语言学练习第二章演示教学.doc

语言学练习第二章

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Chapter two
Summarize the characteristics of English consonants :
[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiced bilabial stop
[ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiced alveolar stop
[ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] voiced velar stop
[ ] bilabial nasal [ ] alveolar nasal
[ ] velar nasal [ ] voiceless postalveolar affricate
[ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] alveolar lateral
[ ] voiceless labioldental fricative
[ ] voiced labioldental fricative
[ ] voiceless dental fricative
[ ] voiced dental fricative
[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative
[ ] voiced alveolar fricative
[ ] voiced alveolar trill
[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative
[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ] glottal fricative
[ ] bilabial approximant [ ] palatal approximant

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.  
2．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.  
3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.  
4． Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.  
5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.  
6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.  
7．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.  
8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.  
9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.  
10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.  
11．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.  
12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.  
13． T are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.  
14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.
15．The sound /f/ is _________________.
 A. voiced palatal affricate             B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative           D. voiceless labiodental fricative    
16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.
A. phonetic components    B. immediate constituents
C. suprasegmental features            D. semantic features  
17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value.  It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone         B. sound C. allophone     D. phoneme  
18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A. phones       B. sounds C. phonemes     D. allophones  
19． Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible.
A. mouth   B. lips   C. tongue   D. vocal cords  
20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless    B. voiced  C. vowel     D. consonantal
21．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/        B. /d/ C. /k/    D./b/  
22． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
 A. identical    B. same C. exactly alike     D. similar  
Choose the best answer:
1. Pitch variation is known as ____when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A.intonation B.tone C. pronunciation D.voice
2. Conventionally a ____is put in slashes.
A.allophone B.phone C. phoneme D.morpheme
3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.
A.analogues B.tagmemes C. morpheme D.allophones
4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.
A. minimal pairs B. alloorphs C. phones D.allophones
5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.
A. acoustic phonetics B.articulatory phonetics
C. auditory phonetics D.neither of them
6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?
A. [z] B. [w] C. [θ] D.[v]
7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
A. [n] B. [m] C. [b] D.[p]
8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?
A. [i] B. [u] C. [e] D.[i:]
9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?
A. voiceless B. voiced C. glottal stop D.consonant
10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?
A. [f] B. [v] C. [z] D.[s]
True or false:
1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.
2. sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.
3. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.
4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.
5. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..
6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.
7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.
9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.
10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.
11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.

IV. Define the terms below:
1. phonology     2. phoneme      3.allophone   4. acoustic phonetics  
5.. international phonetic alphabet      
6. intonation      7.. phonetics     8.auditory phonetics   9.phone     10 tone       11. minimal pair

V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
1.  Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?
2.  What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
3.  What are the major differences between phonology and phone? 音韵学和语音学
4.  Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.
5.  In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?

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