《英语教学法》名词解释教学教材.doc

《英语教学法》名词解释

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《英语教学法》名词解释

u Structural view (结构主义语言理论）
The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system (phonology); the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax).
u Functional view（功能主义语言理论）
The functional view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. In order to perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.
u Interactional view（交互语言理论）
The interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.

u Behaviourist theory（行为主义理论）------Skinner
The key point of the theory of conditioning is that＂you can train an animal to do anything( with reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement＂.
u Cognitive theory（认知理论）
Chomsky thinks that language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.
u Constructivist theory (建构主义理论)-------John Dewey
The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows.
u Socio-constructivist theory (社会建构主义理论)
Vygotsky emphasises interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD) and scaffolding.

u Linguistic competence（语言能力）----Hedge
Linguistic competence is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning.
u Pragmatic competence (语用能力) ----Hedge
Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context.
u Discourse competence (话语能力/ 语篇能力) ----Canale and Swain
Discourse competence refers to one’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.
u Strategic competence (策略能力)
Strategic competence refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.

u Errors
An error has direct relation with the learners’ language competence.Errors result from lack of knowledge in the target language.
u Mistakes
A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip of tongue, and it is a failure performance to a known system.Mistakes result from carelessness and hesitation.

u Bottom-up model （自下而上的模式）
In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognitions. In other words, “we use information in the speech itself to try to comprehend the meaning” .
u Top-down model （自上而下的模式）
In the top-down model, listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasised. In other words, listening comprehension involves “ knowledge that a listener brings to a text, sometimes called “ inside the head” information, as opposed to the information that is available within the text itself” .

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