是那么好的一位演员。
62. prove的用法
prove sth. (to sb.)证实，证明
1.They hope this new evidence will prove her innocence.他们希望这个新证据可以证明她的清白。
Just give me a chance and I will prove it to you.只要你给我个机会，我会证明给你看。
2.Prove a point prove one’s point 向其别人证明自己是对的
He felt he needed to prove his point.
What are you trying to prove?
3. Prove+that-clause
This proves (that) I was right.
4. prove+wh-clause
This just proves what I have been saying for some time. 这恰好证实了长期以来我说的。
作为一个系动词，意为“是”
Prove+adj.
The opponent proved too strong for him. 这个对手过于强劲使得他难以招架。
prove+n.
Shares in the industry proved a poor investment.事实证明投资这个行业的股票是一个失败。
Prove to inf.(infinitive 不定式)
The promotion proved to be a turning point in his career.这次提高最后证明是他职业生涯的一个转折点。
64. as…as…句型

67.refresh(vt,vi) 使精神抖擞,使精神振奋;使焕然一新,翻新使记起,提醒
I think I'll just refresh myself with a cup of tea before I go to meet the children. 我想在见孩子们之前先喝杯茶来恢复一下精神。
Please refresh my memory as to where we've met before. 请提醒一下，以前我们在什么地方见过。
refreshed
He awoke feeling completely refreshed. 他醒来感到彻底恢复了精力。
Renew 重新开始,更新;延长(执照,协议等的)有效期,使续签;恢复,重新建立关系
He believes the peace talks will be renewed soon... 他相信和平谈判不久将会重新开始。
He renewed his attack on government policy towards Europe... 他重新开始对政府的欧洲政策进行抨击。
When the two men met again after the war they renewed their friendship... 两个人在战争结束后再次见面时重归于好。
In December 1989 Syria renewed diplomatic relations with Egypt. 1989年12月,叙利亚和埃及重新建立了外交关系。
Larry's landlord threatened not to renew his lease... 拉里的房东威胁说不跟他续租。
The job was for a fixed term and the contract is not being renewed. 这个工作有固定期限，并且协议不能续签。
I must renew my membership of the sailing club. 我必须延续我的航海俱乐部会员的资格。
Drivers have ten days' grace to renew their licenses. 驾驶员更换执照有10天的宽限期。
I must renew the book. 我必须续借这本书.
. The most important thing is to renew your health. 最重要的是恢复你的健康。
68.restore和renovate区别

70.cater for 提供饮食及服务;迎合
Retailers also have to cater for very different tastes around the country. 零售商们还必须迎合中国人之间差异巨大的口味偏好.
Most schools cater for children of different abilities. 大多数学校可以满足具有不同天资的儿童的需要.
Its tariffs cater for four basic classifications of customer. 它的价目表适合4个基本类别的顾客。
We catered for forty but only twenty came.我们准备了40客饭菜, 但只来了20个人。
The bakers specialize in catering for large parties.那些面包师专门负责为大型宴会提供食品。

supply with provide with 提供 supply sb. with sth. supply sth. to sb.
The government has promised to supply the farms with power next year．政府答应明年给农场供电。
They supplied the whole brigade with all the bedding and towels they needed．他们向全旅人员提供了他们所需要的被褥和毛巾。
provide for
1. PHRASAL VERB
短语动词
赡养；供养 If you provide for someone, you support them financially and make sure that they have the things that they need. 
【语法信息】：V P n
【语法信息】：be adv V-ed for

Elaine wouldn't let him provide for her... 伊莱恩不愿让他养活自己。
Her father always ensured she was well provided for. 她的父亲总是保证她衣食无忧。
2. PHRASAL VERB

短语动词
为…做准备；为…事先安排妥当 If you provide for something that might happen or that might need to be done, you make arrangements to deal with it. 
【语法信息】：V P n

James had provided for just such an emergency. 詹姆斯已为这种紧急情况做好了准备。
Many people nowadays save money to provide for their old ages. 现在许多人趁年轻攒钱
已备年老之需。
equip A with B 给A 配备B Our school is equipped with new facilitates.
71 .reflect 用法
1.VERB反映；表现；显示If something reflects an attitude or situation, it shows that the attitude or situation exists or it shows what it is like. 
Concern at the economic situation was reflected in the government's budget.
政府的预算反映了对经济运营状况的关注。
They reflect shifts in the global economy.它们反映了全球经济的转变。
These numbers reflect major attitudinal shifts.这些数据反映出重要观念的转变。
The election results do not always reflect back the views of voters. 选举的结果并不总是真实地反映出选民的观点。

2.V-ERG（光、热或其他射线）反射When light, heat, or other rays reflect off a surface or when a surface reflects them, they are sent back from the surface and do not pass through it. 
The sun reflected off the snow-covered mountains...冰雪覆盖的山峰反射着阳光。
The glass appears to reflect light naturally.玻璃似乎可以自然反射光线。
She angled the mirror so as to reflect light from a window. 她为了反射窗外的光线而把镜子摆成某一角度。

3.VERB沉思,深思;反思，反省When you reflect on something, you think deeply about it. 
We should all give ourselves time to reflect...我们都应当给自己时间好好想想。
I reflected on the child's future.我认真考虑了孩子的将来。
We needed to reflect on what we'd learned. 我们需要在我们学到的东西上进行总结反省。
Take your time to reflect before doing important things. 在做重大的事情之前要从容不迫地思考一下。