1、第五讲时态和语态一、一般时各种时态具体用法例句一般现在时(1)表示习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always,every time,now and then,occasionally,often,seldom,sometimes,usually,every day/night等连用。Around two oclock every night,Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat bothers us.每天晚上两点左右,苏就说梦话。这使我们有点烦心。(2)在以when,till/until,as soon as,by t
2、he time,after,before等引导的时间状语从句以及if,unless,once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter,however,even if等词引导的让步状语从句中,假如主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。If it doesnt rain,well go on a picnic as planned.假如不下雨,我们将按方案去野餐。(2022高考江苏卷)Every hour of our time has a value.我们时间中的每个小时都是贵重的。一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表过去的时间状语连用,如
3、yesterday,last year,last night,the other day,just now,then,two days ago,in 1999,at that time等。(2021高考重庆卷)I felt very tired when I got home,and I went straight to bed. 我到家时感到很累,就直接上床睡觉了。一般将来时(1)will/shall动词原形I will go to Beijing next week.下周我将去北京。一般将来时(2)be going to动词原形表示打算、方案、打算要做的事或确定要发生的事。表示说话人依据已
4、有的事实或迹象,认为某事即将发生。Look at the cloud.Its going to rain.瞧那乌云,天要下雨了。(3)“be about to动词原形”表示打算或依据支配即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体时间的状语连用但可以与when引导的时间状语从句连用。I was about to go out when it began to rain.我刚要外出这时开头下雨了。(4)“be to动词原形”表示商定的、方案中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作,这种动作通常是人的意志所能把握的,或用于征求意见。You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.
5、到10点你得交上试卷。1. (2022高考重庆卷)Youd better write down her phone number before you _ it.AforgetBare forgettingCforgotDwill forget解析:选A。考查动词时态。句意:趁着还没有遗忘,你最好把她的电话号码写下来。before本意是“在之前”,在句中引导时间状语从句,依据具体的语境在句中可译为“趁着,以免”,从句中用一般现在时态表示将来的动作。依据语境可知forget为将来的动作,故此处用一般现在时表示将来。2(2022高考山东卷)They made up their mind that
6、they _ a new house once Larry changed jobs.AboughtBwould buyChave boughtDhad bought解析:选B。考查动词时态。从句“一旦Larry换了工作他们就买新居子”在主句“他们下定决心”之后。依据“主过从过”原则,主句用一般过去时,故从句用过去将来时。3. (2022高考北京卷)What time is it?I have no idea. But just a minute,I _ it for you.AcheckBcheckedCwill checkDwould check解析:选C。考查动词时态。句意:几点了?我不
7、知道。但是等一会儿,我给你查一下。依据语境可知,check为临时打算要进行的动作,故用“will动词原形”表示将来。二、进行时各种时态具体用法例句现在进行时(1)表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。(2021高考四川卷)Hurry up,kids!The school bus is waiting for us!孩子们,快点!校车在等我们!(2)现在进行时还可表示按方案或支配将要进行的动作,这类动词主要有:go,come,leave,stay,start,arrive,land,meet,move,return,stay,stop,do等。“The moment is coming soon,”h
8、e thought to himself,waiting nervously.“这一刻就要来到了,”他自思自忖,紧急地等待着。过去进行时(1)表示过去正在进行的动作。(2021高考陕西卷)Jim was watching a late night film at home when,right in the middle of a thrilling scene,the television went blank.吉姆在家看一部午夜电影,看到中间一幕惊险的场景时,屏幕上突然毁灭一片空白。过去进行时(2)表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave,start
9、,arrive,go,come等。(2021高考新课标全国卷)We were leaving very early so we packed the night before.我们很早就要离开,因此我们前一晚上就把东西打包了。(2021高考江西卷)I was coming to visit you later that day,but I had to phone and cancel.我打算那天晚些时候来看你,但是我不得不打电话取消。将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要从将来某一时刻开头,并连续下去的动作。(2021高考江苏卷)Could I use your car to
10、morrow morning?明天上午我可以借用你的汽车吗?Sure.I will be writing a report at home.当然可以。那时候,我将在家里写报告呢。1(2022高考四川卷)She _ someone,so I nodded to her and went away.AphonedBhad phonedCwas phoningDhas phoned解析:选C。考查动词时态。句意:她正在跟别人打电话(was phoning someone),因此我朝她点了点头就走开了。在我向她点头并离开的那段时间,她始终在打电话,故要用过去进行时态,表示过去某个时间内正在发生或进行的
11、动作。2(2022高考北京卷)Hi,lets go skating.Sorry,Im busy right now. I _ in an application form for a new job.AfillBhave filledCam fillingDwill fill解析:选C。考查动词时态。句意:嗨,我们去滑冰吧。对不起,我现在正忙着呢。我正在填一份新工作的申请表。由时间状语right now可知,在说话这一刻“填表”的动作正在发生,故用现在进行时态。3(2022高考重庆卷)James has just arrived,but I didnt know he _ until yest
12、erday.Awill comeBwas comingChad comeDcame解析:选B。考查动词时态。句意:詹姆斯刚到,但是我直到昨天才知道他要来。A项为一般将来时态;B项为过去进行时态;C项为过去完成时态;D项为一般过去时态。know后面为宾语从句,从句动词相对于know而言指将要发生的动作,而come,leave等瞬间动词可用进行时态表示将来的动作。依据didnt可知此处应当用过去进行时态表示过去将来的动作。三、完成时各种时态具体用法例句现在完成时(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now,so far,already,yet,no
13、w,recently,in the past few years,just等表示时间的词连用。(2)用于时间、条件状语从句中,表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。(3)在“It(This)is the best(worst,most interesting等)名词从句”中,从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。(4)在“It(This)is(will be)the first/second/third.timethat从句”中,that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。(2022高考四川卷)Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor
14、children, which is quite unexpected. 到目前为止,我们已经为那些贫困的孩子筹集了50 000英镑,这很出乎意料。It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.这是我自从到这个学校以来所参与过的最有训练意义的讲座。This is the first time that we have faced such a problem.这是我们第一次面对这样的问题。过去完成时(1)某些词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法,意为“原来期望/认为/打算
15、”。这类动词主要有:expect,hope,plan,suppose,think,intend,mean,want等。(2)在“hardly(scarcely).when.,no sooner.than.”句型结构中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时,意为“一就”。(3)by,by the end,by the time,until,before,since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句,主句用过去完成时。We had wanted to help you,but we were too busy to get away.我们原来想挂念你的,但忙得脱不开身。Hardly had the s
16、peaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.演讲者一结束他的讲话,观众就不停地向他提问。By the time you finished the course,you had learnt the skill.你结束这门课程时,你已经学到了此项技能。将来完成时主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成,上下文情景常含有by短语,如by six oclock,by the weekend,by the end of next month等。(2021广州检测)By the time Mr. Smith ar
17、rives at the supermarket,we will have stayed there for one hour.等到史密斯先生到达超市时,我们将已经在那里待了一个小时了。1(2022高考大纲全国卷)The reports went missing in 2022 and nobody _ them since.AseesBsawChas seenDhad seen解析:选C。考查动词时态。句意:这些报告在2022年遗失了,自那之后就没有人观看过。其次个分句中,since作为副词,置于句末,意为“自那以后”。由since可知此处要用现在完成时态,故C项正确。2(2022高考陕西卷
18、)During his stay in Xian,Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends _Awould recommendBhad recommendedChave recommendedDwere recommending解析:选B。考查时态。句意:在西安逗留期间,Jerry几乎品尝了他伴侣推举的当地全部的名吃。依据时态全都原则,可先排解C项;再依据时间先后关系来看,应当是伴侣先推举,然后Jerry才品尝,tried为过去式,所以recommend这一动作发生在“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时态,所以选择B项。四、完成进行时各种时
19、态具体用法例句现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“have/hasbeenv.ing形式”构成,表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能连续下去,常和for,since引导的时间状语连用。The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.自从上午9点经理就始终在告知工人如何改善这一方案。过去完成进行时过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前始终在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由“hadbeenv.ing”构成。表示动作在过去某一时间之前开头并连续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。She
20、told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告知我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍连续)She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告知我她已经等我一个钟头了。(动作不再连续)1(2022高考湖南卷)Since the time humankind started gardening,we _to make our environment more beautiful.AtryBhave been tryingCare tryingDwill try解析:选B
21、。考查动词的时态。句意:自从人类开头园艺技术的时候起,我们就始终在努力让我们的环境变得更加秀丽。依据从句Since the time.可知,主句应当使用完成时,而“让我们的环境变得更加秀丽”这一动作始终在进行,所以用现在完成进行时。2(2022高考江西卷)Tony, why are your eyes red?I _ up peppers for the last five minutes.AcutBwas cutting Chad cutDhave been cutting 解析:选D。本题考查时态的用法。句意:托尼,为什么你的眼睛发红?在过去的5分钟里我始终在切辣椒。依据“for the
22、last five minutes”可知,此处应当用现在完成进行时。此题易误选C项,误以为动作是过去的过去发生的。其实此句是表达过去所做的事情对现在造成的影响。3(2021高考福建卷)The girl has a great interest in sport and _ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.AtookBis takingCtakesDhas been taking解析:选D。句意:这个女孩对运动很感爱好,在过去的3年里始终一周两次去上羽毛球课。本题的关键信息是时间状语over the last th
23、ree years,表示以现在为起点的过去的3年时间。“take”这个动作从过去到现在始终有规律地(一周两次)持续,并且有可能持续下去,符合现在完成进行时的特点,所以选D项。本题的干扰项是C项,做题时要留意抓住关键信息时间状语。1被动语态的构成为“be过去分词”,只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态,除be外被动语态的构成形式还有:get/become过去分词。2只要及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才有被动语态,不及物动词或短语无被动语态。常考的不及物动词或短语有:last,cost,spread,happen(to),take place,belong to,break out,go
24、 out,run out,work out等。3主动表示被动意义的几种状况形式用法例句主动形式表示被动意义(1)英语中有很多动词,如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,wear,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物;在这种状况下,经常和easily,well等副词连用。The pen he bought yesterday writes smoothly.他昨天买的这支钢笔书写流畅。What about the books?这些书怎么样?Books of this kind
25、sell well.这种书很畅销。(2)表示感受、感官的系动词如feel,sound,taste,look等,后面跟形容词、名词构成系表结构,经常以主动形式表示被动意义。Your reason sounds reasonable.你的理由听起来很合理。主动形式表示被动意义(3)在need,want,require,deserve,bear等动词及形容词worth的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house his grandmother lives in needs repairing/to be repaired.他祖母住的房子需要修理。The
26、picture book is well worth reading.这本图画书格外值得一读。主动表示被动句式(1)在“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”结构中,不定式的主动形式可表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant等。As you know,Chinese is difficult to learn,especially for a foreigner.正如你所知,汉语难学,尤其是对一个外国人来说。(2)be to rent/blame/let也属于主动形式表被动意义。Who is to
27、blame for the mistake?谁应为这个错误接受责怪?As far as I know,the high building standing at the corner of the street is to let.就我所知,街道拐角的那栋高楼要出租。1(2022高考天津卷)We wont start the work until all the preparations _Aare being madeBwill be madeChave been madeDhad been made解析:选C。考查动词时态和语态。句意:直到全部的预备工作都做完了,我们才开头工作。依据主句中
28、的关键词语wont start是一般将来时知,until引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时或现在完成时代替将来时。又由于make与preparation之间为被动关系,故选C。2(2022高考大纲全国卷)Unless some extra money_,the theatre will close.Awas foundBfindsCis foundDfound解析:选C。考查时态和语态。句意:除非找到额外的资金,要不然,这家剧院就得关闭了。由语境可知,此处是unless引导条件状语从句,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来,排解A、D两项。本题中从句的主语some extra money与动词
29、find之间为被动关系,因此要用被动语态,故B项也予以排解,所以C项正确。1It is reported that by the end of 2021,Shanghai Disney Theme Park_open to the tourists from all over the world formally.Awould have beenBhad beenCwill have beenDwill be解析:选C。考查动词时态。句意:据报道,到2021年年底,上海迪士尼主题公园将正式向全世界的游客开放。“by the end of 2021”表示从句中的动作会在将来的某一时间完成,所以需
30、要使用将来完成时。2(2021湖南湘潭模拟)Its a pity that you didnt talk much with Andy.Yes,the train_when I rushed to the station to see him off.Ahad leftBwas leavingCleftDhas left解析:选B。考查动词时态。句意:很圆满,你与Andy没有讲几句话。是的,当我匆忙赶到车站为他送行的时候,火车就要开了。依据“you didnt talk much with Andy”可知,答话人只跟Andy说了几句话,因此当答话人匆忙赶到车站的时候,火车应是“就要开了”。故用
31、过去进行时表示过去即将发生的动作。3(2021安徽淮北五校联考)I finally got first prize in the competition last week.You deserved it.You_so hard for several weeks.AworkedBhad workedCare workingDhave worked解析:选B。考查动词时态。依据上文的时间状语可知,work所表示的动作从过去某一时间开头始终连续到last week,所以用过去完成时。4(2021湖南部分重点中学联考)Jennifer is not at home now.She has gone
32、 to Africa to undertake an adventure.Oh,could you tell me when she_?Ais leavingBwould leaveChas leftDleft解析:选D。考查动词时态。句意:Jennifer现在不在家,她去非洲冒险旅行了。哦,你能告知我她是什么时候离开的吗?依据语境可知,此处应用一般过去时表示过去某个时刻发生的动作。 5(2021四川绵阳名校高三联考)When did the computer crash?This morning,while I_the reading materials downloaded from so
33、me websites.Ahave sortedBwas sortingCam sortingDhad sorted解析:选B。考查动词时态。答语语意为“今日早上当我正在对从一些网站上下载的阅读材料分类的时候,电脑崩溃了。”因此可知应用过去进行时,指在过去正在做某事,故选B项。6(2021湖南衡阳毕业联考)Every Sunday,my mother will take me to my grandpas.I often_hours fishing in the pool with my grandpa when it is fine.Ahad spentBspendCwould spendD
34、spent解析:选B。考查动词时态。句意:每周日,我妈妈会带我去我的祖父家。当天气晴朗的时候,我经常花几个小时和祖父一起在池塘边钓鱼。依据时间状语“Every Sunday”和“when it is fine”可知,此处应用一般现在时。7(2021四川绵阳高三模拟)I didnt recognize my aunt because she_a lot since I saw her the last time.AchangedBhas changedChad changedDchanges解析:选C。考查动词时态。句意:我没有认出姑姑来,由于她比我上次见到她时变了很多。“我没有认出姑姑”是发生
35、在过去,“她发生变化”是在这之前发生,是过去的过去,所以用过去完成时。8(2021湖南长沙模拟)How long would you like me to heat the oil?Heat it till it_to smoke.Awould startBstartsCwill startDstart解析:选B。考查动词时态。整个语境描述的是将来的动作。句中till引导的是时间状语从句,状语从句中要用一般现在时来表示将来的动作。故选B项。9I _for more than 30 years!Im going to retire soon.Really?You dont look your a
36、ge over 50.Awill teachBhad taughtCam teachingDhave been teaching解析:选D。考查动词时态。句意:我从教已经30多年了!我不久就要退休了。真的吗?你看不出有50多岁。此处表示“从教”这个动作从过去某时开头始终持续到现在,并且还将持续下去,故用现在完成进行时。10(2021湖南株洲三校联考)Good morning,Tom,can I use your dictionary for a while tomorrow afternoon?Sorry.It_Ahave been usedBwould be usedCwill be bei
37、ng usedDhas been used解析:选C。考查动词时态。依据时间状语tomorrow afternoon可知,字典之所以不能借给别人,是由于那时候答话人也正在使用它,所以应用将来进行时。11Youve failed to do what you_to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you.Awill expectBwill be expectedCexpectDwere expected解析:选D。考查动词的时态和语态。在题干中,expect与主语you之间是规律上的动宾关系,由此可排解A、C两项;结合语境可知,空格处的动作发生在过去,因
38、此应用一般过去时的被动语态,故选D。12Youve left the light on.Oh, so I have._ and turn it off.AI goBIve goneCIll goDIm going解析:选C。考查时态。依据答语可知,此处表示将来动作且表示说话时才做的打算,故用C项。而be going to do表示事先的支配或方案。13The train we _ for so long was crowded,so we decided to catch a later one.Ahave been waitingBwere waitingChad been waitingD
39、have waited解析:选C。考查动词时态。依据“was crowded”和“decided”可知,本句主体时态为过去时态;又依据语境可知,在打算乘下一班车之前始终在等待,所以此处要用过去完成时的进行时态。14(2021合肥质量检测)In order to pay off his debts,Mike had to sell his car. After all,he _ it for five years.Ahas hadBhas boughtChad hadDhad bought解析:选C。考查动词时态。句意:为了还清债务,Mike不得不卖掉他的小汽车。到底,他买这部汽车已经五年了。“买汽车”的动作先于“卖汽车”的动作,故用过去完成时,表示“过去的过去”。 15(2021四川川中高校高三联考)How come you are all wet?I_in the rain on the way here.AcaughtBgot caughtChave caughtDhad got caught解析:选B。考查动词的时态和语态。get caught in the rain“被雨淋”,是习惯用法,依据语境可知,在路上被雨淋是过去发生的动作,所以用一般过去时。
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