六级语法长难句讲义(1)讲课讲稿.doc

六级语法长难句讲义(1)

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六级语法长难句讲义

主编 许密衫

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第一节 简单句
1.1 句子的成分
主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种。

主语：发出动作(名词、代词、动名词)
l 名词
l 代词
人称代词：（主格）I, you, she, he，（宾格）him，me
e.g. He love me.
物主代词：my, you’re, his, her
反身代词：myself, yourself,
l 动名词：doing， going

谓语：动词
l 实意动词
l 系动词
Be动词:is, am, are
感官动词：feel, seem, hear
l 情态动词：can, may, could, would …

宾语：承受动作（动作的承受者，名词，代词）
e.g. I love a girl.

表语：系动词后面出现的
e.g. I am a girl.

宾语与主语的区别：取决于前面的宾语

状语：时间、地点、目的、方式、条件、原因、结果

1.2 什么是简单句？
相对于从句而言，没有从句的可认为是简单句

主语部分（subject group）
谓语部分（predicate group）

e.g. Professor Ward teaches English to university students.

1.2.1 简单句类型
l 主 谓：
主语+不及物动词
e.g. He smell.

l 主 谓 宾：
主语+及物动词+宾语
e.g. I love a girl.
主语+不及物动词+介词+宾语
e.g. I wait for you .

l 主 系 表：

l 主 谓 宾 宾：
直接宾语，间接宾语
I give you a book.

l 主 谓 宾 宾补(补语：形容词、短语、名词)
I find it interesting. 我发现它很有趣。
I make you happy.

1.2.2 简单句例句
1) The household survey has a larger problem. （2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第4段／第1句）
S：The household survey
V：has

2) That makes finding a solution all the more difficult （2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第2段／第5句）.
S：That
V：makes

3) The urge （to quantify） is embedded in our society（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第5段／第1句）.
量化的冲动根植于于我们的社会中
I have a plan (to carry out).
我有一个（要执行的）计划。
To do不定式做定语。

4) People are generally being given bad advice to slow down,take it easy, stop worrying, and retire to Florida.（2013年12月第2套／第1篇／第2段／第3句）
主干：People are generally being given bad advice.

具体建议的内容:简单句的扩充
星期六（时间状语）我们（主语）在腾讯课堂（地点状语）学（谓语）四级（宾语）。

1.2.3 并列句与从句

1）“We’re not educating people about the problem, and it’s getting worse.” (2014年6月／第一篇／第四段／第二句）
并列句（不是从句，原因：没有自己的引导词）
引导词：and but or 不是从句的引导词！
从句引导词：Why what when where who which how that if because so as since

2）“You justify carrying devices around the hospital to do medical records, but you can surf Internet or do Facebook, and sometimes Facebook is more tempting,” said Dr. Peter Papadakos at the University of Rochester Medical Center. （2014年6月第3套／第1篇／第3段／第1句）
并列句（不是从句，原因没有自己的引导词）

3）The UK enjoys an excellent reputation around the world for the high quality of our education system, so the government needs to ensure that institutions have all the support they need to attract international students who make a tremendous academic, cultural and economic contribution to the UK.”（2013年12月第3套／第2篇／第4段／第2句）
从句 结果状语从句 宾语从句 定语从句

4）When young women were found to make only 82%of what their male peers do just one year out of college, many were at a loss to explain it.(2014年6月／第一篇／第一段／第一句）
从句 时间状语从句 宾语从句

5）What has changed, say doctors（插入语）, especially younger ones, is that they face increasing pressure to interact with their devices.(2014年6月／第1篇／第6段／第2句）
从句 主语从句 表语从句

6）Today’s young adults were raised by parents who made sure to boost their self-esteem at every turn, telling them they could achieve whatever they set their minds to, and handing out prizes for the sixth place. (2014年6月／第2篇／第6段／第3句） 从句 定语从句 宾语从句

7） I have closely watched my generation, known as the Millennials, for 29 years now.(2014年6月／第2篇／第1段／第1句） 非谓语动词
I have closely watched my generation, known（=which is known） as the Millennials, for 29 years now。
非谓语动词做状语

1.2.4 复合句与从句
复合句（Compound Sentence）分为并列复合句和主从或从属复合句，并列复合句是有并列连词：and、or、but连接；从属复合句由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成

从句：
1) 有自己的主谓

2)有引导词（引导词有时候可以省略）。

第二节 从句的概念
从句：
1)有自己的主谓

2)有引导词（引导词有时候可以省略）。
2.1简单句？从句？
1）Not surprisingly, the costs are steep（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第1段／第2句）.

2）This is hardly revolutionary, but it is presented in a charming format（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第3段／第3句）.

3）With no sign of a new budget to close this gulf, one credit agency has already downgraded California's debt.

4）For most of the 20th century（状语） the home of Silicon Valley and Hollywood has been the brainier and trendier of the two. （2014年6月第1套／第2篇／第1段／第2句）.

5）Technology can make us smarter or stupider, and we need to develop a set of principles to guide our everyday behavior and make sure that（宾语从句） tech is improving and not impeding our mental processes. （2014年6月第1套／第2篇／第3段／第3句）.

6）Indeed, evidence from cognitive science challenges the notion that（同位语从句） skills can exist independent of factual knowledge. （2014年6月第1套／第2篇／第3段／第3句）.
第三节 主语从句
3.1 什么是主语从句？
引导词： that when why how whether what which who
1） 主语的部分是一个句子。
这件事让我很郁闷。
It makes me depressed.
(That he left )makes me depressed.
That 是不能省略的。

2） (明天什么时候开会)还没有定下来。
(When we shall hold the meeting) is not decided yet.

汉语多话题
英语多主语
3.2 例句
1) Accounts suggest that he was subjected to cruel beatings and emotional torture,and that he was humiliated (羞辱) constantly by his father,What（主语从句） sets Jackson’s family apart is that（表语从句） his father used his reign of terror to train his children as musicians and dancers（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第4段／第2句）.
此处that不能省略，and并列句中that不可省略
Train sb as……
让杰克逊家庭分崩离析的是他父亲用自己的暴政（威慑手段）来训练孩子成为歌手和舞者。

2）It is essential that a meeting be convened this week.
That a meeting be convened this week is essential.
本周开会有必要
为了避免头重脚轻 经常用IT做形式主语。

It is appropriate that this tax (should) be abolished.
（That this tax should be abolished）is appropriate
废除这项税很合适、恰当。

It’s unfair that so many people should lose their jobs. 
（That so many people should lose their jobs ）is unfair.
很多人要失去他们的工作不公平。

3）Furthermore it is obvious ||that （the strength of a country‘s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry）,|| and that （this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds）.

再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。

That 主语从句引导词
That 并列 不能省略

S1 （the strength of a country‘s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry）
（this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds）
V1 is
S2 the strength of a country‘s economy ; this
V2 is bound up with; rests upon

4）(That he is still alive) is a wonder.
他还活着真是一个奇迹。
主句的主语 S1： That he is still alive
主句的谓语 V1：is
从句的主语 S2 ：he
从句的谓语 V2 ：is

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.
主句的主语 S1： Whether it will do us harm
主句的谓语 V1： remains
从句的主语 S2： it
从句的谓语 V2： will do
它是否会对我们造成伤害 还有待观察

（Whoever is top ）wins the game （when two matched players meet）.
两强相争勇者胜。
主句的主语 S1： （Whoever is top ）
主句的谓语 V1： wins
从句的主语 S2： Whoever
从句的谓语 ：is

When we arrive doesn’t matter. 
Matter动词 很重要 It matters.
主句的主语 S1 When we arrive
主句的谓语 V1 doesn’t matter. 
从句的主语 S2 we
从句的谓语 V2 arrive

What we need is money. 
S1：what we need
v1：is
s2：we
v2：need

1）他说的话我不明白。 What he said is not clear to me.（主语从句）
2）我不明白他说的话。 I don’t understand what he said.（宾语从句）

第四节 宾语从句
宾语从句
1） 动词+宾从
I said( that I wanted to leave).
2） 介词+宾语从句
I am interested in( what you said).
3） 形容词+宾语
I am glad( that you could come here).
此处that最好不要省略
4.1 及物动词后的宾语从句
I remember (that we have learned this word before).
S1： I
V1： remember
S2： we
V2： have learnt

真题解析
1） Directionally, they capture the trends, but the idea that we know precisely how many are unemployed is a myth（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第2段／第3句）.

the idea that we know（how many are unemployed） is a myth
及物动词+宾语从句
the idea is a myth。主干。
同位语从句+宾语从句

Miss wang, our teacher, (同位语)came in the classroom.

名词后面可以跟定语从句。
THAT 同位语从句

2） Demographers reckon that three-quarters of humanity could be city-dwelling by 2050, (with（伴随状语） most of the increase coming into fast-growing towns of Asia and Africa)（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第2段／第2句）.
S1： Demographers
V1： reckon
S2： three-quarters of humanity
V2： could be
人口学家认为四分之三的人类到2050年将成为城市居民，大部分人的增长都是在亚洲和非洲的城市里。

With 的复合结构
With sb. Doing 做某事 （doing 不是表示时态，而是表示主动）
With sth. Done 被做（done 不是表示时态，而是表示被动）

With the society developing, cities are becoming crowd.
With the work done, I can go out now.

With many guests to be paid a visit to,
With many guests visiting, 有很多客人到访
makes climate more extreme（2013年6月第3套／第2篇／第1段／第1句）.

3） He claims (that global warming caused the current drought in America’s Midwest), and( that supposedly record-high corn prices could cause a global food crisis)（2013年6月第3套／第2篇／第2段／第2句）.
宾语从句中That可以省略，但是两个宾语从句并列 不省略That
他认为全球变暖引起了美国中西部的干旱，而且很有可能发生的是，创造历史新高的玉米价格会引起全球范围的食物危机。
S1： he
V1： claims
S2： global warming; record-high corn prices
V2： caused could cause
4.2 介词后宾语从句
4）The payroll survey also doesn’t capture the number of self-employed, and so says little about（ how many people are generating an independent income）（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第3段／第5句）
S1 主句的主语 The payroll survey
V1 主句的谓语 doesn’t capture， says
S2 从句的主语 people
V2 从句的谓语 are generating
关于工资单的调查没有抓住（记录）那些自主创业谋生的人数，而且在拥有独立的收入的人数这个问题上提及的很少。

6）But in the course of trying to do so（在试图这么做的过程中）, they generated a lot of ideas about the nature of the problems and about （what potential solutions would look like）
（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第3段／第5句）.
S1 主句的主语 they
V1 主句的谓语 generated
S2 从句的主语 potential solutions
V2 从句的谓语 would look like

7）And when the two groups were tested on what they’d learned the second group “significantly outperformed” the first（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第5段／第6句）.

And when the two groups were tested on（ what they’d learned），
the second group “significantly outperformed” the first
当两组被测试关于他们学到了什么的时候，第二组明显表现好于第一组。
S1 主句的主语 the second group
V1 主句的谓语 outperformed
S2 从句的主语 the two groups
V2 从句的谓语 were tested
S3 they
V3 had learned
1） 反语 Irony当他娶了这个女人的时候，他的人生“走向了巅峰”。
2） Linda说；“他的人生走向了巅峰。”············当他娶了这个女人的时候，他的人生“走向了巅峰”。

第五节 表语从句

表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的，那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。

1）The problem is that the statistics aren’t an objective measure of reality; they are simply a best approximation.（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第2段／第3句）

2） Democrats and Republicans can and will take sides on a number of issues, but a more crucial concern is that both are basing major policy decisions on guesstimates rather than looking at the vast wealth of raw data with a critical eye and an open mind（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第5段／第3句）.

3）His main thesis is that the buzz of urban life, and the opportunities it offers for com-operation and collaboration, is what attracts people to the city which in turn makes cities into the engines of art, commerce, science and progress（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第3段／第2句.

4）All in all, if you want to bring up a Mozart or Bach, the key factor is how hard you are prepared to crack the whip（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第6段／第1句.). 

5）That’s why we establish or reestablish connection by greeting strangers and friends with a handshake（2013年6月第3套／第1篇／第4段／第6句.).

第五节 状语从句（1）

 时间状语从句
1）Those factors are more than enough to make up for the squalor(肮脏),disease and spectacular poverty that those same migrants must often at first endure when they become urban dwellers（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第2段／第4句）.

2）In the chapter on skyscrapers, for example, Mr. Smith touches on construction methods, the revolutionary invention of the automatic lift, the practicalities of living in the sky and the likelihood that, as cities become more crowded, apartment living will become the norm（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第4段／第1句）.

条件状语从句
3）They are a vital part of an array of data that we use to assess if we’re doing well or doing badly, and that in turn shapes government policies and corporate budgets and personal spending decisions（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第2段／第2句）.

4）if you are one person with two jobs, you know up as two workers.（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第3段／第4句）

让步状语从句
5） Although it’s often assumed musical ability us inherited, there’s abundant evidence that this isn’t the case（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第1段／第2句）.

6) Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it（2013年6月第3套／第1篇／第3段／第4句）.

原因状语从句
7) Unemployment in January jumped to a 16-year high of 7.6 percent, as 598,000 jobs were slashed from US payrolls in the worst single-month decline since December, 1974.（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第1段／第2句）

8) This nameless person pushed the human race over a historic threshold, for it was in that year that mankind became, for the first time in its history, a predominantly urban species（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第1段／第2句）.

9) And, fortunately, this year’s drought appears unlikely to cause a food crisis, as global rice and wheat supplies retain plentiful（2013年6月第3套／第2篇／第4段／第1句）.

第六节 定语从句1)

关系代词引导

1) Mr. Smith has written a breezy guidebook, with a series of short chapters dedicated to specific aspects of urbanity-parks, say, or the various schemes that have been put forward over the years for building the perfect city（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第3段／第4句）.

2) Finally, Krugman conveniently forgets that concerns about global warming are the main reason that corn prices have skyrocketed since 2005（2013年6月第3套／第2篇／第5段／第1句）.

3) Among the government’s most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend on their children（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第1段／第1句）.

4) Societies that cannot replace their populations discourage investment and innovation（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第3段／第1句）..

5) Young Americans already face a bleak labor market that cannot instill(注入) confidence about having children（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第6段／第1句）.

第七节 定语从句（2）

关系副词
1)There was a time not long ago when new science Ph.D.s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia(学术界)（2013年12月第2套／第1篇／第1段／第1句）.

2) Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined(神圣化)（2013年12月第2套／第2篇／第4段／第1句）.

who,whom,that,which,whose

关系副词
=preposition(介词)+relative pronoun(关系代词)
例如：where=in which,when=on which,why=for which

Would you please tell me the way to the zoo?

This is the place where(that) I first met her.

We were very happy in those days when we studied in school.

This is the reason for which (why) he was late for school.

That's the day on which (when) I met him in the street.

第八节 定语从句（3）

1)But Bowman’s supporters argue that Monsanto is trying to expand the scope of patents in ways that would enrich big corporations and hurt small farmers（2013年12月第3套／第2篇／第4段／第3句）.

2) But this is a real-life argument before a Supreme Court that has a well-earned reputation for looking out for the interests of large corporations（2013年12月第3套／第2篇／第5段／第2句）.

非限制性定语从句
3)Nowadays 40 percent of corn grown in the United States is used to produce ethanol（乙醇）,which does absolutely nothing for the climate, but certainly distorts the price of corn—at the expense of many of the world’s poorest people（2013年6月第3套／第2篇／第5段／第2句）.

4) They are also hoping the court’s ruling will rein in patent law, which is increasingly being used to claim new