初一英语语法总结教学提纲.docx

此文档仅供收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除七年级英语语法知识点汇总一字母和音标1. 26个英文字母：5个元音字母a, e, i, o, u （联系汉语拼音中的韵母排列顺序快速记忆）2. 48个国际音标：20个元音组合，28个辅音组合。重点辨别相似发音的元音组合。如： a China breakfast e ea head bread ei a name cake二十大词类（一）名词a. 专有名词和普通名词。专有名词指个别的人，事物，地点等专有的名称，如China, Gina. 普通名词如table, chair.b. 可数名词和不可数名词：可数名词有复数形式，如an apple，two apples. 不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如milk, bread, rice.重点可数名词的复数变形：有规则变化和不规则变化两种规则变化：1一般情况直接在词尾加 “-s”, 如: bag-bags, day-days, boy-boys, key-keys等。 2以s, x, sh, ch结尾的单词，要在词尾加 “-es”, 如: bus-buses, watch-watches, box-boxes等。3以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，要变y为i再加 “-es”, 如：baby-babies, country-countries, family-families等。4部分以f (e)结尾的单词，要变f (e)为“ves”, 如：knife-knives, half-halves等。 顺口溜：小偷(thief)的妻子(wife)，为了自己(self)保命(life)，站到架子上(shelf)，用树叶(leaf)做的小刀(knife)，将狼(wolf)劈成了两半(half)5以字母“o”结尾的单词，没有生命的加“-s”,有生命的加“-es”,如：zoo-zoos, photo-photos, tomato-tomatoes.口诀：黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)爱在火山(volcano)吃土豆(potato)西红柿(tomato) 不规则变化：1改变单数名词中的元音字母：man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth等。 2单、复同形：sheep-sheep, fish-fish,cattle-cattle,deer-deer, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese等。 3其他形式如: mouse-mice, child-children,person-people,ox-oxen等. 4、一些名词虽分单数、复数，但出现次数多的总是单数词例：abscence; clothing; film; help; furniture家具; machinery机械; news; scenery风景; sugar; traffic交通5、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多例：bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀 trousers长裤; wages工资名词所有格：表示所属关系1. 单数名词词尾直接加s, 复数名词词尾没有s的也要加s, 如the boys bag 男孩的书包 mens room 男厕所 Childrens Day 儿童节2. 若是复数名词词尾有s ，只加“ ”, 如：Teachers Day 教师节3. 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个s，则表示“共有”，如：Johns and Marys room(两间) John and Marys room(一间) （二）冠词1. 定冠词the：特指某(些)人或某(些)物，如The blue shirt is mine. 蓝衬衫是我的。2. 不定冠词a/an: 用来表示“一”这个数量, 其中an放在元音字母开头的名词前面，如 an apple, an orange.3. 零冠词: 不用冠词的情况。在专有名词，不可数名词，学科名称，三餐和球类运动名称前不用冠词，如：Tianan Men Square天安门广场（三）代词（人称、物主、反身代词）物主代词：包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。前者用法相当于名词，在句中可单独使用，如：-Whos book is this? -It is mine. 后者用法相当于形容词，在句中不可单独使用，如 It is my book.反身代词：表示“自己”，“本身”。指示代词（四）数词1. 基数词：表示数目的多少2. 序数词：表示事物的先后顺序，往往与冠词the连用基数词变序数词口诀：一、二、三，单独记；八去t，九除e， ve要用f替，整十基数变序数，先把ty变成tie；要是遇到两位数，十位基数个位序，th最后加上去。口诀解析：onefirst， twosecond， threethird这三个词变化特殊，要单独记；eighteighth， nineninth， 八去t，九去e后再加-th； fivefifth， twelvetwelfth，五和十二把ve换成f再加-th；twentytwentieth， thirtythirtieth. 整十先把词尾y改为ie再加-th。两位数时则十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，如：twenty-first。注：fourfourteenforty（基数词）fourthfourteenthfortieth（序数词）三时态：（一）一般现在时：a.表示习惯性、经常性、反复性的动作或存在的状态b. 表示事实或客观真理。 结构：1. be动词（am, is, are）的用法记忆口诀： “我”用am, “你”用are, is用于“他、她、它”；单数全都用is，复数全部都用are.句子转换：当句子中有be动词或情态动词时，则把be动词或情态动词(can, could等等)提到主语的前面变成一般疑问句；在be动词或情态动词后面加not变成否定句陈述句：She is a student. 一般疑问： Is she a student? 否定句：She is not a student.2. 实义动词do（除第三人称单数外，谓语动词用原形）句子转换：当句子中既没有be动词，也没有情态动词时，则在主语前加助动词do (I, you, we, they), does（单数she, he, it）变成一般疑问句；在主语后谓语动词前加助动词dont（I, you, we, they), doesnt（单数she, he, it）变成否定句，助动词后的动词要变成动词原形.陈述句：We get up at 7:00 every morning.一般疑问句：Do you get up at 7:00 every morning?否定句：We dont get up at 7:00 every morning.【重点】动词第三人称单数（三单）的规则变化1. 一般在词尾加-s，如: looks, puts, reads, sees等。2. 以-o, -s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的加-es，如: goes, does, watches, teaches3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i再加-es. 注：若是元音字母加y，则直接加-s。 如：fly flies, try tries, fry fries, copy copiesbuy buys, enjoy enjoys, play plays, say says, pay pays总结：三单的变化规律与可数名词复数的（前三种）变化规律相似。（二）现在进行时：1. 表示现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。 如：He is reading . They are talking now.2. 表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。如：They are working on a farm these days.3. 结构：动词be（am/is/are）+V-ingV-ing形式构成：1. 一般在动词词尾加上-ing，如gogoing looklooking watchwatching2. 以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加-ing. 如writewriting taketaking3. 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母时，要先将词尾的辅音字母双写再加ing，如runrunning shopshopping getgetting sitsitting（三）一般过去时：表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；或过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为（used to）；1. 句子转换口诀：一般过去并不难，表示过去(动作、状态)记心间。 动词要用过去式，时间状语句末站。如果动词是Be动词（was/were）,构成主系表的结构。如果动词是实义动词或除be动词以外的其它连系动词，需要将句中的动词变为过去时否定句很简单，didnt动词(原形)前，其它部分不要变。疑问句也好变，did放在句子前，其它部分依次站。陈述句He(she, it) worked 疑问句Did he(she, it) work?否定句He (she, it)did not work2. 表过去的时间状语如：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last (year, night, month, 具体时间)， just now, at the age of , one day, long ago, once upon a time(很久以前)3. 动词变化规则：规则变化：a.一般情况直接加ed，如：workworked looklookedb. 以不发音的e结尾的，加-d，如：live lived hope hopedc. 以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i加ed, 如：study studiedd. 以重读闭音节结尾的，末尾只有一个辅音字母，要双写最后的辅音字母加-ed，如： stop stopped planplanned特别提示：1. 在清辅音后读t 如：helped stopped2. 在元音或辅音后读d 如： stayed agreed3. 在辅音t ，d 后读id 如： wanted needed不规则变化 ：过去时和原形相同， 如：cutcut readread四There be句型结构1. 结构的主谓一致。There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时表示某地或某时存在某事或某人。句子的结尾往往带有地点状语或时间状语。其中there是引导词，本身没有词意，be是谓语动 词，be后面的名词是主语。be的数与后面的名词一致，若be后是两个或多个并列的名词，be则与靠得最近的那个名词的数一致。如 There was a meeting yesterday. 昨天有个会议比较：There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔、两本书和好些铅笔。There are two books, a pen and many pencils on the desk2there be的否定、疑问及其回答式(1) 否定式：be后面加not(any)或no。如：There are not any boats on the river. 河上没有船。(2) 疑问句：把be移到there之前。如：Were there many boats on this river? 过去这条河上有许多船吗？回答：Yes, there were. / No, there werent.五句子种类（一） 陈述句陈述句的否定结构：陈述句的否定式主要用两种结构来表达：（1）句子的谓语动词为be , have 或者谓语动词有助动词、情态动词时，其否定结构为： 主语+谓语动词/助动词/情态动词 + not + 其他成分I am not a teacher. 我不是老师。We have not (havent) any books on animals. 我们没有任何有关动物方面的书。The children are not (arent) playing in the playground. 孩子们没在操场上玩。He will not (wont) come. 他不会来。We must not (mustnt) forget the past. 我们不能忘记过去。It could not (couldnt) be lost. 它不可能丢的。（2） 当句子的谓语动词是do (即行为动词)，而且没有助动词或情态动词时，其否定结构为：主语+do (does,did) + not + 动词原形 + 其他成分You do not (dont) come here every day . 你没有每天都来这里。He does not (doesnt) teach this class . 他不教这个班。They did not(didnt) watch TV last night . 昨晚他们没看电视。注意：陈述句的语调一般用降调。但在表示疑问的语气时，用升调，在书面上要用问号来表示。You really want to go to Hong Kong ? 你真的想去香港吗？这句话表示的是一种疑问，只不过是通过陈述的语序和疑问的语气来表达的（二） 疑问句疑问句是用来提出疑问的句子，句末用问号？。常考的疑问句有四类，即：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。第一节 一般疑问句一般疑问句通常需要用yes 或no 来回答，所以又叫做是非疑问句。在读这种句子时 要用升调。一般疑问句主要有以下几种类型：1、be + 主语 + 表语结构 Are you sleepy ? 你困了吗？ Yes, I am . 是的，我困了。3、情态动词 + 主语言+ 行为动词（或be）结构 May/Can I use the telephone? 我能用这部电话吗？ Yes, you can. 是的，可以。5、助动词（do, does, did）+ 主语 + 行为动词结构 Do you like swimming in summer? 你喜欢夏天游泳吗？ No, I dont . 不，我不喜欢。 难点提示回答否定性一般疑问句时，要在Yes 后面用肯定结构，表示肯定；在No 后面用否定结构，表示否定。注意在说法上正好与汉语习惯相反。诀窍是在回答的时候，只要把它当成没有加否定形式的普通一般疑问句看待就可以了。注意下面例句的回答和它的意思。 Is he not your elder brother? 他不是你的哥哥吗？Yes, he is . 不，他是（我的哥哥）。No, he is not. 是的，他不是（我的哥哥）。 Isnt she very clever? 她难道不是很聪明吗？ Yes, she is. 不，她很聪明。 No, she is not . 是，她不聪明。第二节 特殊疑问句一、特殊疑问句是用来提出来特定问题的疑问句，要求听到问题的人针对特定情况来做具体的回答不能用Yes或No来回答的问句，句尾读降调。(由五个W一个H来引导特殊疑问句)二、特殊疑问句的结构：特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句Who do English homework in the evening?谁晚上做英语家庭作业？What do you do in the evening?你晚上做什么？What homework do you do in the evening?你晚上做什么家庭作业？When do you do English homework?你什么时候做英语家庭作业？三、注意：对人提问时who谁对所属（谁的）提问用whose谁的对哪一个提问用which哪一个对时间提问用when什么时候或what time几点对物体提问用what什么对地点提问用where哪里对原因提问用why为什么对方式提问用how怎么样对数量提问用how many多少（用于可数名词复数）或how much多少（用于不可数名词）四、难点提示1、 以why开头的特殊疑问句否定形式常用于表示建议、请求等。 Why dont you have a try? 你为什么不试试呢？2、 特殊疑问句常用到一些缩略形式，在平时学习中要注意习惯这些用法。I dont want to go there. How about you? 我不想去那儿，你呢？But what else? 可是还有什么呢？（三）祈使句：表命令、警告、提醒、建议、请求、叮嘱、号召等，谓语动词用原形。主语you通常省略，句末用叹号或句号。肯定式以动词原形开头，否定式在动词原形前加dont. 如： Dont arrive late for class. Practice the guitar every day.为了表示礼貌，常在句首或者句末加please，在句末以“，”隔开。如：come in，please. Please call me!Lets祈使句: 包括听话者本人在内，表示建议。如：Lets go home. 我们回家吧！（四）感叹句感叹句是表达喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊奇、惊讶等强烈感情的句子。感叹句通常由 what 或 how 引导。what和how与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。打油诗一首或what an形后若是不可数或名复数只用what就可以形容词后乱糟糟只写how就OK了六情态动词：是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪，态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。can的基本用法：1. 表示能力。I can speak English. 我会讲英语。2. 表示许可。You can play football on weekends. 你可以在周末踢足球。3. 表示请求。Can you help me? 你能帮助我吗？must表示“必须”。 You must read a book before you watch TV.have to表示“不得不”，“必须”，如We have to be quiet in the library. 二者区别：1. must表示说话人主观的看法，have to往往强调客观需要。如：I must go.It is a little late and I have to go now.2.否定意义不同：mustnt 表示“禁止”，而dont have to 表示“不必”。 You mustnt talk to your mother like that.You dont have to come if you dont want to.3.must 没有人称和数的变化，但have to有I/You/They must do it now.She has to finish her homework today.八介词介词是一种虚词，它不能单独担任句子成分，必须与名词或代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句构成介词短语，才能担任句子成分。1. 表示时间的介词at，in，onA. at：用于表示时刻、时间的某一点at 6 oclock 在6点 at lunch在午饭时 at breakfast早餐时at noon正午时 at that time那时B. on用于表示某天，某一天的上、下午（指具体的某一天，一律用on）on Monday在周一 on Tuesday morning在周二早上 on June 6 在6月6日C. in用于表示周、月、 季节、年和泛指的上午、下午、晚上（指在一段时间内） in the afternoon在下午 in the week在这周 in the holiday在假期中D. for 后面跟一段时间： for two days/hours2. 表示场所、方向的介词at，in，onA. at在某地（表示比较狭窄的场所, 小地方） at school上学 at home在家B. on在.上面，有接触面 on the desk 在桌子上面 on the map在地图上C. in表示一个范围（大地方） in Beijing/China in the water3.固定搭配By+交通工具 by bus/ train/plane/bike/subway重点：动词和介词的连用，如：arrive at/in 到达 ask for 请求 get off 下车 listen to 听help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事 talk about 谈论 look at 看；注视附：形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法： 当两种物体之间相互比较时，我们要用形容词或副词的比较级； 当相互比较的物体是三个或三个以上时，我们就要用形容词或副词的最高级。形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的变化规律：1. 单音节形容词或副词后面直接加-er或-esttalltallertallest fastfasterfastest2. 以-e结尾的单音节形容词或副词直接加-r或-stlargelargerlargest nicenicernicest3. 以-y结尾的形容词或副词，改-y为-i再加-er或-estbusybusierbusiest earlyearlierearliest4. 形容词或副词是重读闭音节时，双写最后的辅音字母，再加-er或-esthothotterhottest bigbiggerbiggest5. 多音节形容词或副词前面直接加more或mostdeliciousmore deliciousmost deliciousbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful6. 不规则变化good (well)betterbest bad (badly)worseworstmany(much)-more-most little-less-least .1、 比较级+than从句表示两者比较（ A 比较级+than B ）. 他比我高。He is _ (tall) than me. 他的头发比我的短。His hair is _(short) than _.He has _ (short) hair than _. Tom比我胖。 Tom is _ (fat) than me. 谁跑得快些，Lucy 还是Lily？ Who runs _, Lucy or Lily?. 英语比语文重要。English is _ (important) than Chinese. 我来的比你晚。I come _ (late) than you. . 他比你小2岁。Hes 2 years _ than you. 表示两者“相等”用，as+形容词原级+比较对象: (A as 原级 B )他和我一样高。 He is as _ (tall) as I/me.英语比语文重要。English is as _ (important) as Chinese.他的头发和我的头发一样长。His hair is _ _ _ mine.他学习和你一样努力。He works _ hard _ you. 表示“不如”， “不相等”时，用“not+as/so+形容词原级+as+比较对象”。他没我高。He is _ _ (tall) as me.今天没有昨天暖和。Today is _ _ _(warm) _ yesterday. =Yesterday _ _ than today. 他昨天来得没有我早。He _ come _ early as I (did) yesterday.比较级前可用much / a lot / far( 得多)， a little（稍微） ,still, no, even（甚至）, any 等表示程度；形容词、副词前如有：very, too, quite（非常）, rather（相当）等修饰，一般用原级。 比较： He is much _( well) today. Its much _ (expensive).He is very _ (well) today. Its too _ (expensive) “比较级 +and+ 比较级”表示“越来越”天气越来越冷了。Its getting _ and _(cold) “The+ 比较级，the+ 比较级”表示“越，就越越多越好 The _, the _. “用twice 等表示倍数的词+ as +原级as”表示甲是乙的几倍。这间房是那间房的两倍。This room is _ as big as that one. 形容词最高级的用法：表示三者或三者以上（人或物）的比较,其中有一个超过其他几个。形容词最高级前要加the，后面通常带of（in）短语来说明比较的范围（of 后的名词或代词表示与主语属同一类；in 表示时间或空间范围）。在我们班上他最高。 He is _ ( tall) _ our class.玛丽是这三个学生中最小的。Mary is _ (young) _ the three students.主谓一致主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致一 单项选择：1. Eating vegetables_ good for our health.A. is B. are C. were D. was2. More than one person _ made the suggestion.A. was B. has C. were D. have3. I think _ of the materials I listened to at the beginning of the exam _ easy.A. two thirds; is B. second three; are C. two thirds; are D. two third; are4. Neither you nor Lin Hua _ to the Great Wall before.A. had been B. has gone C. has been D. have been5. The writer and teacher _ coming now.A. is B. are C. has D. have6. Something _ gone wrong with my TV set.A. has B. have C. is D. are7. Nothing but grass and trees _ the hill.A. covers B. cover C. covering D. are covering8. Physics _ more interesting than Maths, I think.A. are B. is C. was D. were9. Each student and each teacher _ to see the film.A. go B. wish C. are D. wants10. Either Tom or I _ to blame.A. to be B. am C. are D. is11. There _ a desk, two beds and four chairs in the room.A. is B. are C. has D. have12. Lucy, together with her two brothers, often _ to the park on Sundays.A. go B. goes C. are going D. is going13. There _ a pair of shoes on the floor. The shoes_ mine.A. are; is B. is; is C. is; are D. are; are14. None of that money on the table _ mine.A. is B. are C. been D. have15. Could you get me a piano, Mum? There _ enough room for one in our home.A. is B. are C. isnt D. arent16. The family I am staying with _ very friendly.A. is B. are C. was D. were17. Our team _ the World Cup!A. has won B. have won C. are won D. is won18. Our country _ great changes in the last 30 years.A. experience B. experiences C. has experienced D. experiencing19. The police _ having a meeting in their office at ten yesterday.A. is B. are C. was D. were20. The number of people invited _ 50, but a number of them _absent for differentreasons.A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were21. A library with 5000 books _ to the nation as a gift.A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered22. I told him what I was surprised _ his attitude towards his study.A. is B. was C. at is D. at was23. On the wall _ two large portraits(肖像).A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. are hung24. All that can be done _.A. has been done B. has done C. have done D. were done25. The singer and the dancer _ come to the meeting.A. has B. have C. are D. is26. I have finished a large part of the book; the rest _ more difficult.A. is B. are C. was D. were27. The wounded(伤员) _ by the hospital.A. has taken in B. has been taken in C. have taken in D. have been taken in28. The following _ some other examples.A. are B. is C. was D. were29. The whole class _ the teacher attentively(认真地).A. are listening B. is listening to C. are listening to D. is listening30. All _ present and all _ going on well, our manager said.A. is; is B. are; are C. are; is D. is; are31. The rich _ not always happy.A. are B. is C. has D. have32. He is the very thief that the police _.A. is after B. is looking C. are after D. are looking33. The third and last chapter(章节) _ by Profess