新编简明英语语言学教程省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

第1页n戴炜栋，何兆熊，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社。n胡壮麟，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。n刘润清，西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。第2页n15%Attendancen35%AssignmentandPresentationn50%Examination第3页nTheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsoundssoundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.第4页nPhoneticsnPhonology第5页nDefinitionnOrgansofSpeechnClassificationofEnglishSpeechSounds第6页Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.第7页第8页nArticulatoryphoneticsfromthespeakerspointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”nAuditoryphoneticsfromthehearerspointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”nAcousticphoneticsfromthephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.第9页Pharyngealfrndlcavitythethroat;Oralcavitythemouth;Nasalcavitythenose.第10页1.Lips2.Teeth3.Teethridge(alveolarlvl)4.Hardpalateplt5.Softpalate(velumvlm)6.Uvula/juvjl/7.Tipoftongue8.Bladeoftongue9.Backoftongue10.Vocalcords11.Pharyngealcavity12.Nasalcavity第11页AstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.nBroadtranscriptionusedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clearl,pitnNarrowtranscriptionusedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.darkl,aspiratedp第12页Englishspeechsounds:VowelsConsonantsIntheproductionoftheformertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritissomehowobstructed.第13页Englishconsonantsclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions:ThemannerofarticulationTheplaceofarticulation第14页1.Stops/Plosives-sixburstsorexplosivesoundsproducedbycompleteclosureofthevocaltractfollowedbyarapidreleaseoftheclosure.2.Fricatives-ninefricatives-weakorstrongfrictionnoisesproducedwhenthearticulatorsarecloseenoughtogethertocauseturbulenceintheairflow.3.Affricates-twoaffricates-plosivesreleasedwithfrication.4.Nasals-threenasalsinwhichtheairflowisblockedcompletelyatsomepointintheoraltract,butinwhichtheloweringofthevelumallowsaweakflowofenergytopassthroughthenose.5.Approximants-fourapproximants-thewinwon,thelinlike,therinred,andtheyinyes.Inthesephonemes,thereismoreconstrictioninthevocaltractthanforthevowels,butlessthantheotherconsonantcategoriesbelow.第15页1.Bilabial/balebil/;2.Labiodental;3.Dentalorinterdental;4.Alveolar/lviul/;5.Palatal/pltl/;6.Velar;7.Uvular;8.Glottal.第16页第17页Englishvowels:Monophthongsorpure/singlevowelsDiphthongs/df/orglidingvowels第18页According to which part of the tongue isheldhighestintheprocessofproduction,thevowelscanbedistinguishedas:第19页Close:I:,I,u:,uSemi-close:e,E:Semi-open:E,COpen:A,B,C,B:,Q第20页第21页High:I:,I,u:,uMide,E:,E,C:Low:A,C,B:,Q第22页Rounded:u:,u,C:,CUnrounded:I:,I,e,Z,A,B,E:,E,Q,B:第23页 i:e u:I :high mid-high mid-low lowfrontcentralbackVowel Charts:English Pure Vowels:第24页Tense(long)vowels:I:,E:,u:,C:,B:Lax(short)vowels:I,e,A,E,Q,u,C第25页ei,ai,aU,EU,Ri,iE,ZE,UE第26页nasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,abroadtranscription.nTheuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetail,anarrowtranscription.nBothphonetictranscriptions,bothformsinsquarebrackets.第27页第28页nDefinitionnPhonemenRulesofPhonologynSuprasegmental(Features)第29页Phonologystudiesthepatterningofspeechsounds,thewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguages.第30页nPhoneticsisofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.nPhonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Itislanguage-specific.第31页aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.第32页a phonological unit;it is the smallestdistinctiveunitinthesoundsystemofalanguage.第33页phonenphoneticunitnnotdistinctiveofmeaningnphysicalnmarkedwithphonemenphonologicalunitndistinctiveofmeaningnabstractnmarkedwith/nrealizedasallophones第34页nHowcanweidentifyphonemes?第35页Crystal:Phonologicalanalysisreliesontheprinciplethatcertainsoundscausechangesinthemeaningofawordorphrase,whereasothersoundsdonot.Minimal pairs test第36页第37页Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.第38页第39页nthephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphonetic environments.p,ph are two differentphonesandarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.nIn this case the allophones are said to be incomplementary distribution because they neveroccurinthesamecontext:poccursafterswhilephoccursinotherplaces.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.第40页/phoneme/phonephonephonephonephonephonecomplementary distributioncomplementary distribution allophones allophones第41页afeaturewhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.Eachdistinctivefeaturehastwopossiblevaluesorbinaryfeatures,denotedby“-”,“+”e.g.+voiced,+nasal,+consonantal.第42页nSequentialrulesnAssimilationrulenDeletionrule第43页ntherulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage,e.g.inEnglish,“kbiI”mightpossiblyformblik,klib,bilk,kilb.nIfawordbeginswithalorar,thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.nIfthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules,e.g.spring,strict,square,splendid,scream.a)thefirstphonememustbe/s/,b)thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/,c)thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/.第44页assimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar,e.g.theprefixinispronounceddifferentlywhenindifferentphoneticcontexts:indiscreetalveolarIninconceivablevelarINinputbilabialIm第45页nIfafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,wecallitregressiveassimilation.nTheconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,isknownasprogressiveassimilation.nAssimilationcanoccuracrosssyllableorwordboundaries.第46页English Fricative Devoicing第47页nVoicedfricativevoiceless/voicelessnThisisaphonologicalrule:“becomes”/“intheenvironmentof”“focusbar:thelocationofthechangeorthepositionofthetargetsegment”Therulereads:voicedfricativesaretransformedintovoicelessfricativesbeforevoicelesssegments.第48页第49页Nasalizationrule-nasal+nasal/_+nasalDentalizationrule-dental+dental/_+dentalVelarizationrule-velar+velar/_+velar第50页Thechangeof“a”to“an”isknownasaninsertionofanasalsoundknownasepenthesisrule,e.g.an apple,an honor,an orange curtain,an old ladyEpenthesis(Insertion)Rule:第51页ittellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented,e.g.design,paradigm(范例),thereisnogsound;butthegsoundispronouncedintheircorrespondingformssignature,designation,paradigmatic.第52页thoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments./thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments(largerthanphoneme)Principalsuprasegmentals:第53页nAncientGreek:aunitofspeechsoundconsistingofavoweloravowelwithoneormorethanoneconsonant.nDictionary:word or part of a wordwhich contains a vowel sound orconsonantactingasavowel.第54页 Onset Rime Nucleus Coda k r k t韵基韵基节首节首关键关键韵尾韵尾第55页Opensyllable:bar,tieClosedsyllablebard,tiedEnglishSyllable:(C)C)C)V(C)C)C)C)Chinesesyllable:(C)V(C)e.g.“split”,“sixths”and“prompts”.第56页WordstressSentencestress第57页nThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,e.g.ashiftinstressinEnglishmaychangethepartofspeechofaword:verb:import;increase;rebel;record noun:import;increase;rebelrecord nSimilaralterationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements:compound:blackbird;greenhouse;hotdog noun phrase:black bird;green house;hot dognThemeaning-distinctiveroleplayedbywordstressisalsomanifestedinthecombinationsof-ingformsandnouns:modifier:dining-room;readingroom;sleepingbag doer:sleeping baby;swimming fish;flying plane第58页ntherelativeforcegiventothecomponentsofa sentence.Generally,nouns,main verbs,adjectives,adverbs,numeralsanddemonstrative pronouns are stressed.Othercategories like articles,person pronouns,auxiliaryverbs,prepositionsandconjunctionsareusuallynotstressed.nNote:for pragmatic reason,this rule is notalwaysright,e.g.wemaystressanypartinthefollowingsentences.第59页Johnboughtaredcar.JOHNboughtaredcar.JohnBOUGHTaredcar.JohnboughtaREDcar.JohnboughtaredCAR.第60页nTonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.nEnglishisnotatonelanguage,butChineseis.ma 妈 (level)ma 麻 (the second rise)ma 马 (the third rise)ma 骂 (the fourth fall)第61页nWhenpitch,stressandlengthvariationsaretiedtothesentenceratherthantotheword,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.nEnglishhasthreetypesofintonationthataremostfrequentlyused:fallingtone(matteroffactstatement)risingtone(doubtsorquestion)thefall-risetone(impliedmessage)Forinstance,“Thats not the book he wants.”第62页Intonationplaysanimportantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,esp.inEnglish.nindicatedifferentsentencetypesbypitchdirection.nimposedifferentstructuresonthesentencebydividingitintodifferentintonationunits,e.g.“John didnt come because of Marry”Within one intonation unit,it means:John came,but it had nothing to do with Marry.With two intonation units,it means:Marry was the reason why John didnt come.“Those who bought quickly made a profit.”nmakeacertainpartofasentenceespeciallyprominentbyplacingnucleusonit第63页nattitudinalfunctions.Fallingtonematter-of-factstatement,downrightassertion,commands.Risingtonepoliteness,encouragement,pleading.Note:thesecanonlybeverygeneralindications.Thespecificattitudinalmeaningofanintonationpatternmustbeinterpretedwithinacontext.第64页nPhonicsnRealUseofSuprasegmentals 第65页