高中英语必修五第一单元知识点讲义及习题教学文案.doc

高中英语必修五第一单元知识点讲义及习题

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必修五Unit1讲义

characteristic n. 特征；特性 指某人或某物天生有别于他人的内部特质
Genes determine the characteristics of every living thing.
character （高考三大意思）
1. 表示人的“性格”或“品质”
They are twins but have quite different characters.
It's that kind of courage and determination that makes him such a remarkable character 
2. 表示小说或戏剧等中的“人物”或“角色”，是可数名词。如：
Who is the main character in the play?
3. 表示“文字”，指书写符号或印刷符号等，是可数名词。如：
He writes beautiful characters.
Chinese character 汉字
analyse sb's character  
build and form one's character  

radium n. 镭

painter n. 画家；油漆匠
必修注意：paint做动词两个意思：1. 绘画 2. 粉刷，油漆

put forward 提出；把时钟往前拨，把东西往前移（常忘记的词组）
Who put forward a theory about black holes?
He put forward a new plan.
Put your watch forward; it's five minutes slower.
 Why don't you put your chair forward to get a better view? 
put down 记下；放下；镇压 put out 熄灭
put aside 放在一边；储存；保留 put off 推迟；延期
put up；举起；张贴；搭建 put on 穿上；上映，上演；增加
put away 收好，整理，归类
The band are hoping to put on a UK show before the end of the year.
I can eat what I want but I never put on weight 
We should put aside our differences and discuss the things we have in common

scientific adj. 科学的
conclude vt. & vi. 结束；推断出
conclusion n. 结论；结束
draw a conclusion 提出结论
analyse vt. 分析

infect vt. 传染；感染（病毒，疾病），或者污染（比如说水质被污染不干净了）
affect effect 辨析
affect强调影响的动作，过程。（做动词）
The divorce affected Jim deeply
Climate and weather affect every aspect of our lives 
effect强调影响的结果（一般做名词，有时也动词），常接句型：have an effect on sth.
If an area is affected by flooding, the effect can be devastating。

infectious adj. 传染的

defeat vt. 打败；战胜；使受挫n. 失败
[辨析]win, beat与defeat
win “赢得”赛事、战事、某物；beat “战胜”“击败”比赛中的对手，可与defeat互换
We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores.
They won the battle but lost many men.
The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams.

expert adj. 熟练的；经验或知识丰富的n. 专家；行家

attend vt. 照顾；护理；出席；参加 （照顾可加to也可不加）
attend a ceremony / lecture / a meeting/school
attend to : to look after, care for, serve伺候, 照顾看护
The queen had a good doctor attending （on ）her.
Mother had to attend to her sick son.

physician n. 医生；内科医师 physicist:物理学家
doctor 医生,是个通用词,几乎什么场合都能用.
physician 主要是指“内科医生”,与“外科医生（surgeon）（此单词要背）”相对,当然在美语中我也经常听到普通医生也说surgeon.

expose vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光
expose…to（to做介词） 使显露；暴露
But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.(书本原句) 但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通人时，他就感到很振奋。
exposed to cholera 在句中是过去分词作后置定语，表示被动。意为“患霍乱的”。如：
The book written by Luxun is very popular.
The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith.
expose sb/sth to sth He exposes his skin to the sun.
be exposed to sth.(to做介词)
His skin is exposed to the sun
We are supposed to be exposed to as much art and culture as possible.

deadly adj. 致命的
cure n. 治愈；痊愈 vt. 治愈；治疗
outbreak n. 爆发；发作（尤指疾病或战争）
challenge n. 挑战 vt. 向……挑战

victim n. 受害者
victim是受害人受伤或在意外中死亡的人都可以称为victim
Not all the victims survived.
sufferer是受难者或患病者，一般指遭受苦难或患病的人

absorb vt. 吸收；吸引；使专心 句型：be absorbed in
(1)专注，聚精会神
be absorbed in＝put one’s heart into = concentrate on 集中精力做某事
I was absorbed in a book and didn’t hear your call.
Absorbed in his work，Tom simply forgot food and sleep.
（2）吸收，把……吸收入
Black cloth absorbs light.黑布吸收光线。
The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.
The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.

suspect vt. 怀疑 n. 被怀疑者；嫌疑犯

enquiry n. 询问 (此单词高考少见，不过生活中倒是见得多，=inquiry)
比如说某个单位的问询处，公安办案的询问，都是此单词

neighbourhood n. 附近；邻近 in the neighborhood 在附近

severe adj. 严重的；剧烈的；严厉的 (=so serious)
I was caught in a severe storm last night and couldn’t go back home in time.
He has such a severe illness that he has been in hospital.
I suffered a severe attack of toothache.

clue adj. 线索；提示
pump n. 泵；抽水机 vt. （用泵）抽（水）
Cambridge 剑桥大街

foresee vt. 预见；预知
fore为前缀：在前面，在以前。由此可得出很多词汇的大概意思
forearm n. 前臂 forehead n. 前额
foresight n. 先见之明,远见,深谋远虑 foretaste n. 预尝,先试
foretell v. 预言,预测 forewarn v. 预先警告
foreword n. 前言,引言,序 forecast v./n.
foreground n. 前景 （background 背景）

investigate vt. & vi. 调查
investigation n. 调查
blame vt. 责备；谴责 过失；责备
blame sb. for sth. / doing sth.因某事责备某人
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.
blame sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事归咎于某人
The police blamed the traffic accident on jack’s careless driving.
be to blame for(doing)sth． 因(做)某事某人应该受到谴责；注意:be to blame应受责备（主动表被动）；应负责任
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.

pollute vt. 污染；弄脏
handle n. 柄；把手 vt. 处理；操纵 = deal with （此单词两个意思老会忘记其中一个，必须牢记）
germ n. 微生物；细菌

link vt. & n. 连接；联系
link…to… 将……和……联系或连接起来
announce vt. 宣布；通知
certainty n. 确信；确实
instruct vt. 命令；指示；教导

responsible adj. 有责任的；负责的 （be responsible for 对......有责任）
名词形式为 responsibility 责任
初学此单词及其容易与response混淆
response n. 回应，回复 （the response to）,动词形式为respond
There has been no response to his remarks from the government 

construct vt. 建设；修建
construction n. 建设；建筑物 （under construction 在建设当中）

contribute vt. & vi. 捐献，贡献；导致，助于
1.此单词初三学过一个短语为 make a contribution to（为.....作出贡献）
This invention made a major contribution to road safety.
2. His research has contributed a lot to our understanding of this disease.
He promised to contribute $5,000 to the school rebuilding project.
3. contribute to可表示“导致，促成；有助于”。此句型的结构和意思有点类似于lead to
Smoking certainly contributed to his early death.

apart from 除……之外；此外
1）相当于besides.意为“除……以外（还包括）”
Apart from my mother tongue, I speak several foreign languages as well.
除了母语外，我还会讲好几种外语。
2）相当于except.意为“除……以外（不包括）”
I like all the subjects apart from English.除了英语外，我喜欢所有学科。

firework n. 烟火（燃放）
chart n. 图表
creative adj. 有创造力的；创造性的；独创的
co-operative adj. 合作的
positive adj. 积极的；肯定的；确实的
（be）strict with… 对……严格的
revolutionary adj. 革命的；重大变革的

movement n. 移动；运动；动作

make sense 讲得通；有意义
It doesn't make sense to buy that expensive coat for these cheaper ones are just as good.

backward adv. & adj. 向后地（的）；相反地（的）；退步地（的）
loop n. 圈；环
privately adv. 私下地；秘密地
spin vi. & vt. (使)旋转；纺（线或纱）
brightness n. 明亮；亮度；聪颖
enthusiastic adj. 热情的；热心的 句型： be enthusiastic about
cautious adj. 小心的；谨慎的 be cautious about 对......谨慎 名词是：caution
reject vt. 拒绝；不接受；抛弃
universe n. 宇宙；世界

过去分词作定语
1)语法功能
相当于一个定语从句
The stolen bike belongs to Jack. The bike which was stolen belongs to Jack.
The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection.
The lecture which was given by Professor Zhang is about the environment protection.

the affected people受感染的人 a broken heart一颗破碎的心
a lost dog丧家之犬 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯
Attention：过去分词修饰 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody，those 等不定代词时，要放在这些词后面。
Is there anything unsolved? 
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
b. 过去分词短语作定语：通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句。
people exposed to cholera= people who was exposed to cholera
the book recommended by Jack= the book which was recommended by Jack
the machines produced last year= the machines which were produced last year
c. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语时不表被动，只表完成。
a risen sun已升起的太阳 the gone days 逝去的时光
fallen leaves 落叶
2） 现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别：
The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him.
Have you read the book recommended by your teacher?
the changing world（正在变化的）the changed world（变化了的）
boiling water（正在沸腾的）boiled water（已经沸腾过的）
fading flowers(正在凋谢的) faded flowers（已经凋谢的）
a developing country(发展中的) a developed country（发达的）
a drowning man快要淹死的人 a drowned man已经淹死的人
falling leaves正在飘落的树叶 fallen leaves落叶
a retired worker退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯
3）及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的被动式
(being done)都可以表示“被动”，但前者多表示一个完成了的动作，而后者则表示一个正在进行的动作.
the problem discussed yesterday is very complicated
the problem being discussed is very complicated
过去分词做表语
1 过去分词（短语）作表语时，其作用相当于adj.,说明的是主语的状态
All the windows are broken.
All hope is gone.
He looked worried after reading the letter.
常见作表语的过去分词有： disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried,gone, dressed, lost等。
注意
过去分词作表语时和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意思明显不同，前者说明主语的特点及所处的状态，而后者强调被动的动作。
My glasses are broken.我的眼镜碎了。(状态）
My glasses were broken by my son.我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了。（动作）

1. The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded

2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ____ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known

3. Most of the artists _____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited

4. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers ____ by
her mother.
A.buying B. being bought C. were bought D. bought

5. Don’t use words, expressions or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge.
A.being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known

6. The computer center,_____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened

7. Cleaning women in big cities get _____ by the hour.
A.pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay

8. As we joined the big crowd I got _____ from my friends.
A.separated B. spared C. lost D. missed

9. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ___ as the plane was making a landing.
A.seat  B. seating  C. seated   D. to be seating

10. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to _____ before the party.
A.get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change

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