汽车理论习题Matlab程序.docx

1.3 确定一轻型货车的动力性能（货车可装用4挡或5挡变速器，任选其中的一种进行整车性能计算）：1）绘制汽车驱动力与行驶阻力平衡图。2）求汽车最高车速，最大爬坡度及克服该坡度时相应的附着率。3）绘制汽车行驶加速度倒数曲线，用图解积分法求汽车用2档起步加速行驶至70km/h的车速时间曲线，或者用计算机求汽车用2档起步加速行驶至70km/h的加速时间。轻型货车的有关数据：汽油发动机使用外特性的Tq-n曲线的拟合公式为式中，Tq为发动机转矩（Nm）;n为发动机转速（r/min）。发动机的最低转速nmin=600r/min,最高转速nmax=4000r/min。装载质量 2000kg整车整备质量 1800kg总质量 3880kg车轮半径 0.367m传动系机械效率 t=0.85滚动阻力系数 f=0.013空气阻力系数迎风面积 CDA=2.77m2主减速器传动比 i0=5.83飞轮转动惯量 If=0.218kgm2二前轮转动惯量 Iw1=1.798kgm2四后轮转动惯量 Iw2=3.598kgm2变速器传动比 ig(数据如下表) 档档档档档四档变速器6.093.091.711.00-五档变速器5.562.7691.6441.000.793轴距 L=3.2m质心至前轴距离（满载） a=1.974m质心高（满载） hg=0.9m解：Matlab程序：(1) 求汽车驱动力与行驶阻力平衡图和汽车最高车速程序： n=600:10:4000;Tq=-19.313+295.27*(n/1000)-165.44*(n/1000).2+40.874*(n/1000).3-3.8445*(n/1000).4;m=3880;g=9.8;nmin=600;nmax=4000;G=m*g;ig=5.56 2.769 1.644 1.00 0.793;nT=0.85;r=0.367;f=0.013;CDA=2.77;i0=5.83;L=3.2;a=1.947;hg=0.9;If=0.218;Iw1=1.798;Iw2=3.598;Ft1=Tq*ig(1)*i0*nT/r;Ft2=Tq*ig(2)*i0*nT/r;Ft3=Tq*ig(3)*i0*nT/r;Ft4=Tq*ig(4)*i0*nT/r;Ft5=Tq*ig(5)*i0*nT/r;ua1=0.377*r*n/ig(1)/i0;ua2=0.377*r*n/ig(2)/i0;ua3=0.377*r*n/ig(3)/i0;ua4=0.377*r*n/ig(4)/i0;ua5=0.377*r*n/ig(5)/i0;ua=0:5:120;Ff=G*f;Fw=CDA*ua.2/21.15;Fz=Ff+Fw;plot(ua1,Ft1,ua2,Ft2,ua3,Ft3,ua4,Ft4,ua5,Ft5,ua,Fz);title(驱动力-行驶阻力平衡图);xlabel(ua(km/s);ylabel(Ft(N);gtext(Ft1),gtext(Ft2),gtext(Ft3),gtext(Ft4),gtext(Ft5),gtext(Ff+Fw);zoom on;x,y=ginput(1);zoom off;disp(汽车最高车速=);disp(x);disp(km/h);汽车最高车速= 99.3006km/h(2)求汽车最大爬坡度程序：n=600:10:4000;Tq=-19.313+295.27*(n/1000)-165.44*(n/1000).2+40.874*(n/1000).3-3.8445*(n/1000).4;m=3880;g=9.8;nmin=600;nmax=4000;G=m*g;ig=5.56 2.769 1.644 1.00 0.793;nT=0.85;r=0.367;f=0.013;CDA=2.77;i0=5.83;L=3.2;a=1.947;hg=0.9;If=0.218;Iw1=1.798;Iw2=3.598;Ft1=Tq*ig(1)*i0*nT/r;ua1=0.377*r*n/ig(1)/i0;Ff=G*f;Fw1=CDA*ua1.2/21.15;Fz1=Ff+Fw1;Fi1=Ft1-Fz1;Zoom on;imax=100*tan(asin(max(Fi1/G);disp(汽车最大爬坡度=);disp(imax);disp(%);汽车最大爬坡度=35.2197%(3)求最大爬坡度相应的附着率和求汽车行驶加速度倒数曲线程序：clearn=600:10:4000;Tq=-19.313+295.27*(n/1000)-165.44*(n/1000).2+40.874*(n/1000).3-3.8445*(n/1000).4;m=3880;g=9.8;nmin=600;nmax=4000;G=m*g;ig=5.56 2.769 1.644 1.00 0.793;nT=0.85;r=0.367;f=0.013;CDA=2.77;i0=5.83;L=3.2;a=1.947;hg=0.9;If=0.218;Iw1=1.798;Iw2=3.598;Ft1=Tq*ig(1)*i0*nT/r;Ft2=Tq*ig(2)*i0*nT/r;Ft3=Tq*ig(3)*i0*nT/r;Ft4=Tq*ig(4)*i0*nT/r;Ft5=Tq*ig(5)*i0*nT/r;ua1=0.377*r*n/ig(1)/i0;ua2=0.377*r*n/ig(2)/i0;ua3=0.377*r*n/ig(3)/i0;ua4=0.377*r*n/ig(4)/i0;ua5=0.377*r*n/ig(5)/i0;Fw1=CDA*ua1.2/21.15;Fw2=CDA*ua2.2/21.15;Fw3=CDA*ua3.2/21.15;Fw4=CDA*ua4.2/21.15;Fw5=CDA*ua5.2/21.15;Ff=G*f;deta1=1+(Iw1+Iw2)/(m*r2)+(If*ig(1)2*i02*nT)/(m*r2);deta2=1+(Iw1+Iw2)/(m*r2)+(If*ig(2)2*i02*nT)/(m*r2);deta3=1+(Iw1+Iw2)/(m*r2)+(If*ig(3)2*i02*nT)/(m*r2);deta4=1+(Iw1+Iw2)/(m*r2)+(If*ig(4)2*i02*nT)/(m*r2);deta5=1+(Iw1+Iw2)/(m*r2)+(If*ig(5)2*i02*nT)/(m*r2);a1=(Ft1-Ff-Fw1)/(deta1*m);ad1=1./a1;a2=(Ft2-Ff-Fw2)/(deta2*m);ad2=1./a2;a3=(Ft3-Ff-Fw3)/(deta3*m);ad3=1./a3;a4=(Ft4-Ff-Fw4)/(deta4*m);ad4=1./a4;a5=(Ft5-Ff-Fw5)/(deta5*m);ad5=1./a5;plot(ua1,ad1,ua2,ad2,ua3,ad3,ua4,ad4,ua5,ad5);axis(0 99 0 10);title(汽车的加速度倒数曲线);xlabel(ua(km/h);ylabel(1/a);gtext(1/a1);gtext(1/a2);gtext(1/a3);gtext(1/a4);gtext(1/a5);a=max(a1);af=asin(max(Ft1-Ff-Fw1)/G);C=tan(af)/(a/L+hg*tan(af)/L);disp(假设后轮驱动，最大爬坡度相应的附着率=);disp(C); 假设后轮驱动，最大爬坡度相应的附着率= 0.4219(4) clearnT=0.85;r=0.367;f=0.013;CDA=2.77;i0=5.83;If=0.218;Iw1=1.798;Iw2=3.598;L=3.2;a=1.947;hg=0.9;m=3880;g=9.8;G=m*g; ig=5.56 2.769 1.644 1.00 0.793;nmin=600;nmax=4000;u1=0.377*r*nmin./ig/i0;u2=0.377*r*nmax./ig/i0;deta=0*ig;for i=1:5 deta(i)=1+(Iw1+Iw2)/(m*r2)+(If*(ig(i)2*i02*nT)/(m*r2);endua=6:0.01:99;N=length(ua);n=0;Tq=0;Ft=0;inv_a=0*ua;delta=0*ua;Ff=G*f;Fw=CDA*ua.2/21.15;for i=1:N k=i; if ua(i)=u2(2) n=ua(i)*(ig(2)*i0/r)/0.377; Tq=-19.313+295.27*(n/1000)-165.44*(n/1000)2+40.874*(n/1000)3-3.8445*(n/1000)4; Ft=Tq*ig(2)*i0*nT/r; inv_a(i)=(deta(2)*m)/(Ft-Ff-Fw(i); delta(i)=0.01*inv_a(i)/3.6; elseif ua(i)=u2(3) n=ua(i)*(ig(3)*i0/r)/0.377; Tq=-19.313+295.27*(n/1000)-165.44*(n/1000)2+40.874*(n/1000)3-3.8445*(n/1000)4; Ft=Tq*ig(3)*i0*nT/r; inv_a(i)=(deta(3)*m)/(Ft-Ff-Fw(i); delta(i)=0.01*inv_a(i)/3.6; elseif ua(i) ginputans = 25.8223 70.0737 25.7467 70.0737所以汽车2档原地起步换挡加速行驶至70km/h的加速时间约为25.8s2.7已知货车装用汽油发动机的负荷特性与万有特性。负荷特性曲线的拟合公式为：其中，b为燃油消耗率g/(kWh)；Pe为发动机净功率（kW）；拟合式中的系数随转速n变化。怠速油耗（怠速转速400r/min）。计算与绘制题1.3中货车的1）汽车功率平衡图。2）最高档与次高档的等速百公里油耗曲线。或利用计算机求货车按JB3352-83规定的六工况循环行驶的百公里油耗。计算中确定燃油消耗值b时，若发动机转速与负荷特性中给定的转速不相等，可由相邻转速的两根曲线用插值法求得。解：Matlab程序：(1) 汽车功率平衡图程序：clear n=600:10:4000;Tq=-19.313+295.27*(n/1000)-165.44*(n/1000).2+40.874*(n/1000).3-3.8445*(n/1000).4;m=3880;g=9.8;G=m*g;ig=5.56 2.769 1.644 1.00 0.793;nT=0.85;r=0.367;f=0.013;CDA=2.77;i0=5.83;L=3.2;a=1.947;hg=0.9;If=0.218;Iw1=1.798;Iw2=3.598;ua1=0.377*r*n/ig(1)/i0;ua2=0.377*r*n/ig(2)/i0;ua3=0.377*r*n/ig(3)/i0;ua4=0.377*r*n/ig(4)/i0;ua5=0.377*r*n/ig(5)/i0;Pe1=Tq.*ig(1)*i0.*ua1./(3600*r);Pe2=Tq.*ig(2)*i0.*ua2./(3600*r);Pe3=Tq.*ig(3)*i0.*ua3./(3600*r);Pe4=Tq.*ig(4)*i0.*ua4./(3600*r);Pe5=Tq.*ig(5)*i0.*ua5./(3600*r);ua=0:0.35:119;Ff=G*f;Fw=CDA*ua.2/21.15;Pf=Ff*ua/3600;Pw=Fw.*ua/3600;Pe0=(Pf+Pw)./nT;Pe=max(Pe1);plot(ua1,Pe1,ua2,Pe2,ua3,Pe3,ua4,Pe4,ua5,Pe5,ua,Pe0,ua,Pe);axis(0 119 0 100);title(汽车功率平衡图);xlabel(ua(km/h);ylabel(Pe(kw);gtext(1),gtext(2),gtext(3),gtext(4),gtext(5),gtext(Pf+Pw)/et),gtext(Pe);（2）最高档与次高档的等速百公里油耗曲线程序： clear n=600:1:4000;m=3880;g=9.8;G=m*g;ig=5.56 2.769 1.644 1.00 0.793;nT=0.85;r=0.367;f=0.013;CDA=2.77;i0=5.83;L=3.2;a=1.947;hg=0.9;If=0.218;Iw1=1.798;Iw2=3.598;n0=815 1207 1614 2012 2603 3006 3403 3804;B00=1326.8 1354.7 1284.4 1122.9 1141.0 1051.2 1233.9 1129.7;B10=-416.46 -303.98 -189.75 -121.59 -98.893 -73.714 -84.478 -45.291;B20=72.379 36.657 14.524 7.0035 4.4763 2.8593 2.9788 0.71113;B30=-5.8629 -2.0553 -0.51184 -0.18517 -0.091077 -0.05138 -0.047449 -0.00075215;B40=0.17768 0.043072 0.0068164 0.0018555 0.00068906 0.00035032 0.00028230 -0.000038568;B0=spline(n0,B00,n);B1=spline(n0,B10,n);B2=spline(n0,B20,n); B3=spline(n0,B30,n);B4=spline(n0,B40,n);Ff=G*f;ua4=0.377*r*n/ig(4)/i0;ua5=0.377*r*n/ig(5)/i0;Fz4=Ff+CDA*(ua4.2)/21.15;Fz5=Ff+CDA*(ua5.2)/21.15;Pe4=Fz4.*ua4./(nT*3.6*1000);Pe5=Fz5.*ua5./(nT*3.6*1000);for i=1:1:3401 b4(i)=B0(i)+B1(i)*Pe4(i)+B2(i)*Pe4(i).2+B3(i)*Pe4(i).3+B4(i)*Pe4(i).4;b5(i)=B0(i)+B1(i)*Pe5(i)+B2(i)*Pe5(i).2+B3(i)*Pe5(i).3+B4(i)*Pe5(i).4;endpg=7.0;Q4=Pe4.*b4./(1.02.*ua4.*pg); Q5=Pe5.*b5./(1.02.*ua5.*pg);plot(ua4,Q4,ua5,Q5);axis(0 100 10 30);title(最高档与次高档等速百公里油耗曲线);xlabel(ua(km/h);ylabel(百公里油耗（L/100km）);gtext(4),gtext(5); 3.1改变1.3题中轻型货车的主减速器传动比，做出为5.17、5.43、5.83、6.17、6.33时的燃油经济性加速时间曲线，讨论不同值对汽车性能的影响。解：Matlab程序： 主程序： i0=5.17,5.43,5.83,6.17,6.33; %输入主传动比的数据for i=1:1:5 y(i)=jiasushijian(i0(i); %求加速时间endy;for i=1:1:5 b(i)=youhao(i0(i); %求对应i0的六工况百公里油耗endb;plot(b,y,+r)hold onb1=linspace(b(1),b(5),100); y1=spline(b,y,b1); %三次样条插值plot(b1,y1); %绘制燃油经济性-加速时间曲线title(燃油经济性加速时间曲线);xlabel(百公里油耗(L/100km);ylabel(加速时间s);gtext(i0=5.17),gtext(i0=5.43),gtext(i0=5.83),gtext(i0=6.17),gtext(i0=6.33);子程序：(1) function y=jiasushijian(i0) %求加速时间的处理函数n1=linspace(0,5000); %先求各个档位的驱动力nmax=4000;nmin=600;r=0.367;yita=0.85;CDA=2.77;f=0.013;G=(3880)*9.8;ig=6.09,3.09,1.71,1.00;%i0=5.83for i=1:1:4 %i为档数 uamax(i)=chesu(nmax,r,ig(i),i0); %计算各个档位的最大速度与最小速度 uamin(i)=chesu(nmin,r,ig(i),i0); ua(i,:)=linspace(uamin(i),uamax(i),100); n(i,:)=zhuansu(ua(i,:),r,ig(i),i0); %计算各个档位的转速范围 Ttq(i,:)=zhuanju(n(i,:); %求出各档位的转矩范围 Ft(i,:)=qudongli(Ttq(i,:),ig(i),i0,yita,r); %求出驱动力 F(i,:)=f*G+CDA*(ua(i,:).2)/21.15; %求出滚动阻力和空气阻力的和 delta(i,:)=1+(1.798+3.598+0.218*(ig(i)2)*(i02)*yita)/(3880*r2); %求转动质量换算系数 a(i,:)=1./(delta(i,:).*3880./(Ft(i,:)-F(i,:); %求出加速度 F2(i,:)=Ft(i,:)-F(i,:);end%下面分各个档位进行积分，求出加速时间 temp1(1,:)=ua(2,:)/3.6; temp1(2,:)=1./a(2,:); n1=1; for j1=1:1:100 if ua(3,j1)max(ua(2,:)&ua(3,j1)max(ua(3,:)&ua(4,j1)=70; temp3(1,n2)=ua(4,j1)/3.6; temp3(2,n2)=1./a(4,j1); n2=n2+1; end endy=temp1(1,1)*temp1(2,1)+qiuji(temp1(1,:),temp1(2,:)+qiuji(temp2(1,:),temp2(2,:)+qiuji(temp3(1,:),temp3(2,:);end(2) function ua=chesu(n,r,ig,i0); %由转速计算车速ua=0.377*r.*n/(ig*i0);(3) function n=zhuansu(ua,r,ig,i0); %求转速n=ig*i0.*ua./(0.377*r);end(4) function y=zhuanju(n); %求转矩函数y=-19.313+295.27.*(n./1000)-165.44.*(n./1000).2+40.874.*(n./1000).3-3.8445.*(n./1000).4;(5) function y=qudongli(Ttq,ig,i0,yita,r); %求驱动力函数y=(ig*i0*yita.*Ttq)/r;end(6) function p=qiuji(x0,y0) %求积分函数n0=size(x0);n=n0(2);x=linspace(x0(1),x0(n),200);y=spline(x0,y0,x); %插值% figure;plot(x,y);p=trapz(x,y) ;end(7) %求不同i0下的六工况油耗function b=youhao(i0);global f G CDA yita m r If Iw1 Iw2 pg B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 n %声明全局变量ig=6.09,3.09,1.71,1.00;r=0.367;yita=0.85;CDA=2.77;f=0.013;%i0=5.83;G=(3880)*9.8;If=0.218;Iw1=1.798;Iw2=3.598;m=3880; %汽车的基本参数设定n0=815 1207 1614 2012 2603 3006 3403 3804;B00=1326.8 1354.7 1284.4 1122.9 1141.0 1051.2 1233.9 1129.7;B10=-416.46 -303.98 -189.75 -121.59 -98.893 -73.714 -84.478 -45.291;B20=72.379 36.657 14.524 7.0035 4.4763 2.8593 2.9788 0.71113;B30=-5.8629 -2.0553 -0.51184 -0.18517 -0.091077 -0.05138 -0.047449 -0.00075215;B40=0.17768 0.043072 0.0068164 0.0018555 0.00068906 0.00035032 0.00028230 -0.000038568;n=600:1:4000;B0=spline(n0,B00,n);B1=spline(n0,B10,n);B2=spline(n0,B20,n); %使用三次样条插值，保证曲线的光滑连续B3=spline(n0,B30,n);B4=spline(n0,B40,n);ua4=0.377*r.*n./(i0*ig(4); %求出发动机转速范围内对应的III、IV档车速F4=f*G+CDA*(ua4.2)/21.15; %求出滚动阻力和空气阻力的和P_fw4=F4.*ua4./(yita*3.6*1000); %求出阻力功率for i=1:1:3401 %用拟合公式求出各个燃油消耗率b4(i)=B0(i)+B1(i)*P_fw4(i)+B2(i)*(P_fw4(i)2+B3(i)*(P_fw4(i)3+B4(i)*(P_fw4(i)4;endpg=7.06; %汽油的重度取7.06N/Lua4_m=25,40,50; %匀速阶段的车速s_m=50,250,250; %每段匀速走过的距离b4_m=spline(ua4,b4,ua4_m); %插值得出对应速度的燃油消耗率F4_m=f*G+CDA*(ua4_m.2)/21.15; %车速对应的阻力P_fw4_m=F4_m.*ua4_m./(yita*3.6*1000); %发动机功率Q4_m=P_fw4_m.*b4_m.*s_m./(102.*ua4_m.*pg) ; Q4_a1=jiasu(40,25,ig(4),0.25,ua4,i0);Q4_a2=jiasu(50,40,ig(4),0.2,ua4,i0);Qid=0.299;tid=19.3;s=1075; Q_i=Qid*tid; %求出减速阶段的燃油消耗量 Q4all=(sum(Q4_m)+Q4_a1+Q4_a2+Q_i)*100/s; %IV档六工况百公里燃油消耗量b=Q4all;(8)加速阶段处理函数function q=jiasu(umax,umin,ig,a,ua0,i0);global f G CDA yita m r If Iw1 Iw2 pg B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 n; %i0 ;ua1=umin:1:umax; %把速度范围以1km/h为间隔进行划分delta=1+(Iw1+Iw2)/(m*r2)+(If*ig2*i02*yita)/(m*r2); P0=(G*f.*ua0./3600+CDA.*ua0.3/76140+(delta*m.*ua0/3600)*a)/yita;P=(G*f.*ua1/3600+CDA.*ua1.3/76140+(delta*m.*ua1/3600)*a)/yita;dt=1/(3.6*a) ; %速度每增加1km/h所需要的时间for i=1:1:3401 %重新利用拟合公式求出b与ua的关系 b0(i)=B0(i)+B1(i)*P0(i)+B2(i)*(P0(i)2+B3(i)*(P0(i)3+B4(i)*(P0(i)4;endb1=interp1(ua0,b0,ua1); %插值出各个速度节点的燃油消耗率Qt=P.*b1./(367.1.*pg); %求出各个速度节点的燃油消耗率i1=size(Qt); i=i1(2);Qt1=Qt(2:i-1);q=(Qt(1)+Qt(i)*dt./2+sum(Qt1)*dt; %求该加速阶段的燃油消耗量4.3一中型货车装有前后制动器分开的双管路制动系，其有关参数如下：载荷质量（kg）质心高hg/m轴距L/m质心至前轴距离a/m制动力分配系数空载40800.8453.9502.1000.38满载92901.1703.9502.9500.381） 计算并绘制利用附着系数曲线和制动效率曲线2） 求行驶车速Ua30km/h，在0.80路面上车轮不抱死的制动距离。计算时取制动系反应时间0.02s，制动减速度上升时间0.02s。3） 求制动系前部管路损坏时汽车的制动距离s，制动系后部管路损坏时汽车的制动距离。解：Matlab程序：(1) 求利用附着系数曲线和制动效率曲线程序： clear k=4080;hgk=0.845;Lk=3.950;ak=2.10;betak=0.38;bk=Lk-ak;%空载时的参数mm=9290;hgm=1.170;Lm=3.950;am=2.950;betam=0.38;bm=Lm-am;%满载时的参数z=0:0.01:1.0;figure(1);fai=z;fai_fk=betak*z*Lk./(bk+z*hgk);%空载时前轴的ffai_fm=betam*z*Lm./(bm+z*hgm);%满载时前轴的ffai_rk=(1-betak)*z*Lk./(ak-z*hgk);%空载时后轴的rfai_rm=(1-betam)*z*Lm./(am-z*hgm);%满载时后轴的rplot(z,fai_fk,b-,z,fai_fm,r,z,fai_rk,b-,z,fai_rm,r,z,fai,k);title(利用附着系数与制动强度的关系曲线);xlabel(制动强度(z/g);ylabel(利用附着系数);gtext(r(空载),gtext(r(满载),gtext(=z),gtext(f(空载),gtext(f(满载);figure(2);Efk=z./fai_fk*100;%空载时前轴的制动效率Efm=z./fai_fm*100;Erk=z./fai_rk*100;Erm=z./fai_rm*100;plot(fai_fk,Efk,b,fai_fm,Efm,r,fai_rk,Erk,b,fai_rm,Erm,r);axis(0 1 0 100);title(前.后制动效率曲线);xlabel(附着系数);ylabel(制动效率%);gtext(Ef),gtext(Er),gtext(Er),gtext(满载),gtext(空载);(2) 问和(3)问程序： clearmk=4080;hgk=0.845;Lk=3.950;ak=2.10;betak=0.38;bk=Lk-ak;%空载时的参数mm=9290;hgm=1.170;Lm=3.950;am=2.950;betam=0.38;bm=Lm-am;%满载时的参数z=0:0.01:1;fai_fk=betak*z*Lk./(bk+z*hgk);%空载时前轴的ffai_fm=betam*z*Lm./(bm+z*hgm);%满载时前轴的ffai_rk=(1-betak)*z*Lk./(ak-z*hgk);%空载时后轴的rfai_rm=(1-betam)*z*Lm./(am-z*hgm);%满载时后轴的rEfk=z./fai_fk*100;%空载时前轴的制动效率Efm=z./fai_fm*100;Erk=z./fai_rk*100;Erm=z./fai_rm*100; t1=0.02;t2=0.02;ua0=30;fai=0.80;g=9.8;ak1=Erk(81)*g*fai/100;am1=Erm(81)*g*fai/100;Sk1=(t