1、Technical English for Mechanical Engineering机电工程专业英语机电工程专业英语 第1页Lecture 1 Introduction引言引言 第2页1.1 什么是专业英语什么是专业英语 普通英语(普通英语(Common English,Ordinary English)科技英语(科技英语(English for Science and Technology)专业英语专业英语(English for Special Science and Technology)l是结合各自专业科技英语是结合各自专业科技英语 有很强专业性,包括面愈加狭窄,与专业内容配合更为
2、亲密。l隶隶属属于于科科技技英英语语 是科技英语一部分,以表示科技概念、理论与事实为主要目标。恪守科技英语语法体系和翻译方法;尤其重视客观事实和真理,表示准确、精练和正式。专业英语与科技英语现有区分又有联络。专业英语学习需要有一个良好科技英语基础,同时也要注意其本身词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点等等。第3页1.2 学习专业英语主要性学习专业英语主要性(1)(1)科研信息获取科研信息获取(2)(2)研究结果展示研究结果展示 (3)(3)国际交流合作国际交流合作 l当前大部分资料都能够经过互联网传输,而这些资料中90以上都是英语。l世界上科技情报资料交流主要靠使用英语,对子电气工程、电子工
3、程和信息类等专业来说,绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。专业英语阅读能力专业英语阅读能力l申报国家奖项l申请专利l发表学术论文:85以上科技资料都是以英语形式出版 专业英语写作能力专业英语写作能力专业英语表示、听说、应变能力专业英语表示、听说、应变能力第4页1.3 课程学习内容课程学习内容 主要内容:l基础知识(文体特点,语法特点,词汇特点,惯用符号公式表示)l阅读翻译,专业词汇第5页Lecture 2 Features of Specialized English专业英语特点专业英语特点第6页2.1 Grammar Features 客观性(客观性(Objective)、准确性(准确
4、性(accuracy)和精练性精练性(conciseness)。(1)(1)广泛使用被动语态广泛使用被动语态(2)(2)广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式 (3)(3)省略句使用频繁省略句使用频繁 (4)(4)It句型和祈使句使用频繁句型和祈使句使用频繁(5)(5)复杂长句使用频繁复杂长句使用频繁(6)(6)后置形容词短语作定语多后置形容词短语作定语多 语法特点第7页(1)(1)广泛使用被动语态广泛使用被动语态2.1 Grammar Features l主体主体多为客观事物、现象和过程,在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个多为客观事物、现象和过程,在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人主观臆断;人主观臆
5、断;l中中心心是是客客观观现现象象及及事事物物本本身身,而而非非动动作作发发出出者者,把把论论证证说说明明对对象象置置于于句子主语位置,既能突出中心,又能吸引读者注意。句子主语位置,既能突出中心,又能吸引读者注意。(客观性客观性)1)Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.电能够用数量和质量来度量。电能够用数量和质量来度量。2)Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.互感器安装在高压设备上互感器安装在高压设备上第8页2.1 Grammar
6、Features 3)Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.电能是在发电站或发电厂产生电能是在发电站或发电厂产生 4)The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.这些仪表能够被校准而且设计了不一样量程这些仪表能够被校准而且设计了不一样量程 ,方便读出期望数值。,方便读出期望数值。5)Electrical energy can be stored in two met
7、al plates separated by an insulation medium.Such a device is called a capacitor,and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in Farads.电能能够储存在被一绝缘介质隔开两块金属板中,这么装置被称为电容器,电能能够储存在被一绝缘介质隔开两块金属板中,这么装置被称为电容器,它储存电能能力就被称为电容。电容测量单位是法拉。它储存电能能力就被称为电容。电容测量单位是法拉。第9页2.1 Grammar F
8、eatures(2)(2)广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式 非谓语动词在句子中能够起到名词,形容词或副词作用,动词非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。动名词动名词 用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈说句用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈说句 1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.2)An object becomes hot.It is placed in the sun.Once being placed in the sun,an object becomes hot.物体放置在太阳下会变热。The sig
9、nal should be filtered before being amplified.放大信号前,应先对其进行滤波(精炼)第10页2.1 Grammar Features 3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.在设计一个新电子产品之前,我们必须做各种试验 用动名词短语做主语用动名词短语做主语 4)Changing resistan
10、ce is a method for controlling the flow of the current.改变电阻是控制电流一个方法 5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.传导电流意味着电子在物体内流动 第11页2.1 Grammar Features 分词分词 l 过去分词短语替换从句中被动语态l 现在分词短语替换从句中主动语态 1)The power supply,which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1,is a single-phase s
11、witch-mode inverter.The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.图1中用框图表示电源是一个单相开关逆变器。第12页2.1 Grammar Features 2)A three-phase circuit,as it was pointed out above,is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.A three-phase circuit,as pointed out ab
12、ove,is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.正如上面所指出那样,三相电路只不过是三个单相电路组合。3)The transistor,which is working with correctly polarities,can work as an amplifier.The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.工作于正确电源极性下晶体管,作用就像放大器。第13页2.1 Grammar Features 不定式不定式 用
13、不定式短语来替换表示目标和功效从句或语句(1)The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.单台发电机容量越来越大,目标就是满足不停增加用电需求。(2)What does a fuse
14、do?It protects a circuit.The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.保险作用就是保护电路。第14页2.1 Grammar Features(3)省略句使用频繁省略句使用频繁省略成份:状语从句中主语、全部或部分谓语;定语从句中关系代词which和that、从句中助词等;还惯用介词短语替换从句。1)If it is possible,the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.If possible,the open-loop control a
15、pproach should be used in this system.2)As illustrated in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.As in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.就像图1所表示那样,这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。可能话,这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。(精炼)第15页2.1 Grammar Features 3)The device includes an instrument transfo
16、rmation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system with two circuits in it.这个装置包含一个互感器和一个有两个电路继电器系统。As already discussed 前已讨论As explained before 前已解释As described above 如上所表示If possible(necessary)假如可能(必要)其它惯用省略形式:其它惯用省略形式:If so
17、倘若如此As previously mentioned 前已提到When needed(necessary,feasible)必要时Where feasible 在实际可行场所Where possible 在可能情况下第16页2.1 Grammar Features(4)It句型句型和和祈使句祈使句使用频繁使用频繁 It句型:it 充当形式主语,防止句子“头重脚轻”l It is very important(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)to l It takes very much time learning l It is clear(pos
18、sible,necessary,natural,inevitable)that l It happened that l It must be admitted that祈使句:无主语,精炼。lLet A be equal to B.设A等于B。lConsider a high-pressure chamber.假如有一个高气压气候室。(准确、精炼)第17页2.1 Grammar Features(5)复杂长句使用频繁复杂长句使用频繁1)It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move free
19、ly through the metal,that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.前面已经提到:金属中电子能自由地经过金属,电子移动在金属中形成了电流,电子在热传导中起着主要作用。(准确、精炼)为了完整、准确地表示事物内在联络,使用大量从句第18页2.1 Grammar Features 2)The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a sp
20、eed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.磁阻电动机以某一速率同时动转,该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制级数决定。3)The testing of a cross-field generator will be described in this section with chief reference to the tests that are normally taken on every machine before it leav
21、es the makers works.交磁发电机试验将在本节中叙述,它主要包括每台电机在离开制造厂前应进行试验。第19页2.1 Grammar Features(6)后置形容词短语作定语多后置形容词短语作定语多代替定语从句作后置定语,使句子简练、紧凑,不至于累赘。1)All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics,which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics anal
22、ogous to those of waves moving through water.2)The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs 全部辐射能都含有波特征,与水中移动波特征相同。到场仪器中还有一些与DSP相关数字仪器(精炼)第20页2.2 Rhetoric Features l重视科学技术方面观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征 l包括内容(如概念、原理
23、、定理或定律、规则、方法等)大多没有特定时间关系和时效性(1)广泛使用普通现在时广泛使用普通现在时(2)较多地使用图、表和公式较多地使用图、表和公式 常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言原因来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。(3)逻辑语法使用多逻辑语法使用多修辞特点 进行条件叙述、理论分析和公式推导时,多使用逻辑语法,即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑次序等词汇 although,because,but,if,once,only,suppose,as a result,because of,due to,so,therefore,thus,without等。第21页2.3
24、Vocabulary Features(1)词汇分类l专业或技术词汇专业或技术词汇 l 次技术词汇次技术词汇 diode ,capacitor ,substation ,autotransformer ,superconductivity 。很多专业和学科所共有词汇,不一样专业和学科往往含有不一样词义 某个专业所特有词汇,其专业性强,词义狭窄和单一。power:幂,乘方动力,功率,效率 电源,电力,功率,电能 bus:公共汽车 母线,总线 Condenser:电容器,赔偿机 冷凝器 power plant:发电厂 动力装置:专业或技术词汇,次技术词汇,非技术词汇(二极管)(电容器)(变电站,变
25、电所)(自耦变压器)(超导特征)第22页2.3 Vocabulary Featuresl 非技术词汇非技术词汇 在普通英语或非专业英语中使用较少,但实际却属于非专业英语词汇 take in -absorb,Look into -examine,find out -discover turn round -rotate make good use of -utilize,change -convert 第23页2.3 Vocabulary Features(1)词汇组成1)1)合成法合成法由相互独立两个或更多词合成得到新词 名词+名词(n.+n.)n.:horsepower,bandwidth,
26、power utilization名词+形容词(n+adj.)adj.:ice-cold,network-wide名词+副词(n+adv.)n.,adj.:feedback形容词名词(adj+n)n.,adj.:low-pass,high-speed,short-circuit,newtype形容词+名词+ed(adj.+n.+ed)adj.:forward-directed,small-sized介词+名词(prep.+n.)adj.,n.:bypass,overhead,on-line,overvoltage第24页2.3 Vocabulary Features2)2)派生法派生法经过对词
27、根加上各种前缀或后缀来组成新词 专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法组成,semi-组成词有230个以上:semiconductor,semimonthly等,thermo-130 个以上:thermo-chemical,thermo-electricalmicro-300个以上:auto-260个以上:前缀(prefix):词义改变,词类不变后缀(suffix):词义可能改变可能不变,词类一定会变惯用前缀和后缀却多达百个,可见派生法构词能力是非常强。作为一个专业技术人员,最少应掌握50个惯用前缀和后缀。第25页名词前缀名词前缀前缀前缀含义含义例词例词auto-自动,自己,本身autocompens
28、ation,automation,autoexcitation counter-反,逆,抗,补countermodulation;countercurrent hydr(o)水,流体,氢(化)hydroenergy,hydropowerhyper-超,过hyperfrequency,hyperplanemini-微,小minicomponent,minipadmicro-微,百万分之一micromotor,microadjustment semi-半,部分,不完全semiconductor,semiempirical,semielectronicsuper-超,上,特superconducto
29、r,supergridultra-超,过分,极端ultra-high voltage(UHV)ultraspeedextra-超,特extra-high voltage(EHV)第26页后缀后缀含义含义例词例词-age抽象概念,如性质、状态、行为等voltage,percentage-ance,-ence抽象概念,如性质、状态、行为等resistance电阻,difference差异-ency抽象概念,如性质、状态、行为等efficiency效率,frequency频率,emergency 紧急情况-ion,-tion,-sion,抽象概念,如性质、状态、行为等action作用,automat
30、ion自动化,transmission传输-logy学论,技术technology 技术,dermatology,iatrology医学,electrotechnology 电工学-ness性质、状态、程度hardness 硬度,deepness深度,brightness 亮度,roughness粗糙度-ship情况、性质、状态、关系、地位relationship关系,friendship友好,membership会员资格,scholarship奖学金,学问,学识,fellowship搭档关系-er,-ordriver驱动器,capacitor电容器,conductor导体,reactor电抗
31、器,breaker,disconnector断路器名词后缀名词后缀第27页词缀词缀含义含义例词例词-able,-iblemeasurable可测量,convertible可逆-ouscontinuous继续electriferous带电simultaneous同时-fulpowerful强大,useful有用-lesscolorless无色形容词后缀形容词后缀副词后缀副词后缀词缀词缀含义含义例词例词-ly。地carefully 仔细地,-ward。向backward 逆向,反馈downward 向下eastward 向东-wise方向clockwise 顺时针方向第28页动词后缀动词后缀词缀词
32、缀含义含义例词例词-enbroaden加宽,harden硬化,shorten变短-fyelectrify 使。带电,-izestandardize 使标准化词缀词缀含义含义例词例词circ圆,环圆,环circuit 电路,circum圆周chron表时间表时间synchronism同时chronic慢性fold倍数倍数threefold三倍,fourfold 四倍,fivefold五倍meter仪器仪表仪器仪表ammeter安培表,voltmeter伏特表wattmeter功率表gram,graph文字,图形文字,图形diagram图表,program程序,telegraph电报phone声音
33、声音microphone话筒Telephone电话therm(o)热热thermoelectron热电子thermoanalysis热分析词根词根第29页3)3)词汇缩略词汇缩略2.3 Vocabulary Features只由词汇中部分字母或由词组中每个词汇首字母。节略词,缩略词,首字词和缩写词 l节略词:只取词汇前面几个字母或只由后面词根组成节略词:只取词汇前面几个字母或只由后面词根组成 addelexamdeglabdi(a)dir depadvertisement;deleteexamination degreelaboratory diameter directorydepartme
34、nt第30页2.3 Vocabulary Featuresl缩略词:由缩略词:由词组中一些词词头字母词组中一些词词头字母(有时多于一个)所组成,(有时多于一个)所组成,作为一个词按照正常作为一个词按照正常规则发音规则发音 ROMRAMRadarGISread only memory 只读存放器random access memory 随机(存取)储存器radio detecting and ranging;雷达gas insulated station 气体绝缘变电站 geography information system 地理信息系统 第31页2.3 Vocabulary Features
35、l首首字字词词:与与缩缩略略词词类类似似,区区分分在在于于每每个个实实词词只只取取第第一一个个字字母母,且且必必须须逐逐字母念出字母念出 ACDCCDLEDIDIPUPSHVHVDCIEEIEEEalternating current交流电direct current 直流电compact disc光盘,压缩磁盘light emitting diode 发光二极管identification card 身份证uninterruptible power supply 不间断电源high voltage 高压 high voltage direct current 高压直流 institution
36、 of Electrical Engineers 英国电气工程师协会 institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 美国电气电子工程师协会 Internet Protocol,网际协议第32页2.3 Vocabulary FeaturesCEE-College of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of Electrical Machinery and Electrical Apparatus Department of Power System and its Automation Department
37、of High Voltage and Insulation Technology Department of Power Electronics and Power Drives Department of Electrical Engineering Theory and New Technology Department of Architectural Electrical and Intelligence 电机与电器电力系统及其自动化高电压与绝缘技术电力电子与电力传动电工理论与新技术建筑电气与智能化第33页l缩缩写写词词:并并不不一一定定由由某某个个词词组组首首字字母母组组成成。有有
38、些些缩缩写写词词仅仅由由一一个个单单词词改变而来,且大多数缩写词每个字母后都附有一个句点。改变而来,且大多数缩写词每个字母后都附有一个句点。2.3 Vocabulary Featuresappx.appendix 附录;fig.figure 图;sq.square 平方;msg.message 信息;amp.amplifier 放大器;o.p.operational amplifier 运算放大器;第34页2.3 Vocabulary Featuresl混正当混正当:由两个词汇第一个词汇前面几个字母和第二个词汇后面几个字由两个词汇第一个词汇前面几个字母和第二个词汇后面几个字母结合在一起组成。母
39、结合在一起组成。positronnegatronl字母外形法字母外形法:对一些形状与字母外形相同物体,能够利用连字符把字母对一些形状与字母外形相同物体,能够利用连字符把字母和名词连接在一起组成新词汇。和名词连接在一起组成新词汇。X-ray X 射线U-shaped magnet 马蹄形磁铁Y-direction Y轴方向H-frame structure H型框架结构T-filter T型滤波器Y-connection Y(星)形连接positive electron正电子 negative electron负电子第35页2.3 Vocabulary Featuresl人人名名法法:对对一一些
40、些科科学学家家、创创造造家家所所发发觉觉或或创创造造理理论论、方方法法、定定理理或或定定律律、东西和物品等,用他们名字组成新词。东西和物品等,用他们名字组成新词。Ohm欧姆Volt伏特Watt瓦特Ampere安培Hertz赫兹Kelvin开尔文Coulomb-库仑第36页2.4 Symbol and Formula1)国际单位制中前缀前缀前缀符号符号数值数值汉字名称例词例词tera-T1012兆兆(亿万)giga-G109千兆(十亿)gigahertz(GHz)10kHz1GHz meg(a)-M106兆 megohmmeter,megohertz(MHz)kilo-k103千 kilomet
41、er(km)kilovolt(kV)kilowatt(kW)kilogram(kg)hecto-h102百 hectogram,deca-da101十 decameterdeci-d10-1分(十分之一)decimetercenti-c10-2厘 centimeter(cm)milli-m10-3毫 milliampere(mA)milliammeter micro-10-6微 microfarad(F)nano-n10-9纳 nanometer (nm)pico-p10-12微微 picocoulomb(pC),picofarad(pF)femto-f10-15毫微微atto-a10-18微
42、微微第37页2)小数,分数,百分数2.4 Symbol and Formula0.1:zero point one,point one,o point one,one tenth,decimal one0.01:point zero one,10.35:ten point three five1/2:a(one)half 1/3:a third1/4:one quarter 1/8:a eighth2/3:two-thirds,two over three,two divided by three3/4:three-fourths,three quarters3%:three percent0
43、.2%:point two percent5:five per mill第38页3)幂(power)根(root)x to the second power 2.4 Symbol and Formula:x square,x squared,the square of x,the second power of x,y to the third power:y cube,y cubed,the cube of y,the third power of y,:the nth power of a,a to the n power:the square root o f three:the cub
44、e(third)root of a:the nth root of a 第39页2.4 Symbol and Formula4)数学运算符号A+BA and B,A plus B A-BA minus BABA times B,A multiplied by BABA over B,A divided by BABA plus or minus BA=BA equals B,a equals to b,a is equal to bABA is not equal to B,A is not BABA is approximately equal to BABA is greater than BABA is greater than BABA is much(far)greater than BABA is much less than BABA is greater than or equal to B.ABA is less than or equal to B.ABA is proportion to b,a varies directly as bA:BA to B第40页2.4 Symbol and Formula第41页2.4 Symbol and Formula第42页
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