2022高考英语暑假阅读理解讲练(4)及答案.docx

阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Have you ever noticed the colour of the water in a river or stream after a heavy rainfall?What do you think caused this change in colour?It is soil that has been washed into the river from the riverbank or from the nearby fields.
Components of Soil
Soil is made up of a number of layers(层),each having its own distinctive colour and texture. The upper layer is know as the litter. It acts like a blanket,limiting temperature changes and reducing water loss. The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus(腐殖质),which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour. This layer is usually rich in nutrients,oxygen,and water. Below the topsoil is the subsoil,a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter. This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus. Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock.
Soil forms from the bottom up. Over time bedrock is attacked by rain,wind,frost,and snow. It is gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering. Plants begin to grow,and rotten materials enrich the topsoil. Most of the soil in Eastern Canada,for example,was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared 12,000 years ago.
Water Beneath the Soil
Surface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes,ponds,and rivers. Once in the soil or rock,it is called groundwater. Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation(渗透). Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.
As water percolates downward,it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.
Soil pH
Soil can be acidic,neutral,or basic. The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock from which it was formed,and by the nature of the plants that grow and rot in it.
The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil. By burning fossil fuels such as coal,oil and gasoline,humans have been contributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils. When fossil fuels are burned,gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as acid rain. Acid soil increases the problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels. As nutrients are removed,soil is less fertile. Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil,and also become easily attacked by diseases.
1. The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called　　　.　
A. litter　　　　B. topsoil　　　　C. humus　　　　D. subsoil
2. According to the text,which of the following isNOT true?
A. Soil forms from weathered rock on the earth surface.
B. The deeper layer of soil is darker in colour than the surface soil.
C. Air pollution is partially responsible for acid soil.
D. Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients for plant growth.
3. We can infer from the passage that the water table lies　　　.　
A. between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layer
B. in the subsoil layer above bedrock
C. between the subsoil layer and bedrock
D. in the bedrock layer beneath the subsoil
4. The underlined word“dissolve” is used to express the idea that organic matter and minerals from soil are　　　.　
A. rushed away into the river B. cleaned and purified by water
C. destroyed and carried away by water D. mixed with water and become part of it
【参考答案】1--4、BBCD　　

【附】

阅读理解概述（4）题型探究
探究点三　语义推想题
　　猜词悟义是应用英语的重要力气，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要精确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，把握或生疏较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。
　　一、题型特点与命题方式
　　此类题型有渐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜想词组、句义题。由于猜想词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜想力度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的力气。

【题型特点】
　　1．要求依据阅读材料所供应的信息，结合中同学应有的常识和阅历，正确推断生词词组的含义或熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。
　　2．要求猜想词义的词一般为实词，可通过构词法、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义。
　　3．代词复指理解题也是猜想词义的常考类型。用“规律关系梳理法”、“逆向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的规律关系是关键所在。
　　【设问形式】
　　1．The underlined word“...” in the second(third...) paragraph refers to(means) ________.

2．By saying “...” in the first(second...) paragraph, the author means that ________.
　　3．In paragraph...，“...” can be replaced by “________”．
　　4．The meaning of “...” in paragraph...is related to ________.
　　5．Which of the following has the closest meaning to...(paragraph...)?
　　6．The underlined sentence in the first 　　　
　　(second...)paragraph probably means that ________.

二、解题思路与应试技巧
　　做这种类型的题，要依据词、词组、句子所在的语境来推断其意义。因此娴熟把握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特殊留意熟词生义，切不行脱离语境主观臆断。
　　下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。
　　1．依据定义或上下文解释进行猜想
　　有时短文中毁灭一个需要猜想其意义的词或短语，下面接着毁灭其定义或解释，这就是推断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：

It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
　　从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。
　　The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
　　定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明白herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。

例1 【2009·福建卷】…In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping_points,_such as the melting(溶化)of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.
…
The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to “______”．
A．freezing points　　　　B．burning points
C．melting points D．boiling points
【解析】 C　依据后一句的such as the melting(溶化)of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.可知tipping points的意思是“融点”。

2．依据同位关系进行猜想
　　阅读中毁灭的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜想。例如：
　　They traveled a long way, at last got to a_castle,_a large building in old times.
　　同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了castle 的精确词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
　　We are on the_night_shift—from midnight to 8 a．m.— this week.
　　两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。

The “Chunnel”， a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.
　　此句中a tunnel connecting England and France是Chunnel的同位语。由此可知，The “Chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。

例 2 The Coalition for the Homeless is an organization that seeks to address the needs of the homeless population in the United States.It is a network of offices, some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population, and some of which fight for the passing of laws that would give every American the right to a place to call home.
…
The word “address” in the first sentence probably means ________ .
A．talk about B．deal with
C．fight for D．write to

【解析】 B　猜想词义题。依据文中其次句“It is a network of offices, some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population...”，可知，该组织通过两种方式解决美国无家可归的人的住房问题，故可知B项正确。

3．依据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜想
在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，或在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但把握了确定的构词学问，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive_and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter­(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)而构成的，同时依据上下文的意思可以推断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。

例 3 …The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater...
The underlined word “fixture” probably refers to something ______.
A．that people enjoy eating
B．that is always present
C．that is difficult to get
D．that people use as a gift
【解析】 B　从文章意思可知，这种新型菠萝很畅销，当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客。另外依据构词学问可知，该词的词根是fix，含有“固定”之意。

4．依据因果关系进行猜想
在一篇阅读文章中，依据缘由可以猜想结果，依据结果也可以找出缘由。例如：
The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永久不能再运动”，可以推想 permanent 的意思是“永久的，永久的”。
The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college.And without a degree from a prestigious_university,_they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed.

同学认为考试分数低就不行能进入一所好高校，而没有“名校”的毕业文凭，将来生活中的很多大门可能就会对他们永久关闭。由此推知a prestigious university应是指名校，即a famous university。

例 4 【2011·福建卷】．..The problem is that if we invest little time in a person, our engagement_with that person will decline(减弱)until eventually it dies into “someone I once knew”．
...
The underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．
A．appointment B．connection
C．interview 　　D．agreement
【解析】 B　词义猜想题。依据文中人们投入时间的多少将打算其关系的时长，可知投入时间少，我们和那个人的关系将被减弱，所以engagement是“关系的含义，与B项全都。

5．依据上下文的指代关系进行猜想
　　文章中的代词it, that, this, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：
However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one.A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。

例 5 【2011·福建卷】．..To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.
...
The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “_______．
A．alcohol B．absorption　C．blood D．process

【解析】 D　代词指代题。依据“To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.”可知排解身体内的酒精是一个格外缓慢的过程，所以也不行能通过任何手段如洗澡或者喝一杯茶或咖啡加速这个排解过程，这样可以猜想出it指代排解身体内的酒精这一个过程，故选择D。

6．依据同义关系进行猜想
　　当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。
Although he often had the opportunity, Mr.Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
作者为避开重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使……陷入危急，危及，危害”。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.
句中detrimental是个生词，但推断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。

例 6【2009·重庆卷】．..
When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can’t achieve something.Then, there are other distractions,_such as family or hobbies.
...
What does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to?
A．Ways that help one to focus.
B．Words that help one to feel less tense.
C．Activities that turn one’s attention away.
D．Habits that make it hard for one to relax.

【解析】 C　由前面的other可知distractions与第一句意思基本相同，第一句话表达的是让人留意力分散的事情，结合上下文可知答案为C。

7．依据转折或对比关系进行猜想
　　依据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今日“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平常一向“准时”的结论。
　　8．通过上下文理解猜想词义
　　通过上下文的具体信息猜想词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。

例 8 【2011·课标全国卷】．..The family’s old farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month.
...
What does the word “residents” in paragraph 1 probably refer to?
A．chickens B．tomatoes
C．gardens D．people

【解析】 A　词义理解题。联系句子The family’s old farm house has become a chicken house，its residents arriving next month.我们知道，这里所说的“房子的居住者”就是这些小鸡。

【2022四川省资阳市第一次诊断性考试】
An alcohol breath test (ABT) is often used by the police to find out whether a person is drunk while driving. In the United States, the legal blood alcohol limit is 0.08% for people aged 21 years or older, while people under 21 are not allowed to drive a car with any level of alcohol in their body. A “positive test result, a result over the legal limit, allows the police to arrest the driver. However, many people who tested positive on the test have claimed that they only drank a “non-alcoholic” energy drink. Can one of these energy drinks really cause someone to test positive on an ABT? Researchers in Missouri set up an experiment to find out.
First, the amount of alcohol in 27 different popular energy drinks was measured. All but one had an alcohol level greater than 0.005%. In nine of the 27 drinks, the alcohol level was at least 0.096%.The scientists then investigated the possibility that these small levels of alcohol could be discovered by an ABT. They asked test subjects to drink a full can or bottle of an energy drink and then gave each subject an ABT one minute and 15 minutes after the drink was finished.
For 11 of the 27energy drinks, the ABT did find the presence of alcohol if the test was given within one minute after the drink was taken. However, alcohol could not be discovered for any of the drinks if the test was given 15 minutes after the drink was consumed. This shows that when the test is taken plays an important role in the test result. The sooner the test is conducted after the consumption of these drinks, the more likely a positive alcohol reading will be obtained.
39. What is the legal alcohol level for a 20-year-old driver in the US?
A. 0.000%. B. 0.005%. C. 0.080%. D. 0.096%.
40. What is the purpose of the Missouri experiment?
A. To warn people of the dangers of drinking energy drinks.
B. To introduce a new method of calculating blood alcohol levels.
C. To discover the relation between energy drinks and ABT test results.
D. To change the current legal alcohol limit for drivers in the United States.
41. The underlined word “subjects” in Paragraph 2 refers to_____.
A. the things that are being discussed B. areas of knowledge studied in school
C. the person in an experiment D. the people who belong to a country
42. Which of the following affects the ABT test result most for energy drink consumers?
A. The age of the person who takes the test.
B. The place where the test is given.
C. The equipment that the test uses.
D. The time when the test is taken.
【参考答案】39、AC 41-45 CD

【2022四川省资阳市第一次诊断性考试】D
An American educational expert, Frederick M. Hess, says that a long summer vacation doesn’t make sense in today’s world
This summer, 50 million kids will spend much time talking online, watching TV, playing video games and asking older brothers or sisters to take them to the supermarket. They will also be putting their academic futures at risk.
During much of the 20th century, many Americans worked in factories that did not need a college degree but still offered a high salary. Also, in the 19th century, there was no air condition. And poor hygiene (卫生) meant that crowded schools had health risks.
Things have changed. For today’s students, academic skills are key to future success. Many countries don’t give kids an American-style summer vacation. They offer no more than seven consecutive (连续的) weeks of vacation. Most American school districts offer up to 13 weeks. To compete in global marketplace, Americans must be prepared to go up against international competitors.
Summer vacation also causes challenges for today’s families. In the 1960s, more than 60% of families had a stay-at-home mum. Now, two-thirds of American children live families where every adult works. For these families, summer vacation can be more burden than break. Someone must watch the kids.
But the biggest problem may be ho