生物专业英语上传省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

1.1 What is Biology?1.2 The Origin of Life1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life1.4 The History of Biology Additional Reading Chapter 1 Biology第1页Biology is the study of life.Alongside physics and chemistry,biology is one of the largest and most important branches of science.At the highest level,biology is broken down based on the type of organism being studied:zoology,the study of animals;botany,of plants;and microbiology,of microorganisms.Each field has contributed to mankind or the Earths well-being in numerous ways.Most prominently:botany,to agriculture;zoology,to livestock and protection of ecologies;and microbiology,to the study of disease and ecosystems in general.1.1 What is Biology?第2页Professional Words and Phrasesbiology baildi n.生物学organism:gnizm n.生物体zoology zuldi n.动物学botany btni n.植物学microbiology maikrubaildi n.微生物学microorganism maikru:gnizm n.微生物well-being welbi:i n.健康，福利agriculture griklt n.农业livestock laivstk n.家畜，牲畜ecology i:kldi n.生态学disease dizi:z n.疾病ecosystem ekusistm n.生态系统第3页Besides classifications based on the category of organism being studied,biology contains many other specialized sub-disciplines,which may focus on just one category of organism or address organisms from different categories.This includes biochemistry,the interface between biology and chemistry;molecular biology,which looks at life on the molecular level;cellular biology,which studies different types of cells and how they work;physiology,which looks at organisms at the level of tissues and organs;ecology,which studies the interactions between organisms themselves;ethology,which studies the behavior of animals,especially complex animals;and genetics,overlapping with molecular biology,which studies the code of life,DNA.1.1 What is Biology?(Continued)第4页Professional Words and Phrases(Continued)classification klsifikein n.分类，类别biochemistry baiukemistri n.生物化学molecular biology 分子生物学molecular level 分子水平cellular biology 细胞生物学physiology fizildi n.生理学tissue tisju:n.（生物）组织organ:gn n.（生物）器官interaction intrkn n.相互关系，相互作用ethology i:ldi n.动物行为学genetics dinetiks n.遗传学overlap uvlp n.重合，重复code kud n.密码，法则第5页The foundations of modern biology include four components:cell theory;that life is made of fundamental units called cells;evolution,that life is not deliberately designed by rather evolves incrementally through random mutations and natural selection;gene theory,that tiny molecular sequences of DNA dictate the entire structure of an organism and are passed from parents to offspring;and homeostasis,that each organisms body includes a complex suite of processes designed to preserve its biochemistry from the entropic effects of the external environment.1.1 What is Biology?(Continued)第6页Professional Words and Phrases(Continued)cell theory n.细胞理论evolution i:vlu:n n.进化random mutation 随即突变natural selection 自然选择gene theory 基因理论molecular sequence 分子序列parent prnt n.亲本，母本offspring:fspri n.后代，子孙homeostasis humisteisis n.自动平衡，体内平衡entropic effect 熵效应第7页The basic picture in biology has stayed roughly the same since DNA was first imaged using x-ray crystallography in the 1950s,although there are constant refinements to the details,and life is so complex that it could be centuries or even millennia before we begin to understand it in its entirety.But it should be made clear that we are moving towards complete understanding:life,while complex,consists of a finite amount of complexity that only appreciably increases on relatively long timescales of hundreds of thousands or millions of years.Evolution,while creative,operates slowly.1.1 What is Biology?(Continued)第8页In recent years,much excitement in biology has centered on the sequencing of genomes and their comparison,called genomics,and the creation of life with custom-written DNA programming,called synthetic biology.These fields are sure to continue grabbing the headlines in the near future.1.1 What is Biology?Continued)第9页Professional Words and Phrases(Continued)x-ray crystallography x 射线晶体衍射学genome di:num n.基因组genomics dnumiks n.基因组学synthetic biology 合成生物学第10页Notes to the Difficult SentencesBesides classifications based on the category of organism being studied,biology contains many other specialized sub-disciplines,which may focus on just one category of organism or address organisms from different categories.生物学内容除了包含依据所硕士物种类不一样对生物学内容除了包含依据所硕士物种类不一样对其进行分类相关知识，还包含许多其它专业化分其进行分类相关知识，还包含许多其它专业化分支学科知识，这些学科知识可能集中在一类生物支学科知识，这些学科知识可能集中在一类生物或者生活在同一生境各类生物方面。或者生活在同一生境各类生物方面。第11页Notes to the Difficult Sentences(Continued)The basic picture in biology has stayed roughly the same since DNA was first imaged using x-ray crystallography in the 1950s,although there are constant refinements to the details,and life is so complex that it could be centuries or even millennia before we begin to understand it in its entirety.直到直到20世纪世纪50年代，用年代，用X射线衍射得到射线衍射得到DNA结构结构之前，人们对于生物学认识一直是粗浅。尽管人之前，人们对于生物学认识一直是粗浅。尽管人们对生物学进行了不停地探索，但生命现象如此们对生物学进行了不停地探索，但生命现象如此复杂，以至于彻底研究清楚可能需要成百上千年复杂，以至于彻底研究清楚可能需要成百上千年时间。时间。第12页1.1 Exercises-Matching1).biology a).the study of animals2).zoology b).the interface between biology and chemistry 3).botany c).the study of the behavior of animals 4).microbiology d).the study of life5).biochemistry e).looks at life on the molecular level6).molecular biology f).studies the code of life7).ecology g).the study of plants8).ethology h).the study of microorganisms9).genetics i).studies the interactions between organisms d a g h b e i c f第13页The origin of life are thought to have occurred sometime between 4.4 billion years ago,when the oceans and continents were just starting to form,and 2.7 billion years ago,when it is widely accepted that microorganisms existed in vast numbers due to their influence over isotope ratios in the relevant strata.Where exactly in this 1.7 billion year range the true origin of life can be found is less certain.A controversial paper published in by the UCLA paleontologist William Schopf argued that wavy geological formations called stromalites in fact contain 3.5 billion year-old fossilized algae microbes.Some paleontologists disagree with Schopfs conclusions and estimate the first life at around 3.0 billion years of age instead of 3.5 billion.1.2 The Origin of Life第14页Evidence from the Isua supracrustal belt in Western Greenland suggests an even earlier date for the origin of life-3.85 billion years ago.S.Mojzis makes this estimate based on isotope concentrations.Because life preferentially uptakes the isotope Carbon-12,areas where life has existed contain a higher-than-normal ratio of Carbon-12 to its heavier isotope,Carbon-13.This is widely known,but the interpretation of sediments is less straightforward,and paleontologists do not always agree on their colleagues conclusions.1.2 The Origin of Life(Continued)第15页Professional Words and Phrasesorigin of life 生命起源isotope aistup n.同位素strata streit n.地层geological dildikl adj.地质学stromalite strumtlait n.叠层石fossilize fsilaiz vt.&vi.使成化石,使陈腐algae ldi:n.水藻，海藻 alga复数形式microbe maikrub n.微生物paleontologist plintldist n.古生物学家supracrustal sju:prkrstl adj.(地层、岩组等)覆盖基底岩 石,上地壳carbon k:bn n.碳sediment sedimnt n.沉淀第16页We do not know the exact geological conditions of this planet 3 billion years ago,but we do have a rough idea,and can recreate these conditions in a laboratory.Stanley Miller and Harold Urey recreated these conditions in their famous 1953 investigation,the Miller-Urey experiment.Using a highly reduced(non-oxygenated)mixture of gases such as methane,ammonia,and hydrogen,these scientists synthesized basic organic monomers,such as amino acids,in a completely inorganic environment.Now,free-floating amino acids are a far cry from self-replicating,metabolism-imbued microorganisms,but they at least give a suggestion as to how things might have gotten started.1.2 The Origin of Life(Continued)第17页geological condition 地质条件laboratory lbrt:ri n.试验室oxygenate ksidineit v.以氧处理,氧化 n.氧化剂methane meein n.甲烷，沼气ammonia munj n.氨hydrogen haidrdn n.氢organic:gnik adj.器官,有机monomer mnm n.单体amino acid 氨基酸inorganic in:gnik adj.无机,无生物self-replicate selfreplikeit v.自我复制metabolism metblizm n.新陈代谢Professional Words and Phrases(Continued)第18页In the large warm oceans of early Earth,quintillions of these molecules would randomly collide and combine,eventually making a rudimentary proto-genome of some sort.However,this hypothesis is confused by the fact that the environment created in the Miller-Urey experiment had high concentrations of chemicals that would have prevented the formation of complex polymers from the monomer building blocks.1.2 The Origin of Life(Continued)第19页quintillion kwintiljn n.百万三次方molecule mlikju:l n.分子rudimentary ru:dmentri:adj.基本,初步,未充分发展proto-genome n.原始基因组hypothesis haipsis n.假说,假设,猜测polymer plim n.多聚体Professional Words and Phrases(Continued)第20页In the 1950s and 1960s,another researcher,Sidney Fox,made an early-Earth-like environment in a lab and studied the dynamics.He observed the spontaneous formation of peptides from amino acid precursors,and saw these chemicals sometimes arranged themselves into microspheres,or closed spherical membranes,which he suggested were protocells.If certain microspheres formed which were capable of encouraging the growth of additional microspheres around them,it would amount to a primitive form of self-replication,and eventually Darwinian evolution would take over,creating effective self-replicators like todays cyanobacteria.1.2 The Origin of Life(Continued)第21页dynamics dainmiks n.力学,动力学,动态peptide peptaid n.肽membrane membrein n.薄膜，膜状物proto-cell n.细胞原始状态microsphere maikrsfi n.微球体,微滴primitive primitiv adj.原始,简陋self-replication n.自我复制Darwinian evolution 达尔文进化cyanobacteria sainubkti n.蓝细菌cyanobacterium 复数形式Professional Words and Phrases(Continued)第22页Because life preferentially uptakes the isotope Carbon-12,areas where life has existed contain a higher-than-normal ratio of Carbon-12 to its heavier isotope,Carbon-13.This is widely known,but the interpretation of sediments is less straightforward,and paleontologists do not always agree on their colleagues conclusions.Notes to the Difficult Sentences因为生命优先吸收同位素碳因为生命优先吸收同位素碳-12，所以在生命存，所以在生命存在地方含有比正常值更高碳在地方含有比正常值更高碳-12与更重同位素碳与更重同位素碳-13比值。这是众所周知，不过用沉淀物来解释比值。这是众所周知，不过用沉淀物来解释并不够直接，所以古生物学家们并不完全认同并不够直接，所以古生物学家们并不完全认同他们同行结论。他们同行结论。第23页Using a highly reduced(non-oxygenated)mixture of gases such as methane,ammonia,and hydrogen,these scientists synthesized basic organic monomers,such as amino acids,in a completely inorganic environment.Now,free-floating amino acids are a far cry from self-replicating,metabolism-imbued microorganisms,but they at least give a suggestion as to how things might have gotten started.Notes to the Difficult Sentences(Continued)这些科学家使用高度还原（非氧化）甲烷、氨这些科学家使用高度还原（非氧化）甲烷、氨和氢等气体混合物，在一个绝对无机环境中合和氢等气体混合物，在一个绝对无机环境中合成了氨基酸等基本有机单体。尽管这些游离氨成了氨基酸等基本有机单体。尽管这些游离氨基酸远不一样于现在自我复制并含有各种新陈基酸远不一样于现在自我复制并含有各种新陈代谢微生物，不过它们最少暗示生命是怎样发代谢微生物，不过它们最少暗示生命是怎样发生。生。第24页1.2 Exercises-Matching1).stromalites a).a scientist who studies paleontology,learning about the forms life that existed in former geologic periods,chiefly by studying fossils.2).proto-genome b).a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.3).paleontologist c).the primitive form of a genome4).Proto-cell d).wavy geological formations5).hypothesis e).the primitive form of a celld c a e b第25页1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your LifeBiology is the science that deals with the study of varieties of living organisms including ourselves.The significance of biology in your daily life lies in the fact that biology attempts to find out the unifying principle that exists among diverse organisms having morphological and functional inequalities.The significance of biology in your daily life can be considered from the two natural divisions of the science itself,plant life and animal life.第26页Professional Words and Phrasesmorphological m:fldikl adj.形态学functional fknl adj.功效,实用inequality inikwlti n.不平等,不平均,不平坦division divin n.划分,部门第27页Agriculture plays great role in narrating the significance of biology in your daily life.Agriculture is largely the result of mans taking the advantage of the interrelations of soil,climate and natural habitat to select those particular combinations that meet his basic requirements.Thus to provide necessary food,man depends entirely on green plants that can alone capture the solar energy.High yielding varieties of crop plants like rice,wheat,jute,sugar cane,pulses etc are now bred experimentally.Disease-resistant grains and vernalized seeds are made.Biological control strategies are undertaken as pest control emphasizing the significance of biology in your daily lifeModern man does not depend on fishing and hunting like our ancestors and instead rears fishes as well as cattle and various other domestic animals to get food and other necessities of life.This has resulted in the development of fishery and animal husbandry.The importance of biology in your daily life lies in the production of clothes and timber for making furniture,in supplied raw materials for paper,dyes,etc.Fossils are important in locating underground oil and natural gas reserves.Even coal and mineral oil formed from decomposed plant bodies are key to industrial prosperity.1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life(Continued)第28页interrelation intrilein n.相互关系habitat hbitt n.栖息地,产地green plants 绿色植物solar energy 太阳能jute du:t n.黄麻纤维sugar cane 甘蔗pulse pls n.豌豆和豆类等结荚植物可食性种子Disease-resistant adj.抗病grain grein n.谷物,谷类vernalize v:nlaiz v.施以春化处理,以人工方法促进发育biological control 生物学防治pest control 昆虫防治domestic dmestik adj.驯养fishery firi n.渔场,渔业animal husbandry 畜牧业decompose di:kmpuz vi.分解,腐烂 vt.腐烂Professional Words and Phrases(Continued)第29页Medical advancement also shows the significance of biology in your daily lives.The study of dreaded diseases,their causative agents,cure as well as the actions of drugs are a way of biological enlightenment that strives minimizing human suffering.The significance of biology in your daily life also lies in finding and curing hereditary abnormalities like haemophilia,Downs syndrome,etc.Biology aims in making effort to better human race through eugenicsBiology study has a vital role in controlling environmental pollution and attracted sense of art and beauty.1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life(Continued)第30页medical medikl adj.医疗,医学,医药,内科medical advancement 医学进展dread dred adj.可怕,恐怖v.恐惧,害怕causative k:ztiv adj.引发.causative agent 病原体，病原物hereditary hireditri adj.世袭,遗传abnormality bn:mliti n.异常,畸形haemophilia hi:mfili n.血友病,出血不止Downs syndrome 唐氏综合症eugenics ju:deniks n.优生学environmental pollution 环境污染Professional Words and Phrases(Continued)第31页Notes to the Difficult SentencesMedical advancement also shows the significance of biology in your daily lives.The study of dreaded diseases,their causative agents,cure as well as the actions of drugs are a way of biological enlightenment that strives minimizing human suffering.The significance of biology in your daily life also lies in finding and curing hereditary abnormalities like haemophili