2021年高考英语考点总动员系列-专题17-科普类阅读理解(原卷版).docx

【母题再现】
题型介绍：
材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构简洁，理论性强，规律严谨。具体说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情颜色，具有单一性和精确     性的特点。这类文章通常不会毁灭文学英语中接受的排比、比方、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。2. 句子结构较简洁，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
命题形式：
命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜想题、推理推断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理推断题居多。
高考选题：
题型1：
[2022·广东卷]
D
Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents(洋流). Most do it using satellites and other hightech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way—by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years' experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the north­west coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap_meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.
Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes—about 60，000 in total—fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.
The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing(海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on
1，600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer programme designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study.
As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.
41. The underlined phrase “swap meets” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “________”．
A. fitting rooms
B. trading fairs
C. business talks
D. group meetings
42. Ebbesmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out ________．
A. what caused the shipping accident
B. when and where the shoes went missing
C. whether it was all right to use their shoes
D. how much they lost in the shipping accident
43. How did Ebbesmeyer prove his assumption?
A. By collecting information from beachcombers.
B. By studying the shoes found by beachcombers.
C. By searching the web for ocean currents models.
D. By researching ocean currents data in the library.
44. Ebbesmeyer is most famous for ________．
A. travelling widely the coastal cities of the world
B. making records for any lost objects on the sea
C. running a global currents research association
D. phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea
45. What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?
A. To call people's attention to ocean pollution.
B. To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean.
C. To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents.
D. To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach.
题型2：
[2022·江苏卷]
C
Most damagingly, anger weakens a person's ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.
Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels(决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person's awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.
Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG(脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal(额叶前部) areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even­handed disposition(意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren't balanced and, as a result of this, we're likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.
Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach­and­confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy(同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger­inspiring situation.
61．The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger ________．
A．usually has a biological basis
B．varies among people
C．is socially and culturally shaped
D．influences one's thinking and evaluation
62．What changes can be found in an angry brain?
A．Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.
B．Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.
C．Electrical activity corresponds to one's behaviour.
D．Electrical activity agrees with one's disposition.
63．Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?
A．Approaching the source of anger.
B．Trying to control what is disliked.
C．Moving away from what is disliked.
D．Feeling helpless in the face of anger.
64．What is the key message of the last paragraph?
A．How anger differs from other emotions.
B．How anger relates to other emotions.
C．Behavioural responses to anger.
D．Behavioural patterns of anger.
题型3：
[2022·山东卷]
D
How fit are your teeth? Are you lazy about brushing them? Never fear: an inventor is on the case. An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush, and it lets you track your performance on your phone.
The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection.
The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right (don't forget the insides of the teeth！) and make sure you're brushing long enough. “It's kind of like having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a day­to­day basis，” says Thomas Serval, the French inventor.
The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone, so developers could, for instance, create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could score points for beating monsters among your teeth. “We try to make it smart but also fun，” Serval says.
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes”， but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
The company says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer, for $99 to $199, developing on features. The US is the first target market.
Serval says that one day, it'll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has a camera. The camera can even examine holes in your teeth while you brush.
56．Which is one of the features of the Kolibree toothbrush?
A．It can sense how users brush their teeth.
B．It can track users' school performance.
C．It can detect users' fear of seeing a dentist.
D．It can help users find their phones.
57．What can we learn from Serval's words in Paragraph 3?
A．You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist.
B．You should see your dentist on a day­to­day basis.
C．You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist.
D．You'd like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day.
58．Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun?
A．It can be used to update mobile phones.
B．It can be used to play mobile phone games.
C．It can send messages to other users.
D．It can talk to its developers.
59．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．How Serval found out his kids lied to him.
B．Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.
C．How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.
D．What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush.
60．What can we infer about Serval's children?
A．They were unwilling to brush their teeth.
B．They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.
C．They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.
D．They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.
61．What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree?
A．The brush handle will be removed.
B．A mobile phone will be built into it.
C．It will be used to fill holes in teeth.
D．It will be able to check users' teeth.
解题技巧：
解答此类试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
1.要想做好科普英语阅读理解题，同学们就要留意平常多读科普学问类文章，学习科普学问，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读力气。
2. 要生疏科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(Headlines)，导语(Introductions)，背景( Background)，主体(Main body)和结尾(Ends)五部分构成。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，但依据历年的高考真题状况来看，这类阅读理解材料一般不给标题，而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行具体叙述。这一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时，同学们要把这部分作为重点。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理推断题。
3. 在进行推理推断时，同学们确定要以阅读材料所供应的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。
考点揭秘】
高频考点一：常考环境疼惜类文章
【2022届山西省忻州一中、康杰一中、临汾一中、长治二中四校联考】A dense wave of smog began in the Chinese city of Harbin and the surrounding Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning Provinces on 20 October 2021. Unseasonably warm temperatures with very little wind across northeastern China coincided with the smoke from local farmers’ burning straws and the start-up of Harbin’s coal-powered central heating system.
Record densities of fine particulates(微粒)were measured in the city. In Harbin, the levels of PM2.5 (particulate matter) rise to 1,000 micrograms per cubic meter, worse than Beijing’s historic highs. Visibility was reduced to below 50m in parts of Harbin, and below 500m in most of the neighbouring Jilin Province. On Fa Yuen Street in Harbin, visibility of less than 5m was reported. The smog reduced after October 23, 2021 and completely broke up on October 28, 2021 by the first local snow and icy rain due to a cold front moving in from Russia.
Harbin lies in the north of China where winter temperatures can drop to -40℃, demanding a six-month heating season. Daily particulate levels of more than 40 times the World Health Organization recommended maximum level were reported in parts of Harbin. The smog remained till 23 October, when almost all monitoring stations in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning Provinces reported readings above 200μg/m³forPM2.5. PM2.5 is the amount of particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter in the air, with the WHO recommending a maximum 24-hour mean (平均值) of 25 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m³). On the morning of 25 October, PM2.5 measurements in Harbin had fallen to an average of 123μg/m³.
All highways in the surrounding Heilongjiang Province were closed. In Harbin, all primary and middle schools were closed for three days and authorities stopped flights at the airports. Hospitals reported a 23 percent increase in admissions for breathing problems. However, this smog will have no influence on Harbin Ice Festival events later in December 2021.
Air pollution in Chinese cities is of increasing concern to China’s leadership. Particulates in the air can affect human health and also have influences on climate and rainfall. Pollution from the burning of coal has reduced life expectancy by 5.5 years in the north of China, as a result of heart and lung diseases.
【小题1】One cause of the heavy smog in the northeastern Chinese cities may be _____.
A. the lasting cold weather B. farmers’ burning of forests
C. too much strong wind D. the start-up of heating system
【小题2】One serious influence of the heavy smog was that_____.
A. Harbin Ice Festival would be cancelled B. highways in Heilongjiang were free of charge
C. all flights at the airport were cancelled D. doctors in hospitals were kept from working
【小题3】 The harmful smog was most serious on ______.
A. October 20 B. October 23 C. October 25 D. October 28
【小题4】 What measure might be practical to reduce the happening of heavy smog?
A. Forbidding people to own their private cars. B. Advocating people having one meal a day.
C. Using natural gas to cook instead of coal. D. Encouraging family’s coal-fired heating.
高频考点二：常考医学报告类阅读
A
【2022届宁夏高校附中一模】Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said: “Our Study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see一and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
【小题1】What is the finding of the study?
A. One’s heart affects how he feels fear.
B. Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat.
C. Fear has something to do with one’s health.
D. One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
【小题2】The study was carried