新视界大学英语综合教程3unit7市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

Talking pointTalking pointWarming uWarming up pSkimmingSkimmingDiggingDiggingCritical thinkingCritical thinkingLanguage in useLanguage in useUnfamiliar wordsUnfamiliar wordsInterpretingInterpretingCan bad luck be explained?第1页Warming up Read the reflections made by great scientists through the ages.Then work in pairs and explain what the quotations mean.1This only is certain,that there is nothing certain.PlinytheElder,1st-centuryRomannaturalistTheonlythingweknowisdefinitelytrueisthatweare not sure about anything.Pliny is taking apositionofscepticism.第2页Warming up2Experimental science is the queen of sciences and the goal of all speculation.RogerBacon,13th-centuryEnglishphilosopherandscientistBaconlivedatatimewhenpeoplethoughtitmoreimportanttoreasonandapproachproblemsthroughtheoryandlogicthanthroughexperiment.Baconisdaringly turning this around and announcing thatfinding out the facts is far more important thantheorizing.第3页Warming up3 I do not know what I may appear to the world;but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore,and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary,whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.Sir Isaac Newton,17th-century English physicist andmathematician,whodiscoveredthelawsofgravityNewton is acclaimed as a great genius who has opened upunderstandingofnature,buthehumblypointsouthowverylittlehedoesactuallyknowespeciallywhencomparedwithallthatthereistoknow.Newtonwasveryreligiousaswellasagreatmathematician so he would have been referring to greatmysteriesaswellasunderstandingofthecosmos.第4页Warming up4The most incomprehensible thing about our universe is that it can be comprehended.AlbertEinstein,perhapsthegreatestscientisttheworldhaseverknown Einsteinthinksthatthegreatestwonderisthattheuniversedoesoperateonmathematicallawswhichoneofitsby-productsuscanunderstandalittle.第5页Warming up Work in pairs and discuss the questions.1Howwouldyoudefinescience?Science is the study and knowledge of thephysicalworldanditsbehaviourthatisbasedonexperimentsandfactsthatcanbeproved,andisorganizedintoasystem.第6页Warming up2Shouldsciencebeacompulsorysubjectuntilthelastyearatschool?Yes,itissoimportanttoourmodernworld.Itisalsoawayofthinkingthatweneedtodevelopinpeople.Iamnotsureeveryoneneedstoknowsomuchscience.Different people have different skills;perhaps some could spend more time on artssubjects.第7页Warming up3Inwhatareasofcontemporarylifeisscientificresearchmostimportant?Frankly,it is important for almost everything:medicine,developing new energy sources,dealingwithpollution,newmaterials,agriculture,informationtechnology,transport,defence,andevenmore.第8页Warming up4Issomescientificresearchuseless?Yesandnoitmaynothaveanyuseatthetimeitiscarriedout,butitissurprisinghowthingscan later turn out to be useful.The researchjoinsthegreatdatabaseofhumanknowledgeandmayonedayprovevaluable.第9页Warming up Look at the title of the passage and answer the questions.1Isitpossibletodefinebadluck?Badluckreferstothingshappeninginwaysyoudonotwant.Aneventinitselfisnotbadluck,butbadlucktosomeone.Mylosingmoneymaybesomeoneelsesgoodluck.2Doesbadluckleadtomorebadluck?Iguessitcan.Onceyouhavelostyourjob,yourfamilymaybreakupandyoumightfallillfromstressandsoondownwards.第10页Warming up3Isbadluckmorecommonthangoodluck?It certainly feels like it at times,but I guess ifmissingthebusisbadluck,catchingitisgoodluck.But I think we regard things going smoothly asnormalsowedontcallitgoodluck.Wehaveahigherstandardforgoodthanbadluck.4Canbadluckbeexplainedbyscience?Idontreallyseehow.Theresnoreasonwhyonepersontakesaplanethatcrashes,andsomeoneelsetakesanotherandissafe.第11页SkimmingBrowse the passage within 8 minutes to get a rough idea about it.Answer the questions of Activity 2 and 3 on page 147.TaskTask第12页SkimmingChoose the best way to complete the sentences.1MurphysLawis_.(a)apopularbelief(b)ascientificlaw(c)aclassicaltheory(d)astatisticalcalculation2Badluck_.(a)canbeexplainedbyscience(b)canbepartlyblamedonstrangecoincidences(c)onlyreallyexistsinpeoplesminds(d)isimpossibletoexplainab第13页Skimming3“Badluck”isaproblematicconceptbecause_.(a)itisrelative;somethingsaremore“bad”thanothers(b)itsuggestsaconnectionbetweenscienceandmorality(c)luckcantbydefinitionbe“good”or“bad”(d)itencouragespeoplenottotakeresponsibilityfortheirownactionsa第14页Skimming4Unluckyeventsseemtocomeinthreesbecause_.(a)threeisanunluckynumberinmostcultures(b)themindwantstomakeaconnectionbetweenevents(c)wedontnoticesingleunluckyevents(d)wecantremembermorethanthreeconnectedeventsb第15页Skimming5Forsomepeople,unluckyeventsareconnectedbecause_.(a)theyarepsychologicallyweakerthanotherpeople(b)theyhavebettermemoriesthanotherpeople(c)theydefinebadluckdifferentlyfromotherpeople(d)thefirstunluckyeventhasaneffectonthemwhichmakesthesecondeventmorelikelyd第16页Skimming6Thewritersaysmapreadingisfrustratingbecause_.(a)thedestinationwilloftenbemarkedveryneartheedgeofthemap(b)itisdifficulttoconsultastreetatlaswhenyouareinacar(c)thedestinationisunlikelytobeinthemiddleofthemap(d)modernroadmapshavenotbeenwelldesigneda第17页Skimming7Thewritersayswebelievethetrafficlightsarealwaysredwhenwereinahurrybecause_.(a)trafficlightsspendmoretimeonredthanongreen(b)wehardlynoticewhenthelightsaregreen(c)redlightsareasourceofstress(d)redlightsappearmoreoftenwhenadriverisinahurryb第18页Skimming8Theexamplesofmapreadingandtrafficlightsshowthat_.(a)weareoftentooreadytointerpretaneventas“bad”(b)ifweareinahurry,somethingbadwillusuallyhappen(c)journeysneedtobecarefullyplannedsothatthingswillnotgowrong(d)badluckisadirectresultofstressandanxietya第19页SkimmingWork in pairs and match the examples with the types of events.1aburstwaterpipe2atrainwhichislate3buseswhicharrivethreeatatime4losingyourweddingring5droppingavase(a)somethingwhichmighthappenbecauseyouarefeelingdepressedorunwell(b)anextremelymemorableandunfortunateevent(c)thesortofeventwhichconfirmsthe“badlucktheory”(d)astrangecoincidencewhichmanypeopleclaimtonotice(e)aneventwhichcouldbebadornotbad,dependingonthecontextbedca第20页Can bad luck be explained?译文译文DiggingBackgroundinformation1 Toastalwayslandsbuttersidedown.Italwaysrainsonbank holidays.Youneverwinthelottery,butotherpeopleyouknowseemto.Doyouevergettheimpressionthatyouwerebornunlucky?Eventhemostrationalpersoncanbeconvincedattimesthatthereisaforceouttheremakingmishapsoccurattheworstpossibletime.WeallliketobelievethatMurphysLawistrue(“ifitcangowrong,itwill”).第21页Digging2 Partoftheexplanationforbadluckismathematical,butpartispsychological.Indeedthereisaverycloseconnectionbetweenpeoplesperceptionofbadluckandinterestingcoincidences.第22页译文译文Digging3 Forexample,takethebeliefthat“badthingsalwayshappeninthrees”(justlikebuses.!)Thispopularnotionwouldbeunlikelytostandthescrutinyofanyscientificstudy,butitmusthavesomebasisinexperience,otherwisethephrasewouldneverhaveariseninthefirstplace.Whatmightbetherationalexplanation?第23页译文译文Digging4Thefirstquestionis“whatisbad?”5 Somethingsareonlymarginallybad,forexamplethetrainarrivingfiveminuteslate.Someareextremelybad,suchasfailinganexamorbeingsacked.Sobadnessismuchbetterrepresentedasbeingonaspectrumratherthansomethingwhichisthereornotthere.第24页译文译文Digging6 Aparticulareventmayonlybeamisfortunebecauseofthecircumstancesaroundit.Thetrainarrivingfiveminuteslateisaneutraleventifyouareinnohurryandreadinganinterestingnewspaperarticlewhileyouwait.Itisbadifyouarelateforanimportantmeeting.第25页译文译文Digging7 Whenitcomestobadthingshappeninginthrees,whatmaybemostimportantofallisthedurationandmemorabilityofthefirstevent.Takeaburstpipewhileyouareawayonholiday,forexample.Itmaytakelessthananhourtofloodthehouse,butthisonebadeventcanremainalive and kickingformanymonths,withthecleaningupoperationandthedebatewithyourinsurersactingasconstantremindersoftheoriginalevent.第26页译文译文Digging8 Thelongerthefirstbadeventsticksinthefrontofyourmind,themoreopportunitiesyouwillhavetoexperiencetwomorebadevents.Amonthlatersomeonebumpstheback of your car and a week after that you lose yourweddingring.Themindwhichisalreadyonalowfromthefirst event will quickly leap to connect the subsequentmisfortunesaspartoftheseries.Itwouldntmatterthatthere could be a two-month timescale over whicheverythinghappened.Bythetimeyouhaverecoveredfromthewaterdamageyouareactivelylookingoutforthenextdisaster.The timescale has been extended as long as isnecessarytoconfirmtheoriginalprophecy.第27页译文译文Digging9 Aswithcoincidences,inbadluckthereisatendencytolookfortheexampleswhichconfirmthetheory,andignorethosewhichdont(becausetheyarelessinteresting).Singlebadeventshappenallthetime.Thataloneshouldbeenoughtodisprovethetheory.Badthingsalsocomeintwos.Butitismorelikelythatafriendwilltellyou“threebadthingshavehappenedtome,isntthattypical”than“onlytwobadthingshavehappenedtome,whichjustprovesthatthetheorydoesntwork”.Afterall,thelatteristemptingfate!第28页译文译文Digging10Thereis,however,atleastonerationalreasonwhybadeventsmightclustertogether.Itisrelatedtoprobabilityandindependence.Unluckyeventsarenotalwaysindependentofeachother.Anybodywhoismaderedundantisboundtosuffersomedepression.Thatwilllowerthebodysdefences,makingthepersonvulnerabletoillness,andalsomakingthemlessalertandresponsive(sotheymaybemorelikelytodropapreciousvase,forexample).Sowhiletheprobabilityofbeingmaderedundantonanyparticulardayandtheprobabilityofbeingsickmaybothbesmall,thechanceofbothoccurringisalmostcertainlyhigherthantheproductofthetwoprobabilities.第29页译文译文DiggingMap reading misfortunes11Somuchforthegeneralincidentsofbadluckwhichcrop upinlife.Letsgetontoaspecificonethateveryonehasencountered.第30页译文译文Digging12 Youareofftovisitafriendwholivesattheotherend of the city.You look up the road in the streetatlas,anddiscoverthatitisrightontheedgeofthepage.Thismeansthatfindingpreciseroutebecomesachoreofflickingbackwards and forwardsfromonepagetothenext.Eithertheroadishalfononepageandhalfontheother,oritsspreadacrossthefoldinthemiddleofthebook.Andifitsanordnancesurveymap,thenyourdestinationisatjustthepointwhereyoufoldedthemapover.第31页译文译文Digging13Itdoesntseemfair.Afterallamaponlyhasatiny bit of“edge”but plenty of“middle”in whichyourdestinationcouldbesituated.Orhasit?Infactthechanceofpickingadestinationwhichisclosetotheedgeofthemapisalothigherthanyoumightexpect.Takealookatthemapinthediagram.第32页译文译文Digging14Youwillhaveaproblemifyourdestinationisanywhereintheshadedareamarkedonthemap.Thisshadedareaisjust 1 cm into the page all the way around.It looksinsignificant.However,theshadedareaaddsupto56cm2.Thatrepresents28percentoftheareaofthewholepageofthemap,whichmeansthatanyspecificpointthatyouareseekingonthismaphasa28percentchance(thatsnearlyoneinthree)ofbeinginanawkwardpositionwithin1cmoftheedgeofthepage.Andifyouregardwithin2cmoftheedgeofthepageasbeingawkward,thechanceofill-fortuneclimbsto52percent.Inotherwords,youmightexpect this misfortune to occur on almost every otherjourney.第33页译文译文Digging15Asinmostbadluckstories,youforgetaboutthe number of times the road doesnt landawkwardlyandrememberthetimesitdoes,andinthiscasethechanceofabadresultissohighthatbefore long you are bound to be cursing yourmisfortune,or the maps printer,or both.This,incidentally,iswhymanymodernroadmapsallowsignificantoverlapsbetweenadjacentmappages.Inagoodroadatlas,atleast30percentofthepageisduplicatedelsewhere.第34页译文译文DiggingThe lights are always red when Im in a hurry16Oneofthebestexamplesofselectivememorywhereanunfaircomparisonismadebetweengoodandbadisintherelativefrequencyofredandgreenlightsonajourney.Foronce,theperceptionof“IalwaysseemtogetredlightswhenIminahurry”istrueandverifiable.Tosimplifythesituation,thinkofatrafficlightasbeingliketossingacoin,witha50percentchanceofbeingred,and50percentofbeinggreen.(Infactmosttrafficlightsspendmoretimeonred.)Ifyouencountersixtrafficlightsonajourney,thenyouarenomorelikelytoescapearedlightthanyouaretotosssixconsecutiveheads,thechanceofwhichis1in64.第35页译文译文Digging17Redlightscomeupjustasoftenwhenthedriverisnotina hurry;its just that thedisadvantage of theredlight isconsiderablylessiftimeisnotcritical.Thefalsepartoftheperceptionisthatredlightshappenmorethangreenlights.Thereasonforthisissimplythatadriverhasmoretimetothinkaboutaredlightthanagreenlight,becausewhilethelatterisgoneinsecondsandindeedisanexperiencenodifferentfromjustdrivingalongtheopenroadtheredlightforcesachangeofbehaviour,amomentofexertionandstress,andthenadeprivationoffreedomforaminuteorso.Redlightsstickinthemind,whilegreenlightsareinstantlyforgotten.Main idea of the text第36页1.Toast always lands butter side down.(Line 1,Para 1)Themessybutteredsidewillhitthefloor.Thesentencemeanstheworstoftwooptionsalwayshappens.Difficult sentences 第37页Difficult sentences 2.that there is a force out there making mishaps occur at the worst possible time.(Line 7,Para 1)“Thereisforceoutthere”heremeansthereissomepowerinexistence,likeanevilspirit.第38页Difficult sentences 3.Part of the explanation for bad luck is mathematical,but part is psychological.(Line 1,Para 2)Badluckisnotonlyamatteroftheoddsfororagainstsomethinghappening,butofourmemoriesandattitudes.第39页Difficult sentences 4.Some things are only marginally bad,(Line 1,Para 5)Here“marginallybad”meansslightlybad.第40页Difficult sentences 5.So badness is much better represented as being on a spectrum rather than something which is there or not there.(Line 4,Para 5)Badnessisnotaneither/orquality,butamatterofdegree,anditexistsonacontinuum.第41页Difficult sentences 6.When it comes to bad things happening in threes,what may be most important of all is the duration and memorability of the first event.(Line 1,Para 7)Theimpactofthefirstunpleasanteventandthelengthoftimewerememberitisthecriticalfactorintheoriginofthecommonideathatthreebadeventsoftenoccurtogether.第42页Difficult sentences alive and kicking:Itmeansthememoryremainsactiveanddoesnotfadeaway.7.but this one bad event can remain alive and kicking for many months (Line 6,Para 7)第43页Difficult sentences 8.The longer the first bad event sticks in the front of your mind,the more opportunities you will have to experience two more bad events.(Line 1,Para 8)Ifyourememberabadeventforalongtimethereisplentyofopportunityforyoutoexperiencetwomoreunpleasantevents.(Ifthethreebadeventshaveamonthtohappenintheyaremorelikelytohappenthaniftheyonlyhaveaweek;italldependsonourmemories.)第44页Difficult sentences 9.The timescale has been extended as long as is necessary to confirm the original prophecy.(Line 13,Para 8)Theideabehindthesentenceisthatafteronebadevent,peoplepredicttwomoreandwillwaitalongtimeifnecessaryforthemtohappenandsotoprovetheprediction.第45页Difficult sentences 10.But it is more likely that than“only two bad things have happened to me,which just proves that the theory doesnt work”.(Line 7,Para 9)Sometimesafterthesecondbadevent,nothinghappensforalongtime.Wecouldtellpeoplethatourexperienceshowsthattheideathatbadluckcomesinthreesiswrong.Butwedonot.Insteadwewaitforthethirdeventandthensaytheoldtheoryhasbeenprovedyetagain.第46页Difficult sentences 11.After all,the latter is tempting fate!(Line 11,Para 9)Ifweclaimthreebad