初一英语语法知识点汇总教学总结.docx

此文档仅供收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除语法专项复习一（一）一般现在时1. 一般现在时的含义 表示现在的状态 表示经常或习惯性的动作 表示主语具备的性格和能力。2. 一般现在时的谓语构成 动词be肯定式 I am 否定式 I am not You/We/They are You/We/They arentShe/He/It is She/He/It isnt疑问式和简略回答Am I？ Yes, you are. No, you arent.Are you? Yes, I am/we are. No, I am not/we arent.Are we/they? Yes, we/they are. No, we/they arent. 动词 do肯定式 I/We/You/They+动词原形+其他成分She/He/It+动词第三人称单数形式+其他成分否定式 I/We/You/They dont+动词原形+其他成分She/He/It doesnt +动词原形+其他成分疑问式和简略回答Do I/you/we/they+动词原形+其他成分Yes, I/you/we/they do. No, I/you/we/they dont.Does she/he/it +动词原形+其他成分Yes, she/he/it does. No, she/he/it doesnt. 一般现在时第三人称单数的构成规则变化一般情况下直接+s work-works ask-asks see-sees以s, x, ch, sh, o 结尾+es watch-watches go-goes do-does wash-washes以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i加es try-tries study-studies fly-flies不规则变化 have-has练一练1. 给出下列单词的第三人称单数形式play go hurry teach buy see wash walk miss watch come say2. 用所给动词的适当形式完成短文Its Teds first day at school in Shanghai. The teacher _(take) him to the classroom. The students_ (ask) him, “_(do) you speak English or Chinese?” He _ (say), “Both. My father is an Englishman and my mother is a Chinese woman.” Ted _ （like）his new classmates. After school, he _(say) to his parents, I_ (love) my new school, teacher and classmates.（二）句子种类（1）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1） 陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述看法。She is at home. 她在家。He speaks English. 他讲英语。2） 疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）：Is this your pencil? 这是你的铅笔吗?b. 特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）：Where do you live? 你住哪儿？How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事？c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：Do you like tea or juice?你是要茶还是果汁？d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：He knows her, doesnt he?他认识她，对不对？3） 祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：Sit down, please. 请坐。Lets go home! 让我们回家吧！4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！（2）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1）主 + 动（SV）例如：I work. 我工作。2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is a teacher. 约翰是教师。3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English. 她学英语。4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：We think the job easy. 我们认为这个工作简单。5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。（三）单数句变复数句1. 可数名词单数要变为其相应的复数形式。It is a box. They are boxes.2. 各个人称代词要由单数形式变为复数形式。She is a girl. They are girls. I am at home. We are at home.3. am或is 要变为are.He is a teacher. They are teachers.4. 指示代词this或that要分别变为these或those。This is a pencil. These are pencils.5. 不定冠词a/an要去掉（固定搭配例外）。It is a black cat. They are black cats.6. man或 woman做定语修饰可数名词，在整个句子变成复数的情况下也要变成 men 或women.She is a woman teacher. They are women teachers.注意： 在单数句变复数句时，普通单数变为复数形式，但当名词修饰名词时，起修饰作用的名词不做变化。名词修饰名词常用单数。（man, woman除外）This is a apple tree. These are apple trees.练一练 单复数句转换1. What is her name?2. This quilt is green.3. Is that a pencil?4. The box is on the table.5. He is a man teacher.6. They are white dogs.7. These are our erasers.语法专项二. 教学过程：（一）词类1. 名词 表示人或事物名称的词 teacher, book , pen 主，表，补，定，同2. 代词 代替名词、形容词或数词等 we, my, some, this 主，表，宾，定，同3. 数词 表示数目或顺序 two, first, fifth 主，表，宾，定，同4. 动词 表示动词或状态 be, take, look 谓语 动词to work, working, worked 主，表，宾，补，定，状5. 形容词 修饰名词，表示人或事物的性质和特征 good, big, nice, beautiful 表，补，定，同6. 副词 表示动作特征或形状特征 修饰动词形容词或其他副词 fast, nearly, happily, here表，状7. 冠词 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 a , an, the8. 介词 表示名词或代词与其他词的关系 in, on, under9. 连词 连接词与词，短语和短语，句子和句子 and, if, but, or10. 感叹词 表示说话时的感情或语气 oh, hello, hi（二）名词所有格1. 名词在句子中表示所有关系，所属关系常用名词所有格。两种形式：（1）名词词尾加s，主要用于有生命的名词 Toms mother the teachers desk（2）of+名词，主要用于无生命的名词。the wall of the classroom2. s属格的构成方法：（1）单数名词在末尾加 s the boys backpack the womans computer（2）以s或es 结尾的名词只在词尾加 “”the boys backpacks my boss office（3）复数名词后一般只加 不规则的复数名词加sthe girls books the childrens soccers（4）表示几个名词各自的所有关系时，名词末尾都加Toms and Jacks books Lucys and Lilys rooms（5）表示几个名词共有的，应在最后一个词后加sTom and Jacks mother Lucy and Lilys room（6）表示时间、距离、重量、国家、城市等无生命的名词后也可以加s表示其所有关系 an hours walk the citys parks（7）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词。 my uncles (house) the doctors（office）3. 双重所有格（1）双重所有格即“of + 名词s 所有格”，表示整体中的一个或部分。用于修饰of前的名词，此时of前面的名词一定要有一个a(an)，two，any，some，no，few，another或this，that，these，those之类的修饰语（这个修饰语一般不能是one和the）。双重所有格也可由“of+名词性物主代词”构成，如：a friend of mineDo you know any friends of my brothers?Two classmates of my sisters will come to join us（2）在双重所有格中，用作介词补足成分的所有格的名词必须是确定特指的，而且一般指人。an old friend of my fathers this baby of my aunts4. 在表示名词所有格时，s结构可以转换成of结构。the girls name the name of the girlmy fathers friend the friend of my fathers练一练1. This is my dress. That one is _.A. Mary B. Marys C. sister D. mother2. The woman over there is _ mother.A. Julia and Sallys B. Julias and SallysC. Julia and Sally D. Julias and Sally3. Excuse me, where are _ offices?Over there.A. teachers B. teachers C. the teachers D. the teachers（三）代词1. 人称代词人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格第一人称I me we us第二人称you第三人称he she it him her it they them2. 物主代词单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词my your his her its our your their名词性物主代词Mine yours his hers its ours his theirs形容词性的物主代词只能作定语，名词性的物主代词可作主语，宾语或表语 其后不加名词。This is my book. Yours is on the chair. 这是我的书，你的在椅子上。Our classroom is big. Theirs is small. 我们的教室很大，他们的很小。练一练 填上或选择适当的代词1. Thank you very much for _ help.2. Mr. White is a good teacher. We must learn from _.3. “Are these books yours?” “No, _ are not _. They are Toms.”4. _ (He, Her, His ) name is Jack. _ (She, He, His) is a teacher.5. _ (I, My, Mine ) aunt is a nurse. _ (She, He, Her) works very hard.6. My pen is red. How about _( her, hers, she)?（四）句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物，回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：Im Miss Green.2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回答“做（什么）”。主要由动词担任。 如：Jack cleans the room every day.3、表语在系动词之后，说明主语的身份或特征，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping Ping .4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter .有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语，放在直接宾语后面，来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me .5、定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，通常由副词担任。如：He works hard. （他工作努力。）7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么，通常由形容词或动词充当如：They usually keep their classroom cleanHe often helps me do my lessons.（五）there be 句型“there be +名词词组”中，there为虚词，be后面的名词词组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时需注意如下几点：1、there be句式表示“有”时，它表示一种存在关系，通常带有一个地点状语，意为“什么地方（时候）有”。此外，其主语还可以带前置或后置定语。例如：There is a blackboard in the classroom. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.2、在正式文体中，该句式中be动词的单复数形式取决于以下两种情况：（1）该句式中只有一个主语，主语为单数时，be动词用单数；主语若为复数，be动词也用复数。（2）该句式中有几个并列主语，则按就近原则处理，即与靠近be动词的第一个主语保持一致。例如：1) There is a pen on the desk.2) There are three apples on the table.3) There is a dictionary and two pens on the desk.4) There are two pens and a dictionary on the desk.3. there be句型与have的区别：there be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下：there be表示“某处存在某物或某人”；have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”，它表示所有、拥有关系。e.g. He has two sons. 他有两个儿子。 There are two men in the office. 办公室里有两个男人。语法专项（三）（一）数词数词的定义：表示“多少”和“第几“的词,叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。基数词：表示数目的词是基数词，最基本的数词如下：1 one, 2 two, 3 three, 4 four, 5 five, 6 six, 7 seven, 8 eight, 9 nine, 10 ten,11 eleven, 12 twelve, 13 thirteen, 14 fourteen, 15 fifteen, 16 sixteen, 17 seventeen, 18 eighteen, 19 nineteen, 20 twenty, 30 thirty, 40 forty, 50 fifty, 60 sixty, 70 seventy, 80 eighty, 90 ninety,100 a hundred, 1,000 a thousand, 1,000,000 a million, 1,000,000,000 a billion.基数词 1-12 是独立单词，需逐个记忆。基数词13 - 19是个位数词的词干后加-teen 构成。其中 thirteen, fifteen, eighteen, 变化不规则。基数词 2090 是在十位数词后面加 -ty 构成。基数词 2199 是在十位数词后面加上个位数词合成，中间加上连字符“-”。例如：21 twenty-one。基数词三位以上的数词，在百位和十位之间，一般要用连词“and”。例如：342 three hundred and forty-two表示“万”的词英语中没有，如1万可用10千来表示：ten thousand. 30万可用 three hundred thousand 来表示。【典型例题】例题1There are _ days in a year.A. three hundreds and sixty five B. three hundred and sixty- fiveC. three hundred and sixty five D. three hundred sixty five例题2How long is the river? Its _ metres.A. about three hundreds and seventeen.B. about three hundred seventeen.C. about three hundred and seventeen. D. about three hundreds seventeen.基数词的用法：从句子成分上分析，基数词在句中可用作主语，宾语，表语等。Four of them went to the factory. 他们四个人去了工厂。（主语）I want two. 我要两个。(宾语）My classmate is eighteen. 我的同学十八岁。(表语)1）编号的事物用基数词：Today we are going to study Lesson Six. 今天我们要学习第6课。He lives in Room 801. 他住在801房间。a 用No. No（读Number）后加数字，数字读基数词。如：No.1 Number One,No.3 bus Number Three busb 用基数词 词序为：名词（词首字母大写）+ 基数词（如用英语拼写，词首字母也要大写）如：Lesson One, Class Four, World War Two。此种方法较常见，特别是当数字较长时。如：Room 306, No.106 Middle School。注意：编号也可以用序数词 词序为：the + 序数词 +名词 如：the first lesson, the Second World War例题3Jim is in _ Middle School.A. No.7 th B. 7 th C. 7 No. D. No.7例题4I think _ lesson is the most difficult in this book.A. five B. the fifth C. fifth D. the five2）表示“年，月，日”时可以用基数词。I was born in 1971. 我生于1971年。例题5His sister was born_.A .in 1998, Octorber21 B. on 1998, Octorber21 C. in Octorber21,1998 D. on Octorber21,19983）表示“几点钟，几点过几分”用基数词。 Its two oclock. 现在是二点钟。Its five fifteen. 现在5点15分。例题6What time is it? Its (2:40).A. forty past two B. two past fourC. twenty to three D. twenty to two例题7He stays here for _.A. two and half hours B. two hours and half C. two hours and a half D. two -half hours4）用于加减乘除的数字用基数词。 One plus two is three. 一加二等于三。5）表示大几倍或者小几倍用基数词。 Five times six is thirty. 五乘以六得三十。6）表示百分数用基数词。 Thirty percent of them is water. 它们当中有30%的水。7）表示分数时，分子数字用基数词，但分母要用序数词，如分子不是1，序数词要用复数形式。One-third of the books are mine. 三分之一的书是我的。Two- fifths of the students are girls. 五分之二的学生是女生。例题8（05 河北）This is a big class, and _ of the students are boys.A. two third B. second three C. two- thirds D. two three8）表示有小数的词用基数词。 5.5 five point five注意：1）用复数形式修饰名词使用of+名词复数hundreds of 数以百计thousands of 数以千计tens of thousands of 数以万计several millions of 好几百万 Hundreds of young people like music. 数以百计的年轻人喜欢音乐。但表示确切的百或千时不能用复数形式，如：five hundred ten thousand three million例题9We have five _ students in our school.A. hundred of B. hundreds of C. hundred D. hundreds例题10There are _ people in the zoo on Childrens Day.A. one hundreds B. two hundreds of C. hundreds of D. hundred2）表示时间距离时，使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语five minutes walk 步行五分钟的路程Its half an hours walk from my home to the school. 从我家到学校是步行半小时的路程。例题11Its about _.A. half hours walk B. half hour walk C. half hours walk D. half an hours walk3）由数词和其他名词构成的名词性短语作定语时，其中的名词用单数，名词性短语各部分用-连接。Its a five-minute walk from the classroom to the library. 从教室到图书馆需走5分钟。He is a sixteen-year-old boy.他是一个十六岁男孩。例题12Henry is a _ schoolboyA. 12 years B. 12 years old C. 12-year-old D. 12-years-old例题 13The schoolboy is _.A. 12 years B. 12 years old C. 12-year-old D. 12 year old序数词：表示数目顺序的词用序数词。例如：first 第一, second 第二, third 第三, fourth 第四, fifth 第五, sixth 第六, seventh 第七, eighth 第八, ninth 第九, tenth 第十, eleventh 第十一,twelfth 第十二, thirteenth 第十三, nineteenth 第十九, twentieth 第二十, fortieth 第四十, fifty-first 第五十一, eighty-third 第八十三, ninety-fourth 第九十四1）序数词119 除第一，第二，第三，第五，第八，第九，第十二变化不规则外，其余均由在基数词后加上 -th。2）十位整数的序数词的构成方法是将十位整数基数词的词尾 -y 变成 i 再加 -eth。3）几十几的序数词，只是把个位数变成序数词，十位数不变。同学们需要记住一些特殊拼写的序数词。如：第1first 第2second 第3third 第5fifth 第9ninth第12twelfth 第20twentieth序数词的用法：序数词主要用作定语，表语。前面要加定冠词 the。但序词前如果有物主代词或名词所有格一般不用the。The fifth lesson is very easy to learn. 第五课很好学。You are the first one I believe. 你是我最相信的人。例题 14I think that the _century will bring us more hopes.A. twenty-one B. twentieth-first C. twenty-first D. twentieth-one例题 15Tuesday is _ day of the week.A. two B. the second C. three D. the third例题 16September is the _ month of the year.She is the _ woman to come here.(十二)（二）时间前介词的用法 at1. 用在具体的某一时间前，即表示几点几分。I get up at six oclock in the morning. 我在早晨六点起床。2. 用在at noon (在中午) at night(在夜里) at that time(在那时)at Christmas(在圣诞节)等短语中We often go out for a walk at night. 我们在夜晚出去散步。 in1. 用在某年某月某季某周前in winter 在冬天 in October 在十月 in the first week 在第一周 in 2008 在2008年2. 用来表示“在白天、早晨、上午、下午、晚上”in the day 在白天 in the morning 在早晨 in the afternoon在下午 in the evening 在晚上3. 表示在一段时间之后或之内Hell come back in two days. 他将在两天后回来。 on1. 用来表示具体的某一天或具体的某个节日on my birthday 在我生日那天 on May 1st 在五一on Sunday 在周日 on Teachers Day在教师节2. 用来表示具体某一天的上下午或晚上on Monday morning 在周一的早晨 on the evening of October 10th在10月10日的晚上 for 表示延续的时间段After class I have volleyball for two hours. 放学后我打两个小时的排球。The Green family have been in China for four years.格林一家来中国已经两年了。 from 从到The shop opens from 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. 这家商店从早晨8点到晚上9点营业。We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五上学。注意：名词前如果有this，last，next 一般不用介词例题 17They have no classes_ Saturday and Sunday.A. in B. on C. at D. from例题 18He goes to bed _ nine every day.A. in B. on C. at D. for例题 19I will finish the work _ two weeks.A. for B. on C. in D. at例题 20Tom often gets up _ six _ the morning.A. at, on B. on, in C. at, at D. at , in例题 21She likes go swimming _ Sunday morning.A. at B. in C. on D. for例题 22We went to the city _ a very cold evening.A. at B. in C. on D. for例题 23Every evening I watch TV _ two hours.A. in B. from C. for D. about语法专项 (四)(一) 冠词1. 种类：（1）不定冠词：a / an 以辅音音素开头的可数名词前用a: a unit以元音音素开头的可数名词前用an : an uncle an houran egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock /an actor / an e-mail / an address / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson（2）定冠词：the the egg the plane2. 定冠词的用法：（1）特指某（些）人或某（些）物： The ruler is on the desk.（2）复述上文提到的人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.（3）谈话双方都知道的人或物：The boys arent at school.（4）在序数词前： Johns birthday is February the second.(5) 世界上独一无二的事物 the sun the moon(6) 用于姓氏的复数前，表一家人。the Smiths史密斯一家 the Greens格林一家（7）用于固定词组中： in the morning / afternoon / evening3. 零冠词的情况：（1）专有名词前：China is a big country.（2）名词前有定语：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：This is my baseball.（3）复数名词表示一类人和事：Monkeys cant swim. They are teachers.（4）在节日，日期，月份，季节前：Today is Christmas Day. Its Sunday.（5）一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.（6）球类、棋类运动前： They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.* 但乐器前要用定冠词：I play the guitar very well.（7）学科名称前： My favorite subject is music.（8）在称呼或头衔的名词前：This is Mr. Li.（9）固定词组中： at noon at night by bus go to school go to bed at school例题1 (06河北)There is _ a