汉译英第二讲(句子技巧翻译)学生讲义复习过程.doc

汉译英第二讲(句子技巧翻译)学生讲义

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汉译英（二）句子翻译技巧
² 主语选择
l 汉语：话题式主语，不一定是动作的执行者，作主语的词性很灵活。
l 英语：主语是动作的执行者，词性很固定，只可以是名词，代词，非谓语动词（doing, to do), 主语从句等。另外，英语表达侧重于多样性，可以用不同的单词作为主语。汉译英时，不同的句子起始点，结构完全不同，我们要尽可能变化思路，使译文句式多样。
l 例1：中国人民的生活水平近年来得到很大提高。
思路一：Chinese people’s living standard has been improved a lot in recent years. （语序未调整，句子起始点没有变化。）
l 思路二：There has been great raise in the living standard of the Chinese people in recent years.
(以“提高”作主语，原文动词作谓语，现变为名词，作主语)
l 思路三：These years have witnessed great improvement in the Chinese people’s living standard. （以“近年”作主语，原文时间状语变为主语）
还有其他思路吗？仔细想想。记住：汉语中名词皆可以充当英语句子中的主语，只看你想不想的到，当然句子有优劣之分。）
以上三个版本，第三句应该评分最高。用时间或者地点作主语，不仅强调了时间观念，而且句子简洁、生动，符合西方人的思维模式和英语表达习惯。类似的动词有：see, witness, find等。
拓展练习：
l (1 )这个运动会首先在北京兴起。
Beijing first saw the rise of the movement.（地点作主语）
l (2) 在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。
Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.（地点作主语）
l (3) 近十年来，中国教育发生了重大变革。
The past decade has witnessed great changes in Chinese education.（时间作主语)
China has witnessed enormous changes in education in the past ten years.
(地点作主语）
l (4) 中国在2012年成功发射了“神州九号”飞船。
2012 saw the successful launching of China’s “the Ninth Shenzhou Spacecraft （地点作主语）
² 主语选择还必须符合逻辑关系。
l 例2：我们国家的建设事业不仅需要工程师和科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。
l 难点一：选词：能工巧匠： talents, skilled workers, craftsmen, artisan, gifted people. 应该选哪个？建设：building-up, construction, development应该选哪个？
l 难点二：主语的选择。我们国家，建设事业，应该选择哪个？
l 译法一：Our country’s construction not only needs engineers and scientists, but also various craftsmen. (字对字翻译，不符合逻辑）
l 译法二：In her development, our country needs not only engineers and scientists, but also various skillful craftsmen.（主语选择正确，与need照应）
l 译法三：Our country in her development needs not only engineers and scientists, but also talents of various kinds.
l 换个思路：以工程师，科学家，能工巧匠做主语怎么改？
l 译法四：Engineers, scientists, as well as craftsmen play a vital role in our national development.
记住：多积累地道的英文好词好句，不要拘泥于中文形式“亦步亦趋”，“东施效颦”，“闭门造车”。地道保持原汁原味是汉译英的王道。
l 例3：这个战略思想现在已经有了实施的机遇。
l 译法一：This strategy has the opportunity to implement itself now.
l 译法二：This strategic idea has already had the opportunity to be implemented.
l 诊断：主语选择错误。不符合主谓逻辑。
l 改译一： Now we have the opportunity to implement this strategy. （主谓符合逻辑）
l 改译二： An opportunity has unfolded before us to adopt the strategy. (注意“策略”之前的动词选择）
拓展练习：我们的成长和壮大离不开大家的支持和帮助。
l 译法一：Our growth and development is without your help and support.
l 译法二：Our growth and development can’t be realized without your help and support.
l 病症诊断：完全按照原文形式，思路不开阔，主语选择不符合逻辑，与谓语搭配不当，译文“中式英语”现象十分突出。
l 改译一：Without your help and support, we can’t grow up.
l 改译二：We can hardly turn into what we are today without your help and support.
l 改译三：We can’t flourish (thrive, prosper) without your help and support.
思考题：“我们公司发展历程简介”如何翻译？
l 例4：我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
l 译文一：Our career has won one victory to another.
l 点评:主谓搭配不当，“win”主语一般是人。
l 改译：We have won one victory after another for our cause.
l A series of victories have been won for our cause.
l 例5：他的英语讲得很好。
l His English speaks good.（主谓搭配不当）
l He speaks good English.（主谓符合逻辑）
² 主语选择还必须是剧中信息突出部分。
l 例6：在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多湖泊。
l 译法一：In history, because the Yangtze River’s course was changed constantly, many lakes were formed in Wuhan district.
l 病症诊断：“东施效颦”，信息重点不突出，不顾西方人思维方式, 选词也出现问题。
l 分析：原文中主语不显著，但是主题显著，符合中国人思维方式，即：说话找到一个开始点就可以。
l 方法：“由于长江不断改道”可翻译为抽象名词短语。
l 改译：The constant change of the course of the Changjing River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan. (信息重点突出）
l 例7：我给你打国际直拨就跟给楼下李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。
l The way I call you by international lines is almost as easy as the way I call Sister Li downstairs. When I call you, it is easy to get through.
l 分析：“国际直拨很方便”是信息重点，不是我给你打电话。原文啰嗦，也不符合西方人思维方式。
l An international call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs.
l 例8： 我看见这张照片就会想起20年前的往事。
l 译文一：When I saw the photo, I would think of the things that happened 20 years ago. （中式英语，信息重点不突出。）
l 改译：The sight of the photo reminded me of what happened 20 years ago.
² 主语选择必须符合西方人思维习惯。
l 例9：她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。
l 译法一：She has never thought that he is a dishonest man.
l 点评：不太符合西方人思维习惯，西方人往往注重客观性，此种译法更强调主观印象。
l 改译：It never occurred to her that he was not honest.
l 点评：符合西方人思维习惯，意思是：”这种念头从来没有闪过她的脑际。”所以十分客观，并且此句突出重点是“她很吃惊，从没有想到”，正好和原句强调意思一致。
l 例10：( 1 ) 该厂产品的特点是工艺精湛， 经久耐用。
l 译文一：The characteristics of the products are that they are created elegantly and very endurable.
l 点评：主语选择不符合西方人习惯。
l The products of the factory are characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.

² 无主语句
汉语中有大量的无主语句，应用十分广泛，常见情况有：
l 祈使句。例如：请打开窗户。
l 前文出现过的人或者物，一般主语省略。
l 讲述道理的句子通常省略主语。例如：“学习雷锋好榜样。”
当然，以上三种情况不能概括所有的无主语句。
英语中，除了祈使句，其他所有的句子必须有主谓结构，所以汉译英时，一定要记得根据上下文增补主语。
为什么汉语会有那么多无主语句呢？
l 文化反映语言，汉文化是人治文化，西方文化是法治文化。
l 句子结构而论，法治的不管主语用得着用不着，必须要呆板地求句子形式的千篇一律。人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要意思对方能明白就可以。
l 例如：下倾盆大雨了。 It is raining cats and dogs.
l 几点了？七点了。What time is it? It is seven o’clock.
l 从郑州到北京有600多公里的路。
It is more than 600 kilometers from Zhengzhou to Beijing.
It 究竟指什么，也不太清楚，语法上说是代词，表示天气，时间，距离和度量等，无词义，只是用它占位子表示有主语。而中国人只简单地说 “下雨了”就可以了，不用非要有主语。
请看下面的例子：
例1：吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。
One must be able to endure the pains before he succeeds.（增补主语）
例2：往往在接触一个人时候，首先看到的都是他或者她的优点。
We always see nothing but his or her merits first in our first contact with a person.
(增补主语“we”）
例3：给了她两天时间做些必要的准备。
Two days were allowed for her to make some necessary preparations. （处理为被动态）
例4：热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。
l 分析：原文是省略句，省略主语“我们”，反映了汉语重主题而非主语的语言特点，同时也反映出我们民族喜欢以主人姿态欢迎客人这一文化特点。英语是主语显著的语言，所以译文中必须补出主语。
l 译文一：We warmly welcome customers from various countries and regions to establish and develop business contacts.
l 点评：虽然补出了主语，但是还是不够地道。英美人的心态是：他们希望被当做客人对待。
l 改译：Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts. (无主语句处理为被动态）
l 例4：希望今后上海能与更多城市结为友好城市。
l It is hoped/anticipated that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more cities in the future. (无主语句处理为被动态）
类似结构：
l It is(was)suggested/said/reported/believed/well-known/considered/accepted/expected
l 例5：困难也许比你想的要多一些。
l There are likely to be more difficulties than you’ve expected.
l 点评：无主语句有时候处理为“there be”句式。还有一种变体是：“There+verb.+subject”, 比如 “Once there lived a monk.”
l 例6：自2010年以来，已经建立了一百多个这样的组织。
l There have been established more than one hundred organizations of such kind since 2010.
l 小结：There 译文中没有实际意义，只是个引导词，有些语法上认为这类句式是倒装句，但是其实就是英语里的一个特殊句式而已，可以用来翻译“有”字句和无主语句。

² 主题句
请看下面的例子：
l 例1：我们要好好学习，这是非常重要的。
l 例2：一个人的生命有多大意义？这有什么标准可以衡量吗？
l 特点：前半部分叙事，后半部分评论。翻译技巧：主句
+非限制性定语从句，或者it is adj to do…结构；或者拆分成两句话。
l 例1：译文一：It is very important for us to study hard.
l 译文二：We should study hard, which is very important.
l 译文三：We should study hard. This is very important.
第一个最佳，简洁，符合地道英语习惯。
l 例2：译文一：What’s the meaning of a person’s life in the world? Is there any criterion for judging it
l 译文二：Is there any criterion to judge the meaning of person’s life?
l 例3：筷子的出现使我们的祖先不再用手抓食物吃，因此它象征着文明的到来。
l 译文一：The appearance of chopsticks made our ancestors no longer eat food by hand, so it is a symbol of civilization.
l 译文二：It is a symbol of civilization that our ancestors no longer grabbed their food to eat when chopsticks were invented.
l 译文三：Thanks to the invention of chopsticks, our ancestors no longer grabbed food to eat. So chopsticks are the signal of civilization.
l 例4：在中国，送礼通常是为了表示尊重、感恩、友谊、爱情或者热情。这其实是世界各地一种普遍的礼节。
l 译文一：As a common courtesy in the world actually, gifts usually symbolize respect, gratitude, friendship, love or hospitality in China. （合译，更简洁）
l 译文二：In China, gifts are usually given to show respect, appreciation, friendship, love or hospitality. It is a common courtesy in the world.
课后练习：汉译英：注意下列句子主语的选择。
(1）我知道要你说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。
(2) 你的工作取得了很大的成绩，但不能因此而骄傲自满。
(3) 近年来，中、泰两国经济发展迅速，为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。
(4) 自行车要放在存放处，以免影响交通。
(5) 在云南等中国西南省份，少数民族受外国文化影响较小，原始茶产地仍然保留着饮茶仪式和习俗。
(6) 光棍节是每年的11月11日，它是单身人群的专属节日。事实上，单身人群拥有特殊的节日来庆祝自己生活的国家，中国是世界上唯一一个。
(7) 然而，明清时期，科举制度演变成严格、呆板的制度，阻碍了中国考试制度的现代化和科学化发展。
（8）古人发明风筝主要是为了怀念已故的亲友，他们认为放风筝可以将情意寄托于风筝之上，传递给逝者。
(9) 文房四宝是中国书法传统书写工具的统称，包括笔、墨、纸、砚。
(10) 中国是唯一一个3000多年都用一种语言进行文学创作的国家，这主要是由书面语言本身的性质决定的。
(11) 中国是一个有5000年历史的文明古国，有着与外来文化取长补短、兼容并蓄的传统。
(12) 完成这项工作我们花了五年的时间。
（13）星期天早晨他的身体状况仍未好转。
（14）新的一年才过了一个月，经济改革又出现了新的高潮。
（15）我一见到那个孤儿，总会想起他的父母。
（16）面对一池碧水，把忧心烦恼全都抛到一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。
（17）附近的孩子上这所学校免费。
答案
(1）I know it is difficult for you to persuade him out of the plan.
(2) You have made great progress in your work, but you should not get conceited.
(3) Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the national economy in China and Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.
(4) Bicycles should be left at the parking lot so as not to block the traffic.
(5) Hardly influenced by foreign cultures, minority groups in places of Southwest China, such as Yunnan Province still follow the tea rituals and customs.
(6) The special holiday for the single falls on December 11th, that is , Singles’ Day. Actually, China is the only country where the single can celebrate their lives on this special day.
(7)However, the strict and rigid imperial examination system in the Ming and Qing Dynasty turned out to be an obstacle for the modern and scientific development of the testing system in China.
(8) Kites are invented by the ancient people to commemorate the deceased. It is believed that kites are full of reminiscence for the dead.
(9) Four Treasures of the Study, brush, ink, paper and inkstone, are regarded as the traditional writing tools of China calligraphy.
(10) Greatly influenced by the nature of written language, China is the only country worldwide where, for more than 3,000 years, literature works have been created only in one language.
(11) China is an ancient civilization boasting 5,000 years’ history with the tradition of seeking mutual complementarities, accommodation and integration with foreign cultures.
(12) It took us five years to complete the project.
(13) Sunday morning found him still unwell.
(14)The new years was barely one month old when it witnessed the latest flourish of economic reform.
(15)The sight of the orphan often reminds me of his parents.
(16） Facing a pool of green water, one can cast aside all anxieties and worries and enjoy a good rest, both mentally and physically.
(17）Admission to this school is free to children from the neighborhood.

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