土木工程建筑外文翻译外文文献高层建筑的消防安全设计.pdf

外文资料来源及题目（注：含作者、书名、杂志名或外文数据库名等，英文文章或段落标题，原文附后）题目:Discussion on the fire safety design of a high-rise building 作者:马钱丽 郭伟 摘自:Elsevier 电子期刊全文库 关于一幢高层建筑的消防安全设计的研究 马钱利a 郭伟b a滨海新区分公司消防队 中国 天津 滨海新区中心路 7 号 300457 b天津消防和安全科学研究所 中国 天津 南开区魏晋南路110 号 30387 摘要：高层住宅建筑在消防安全设计上的几个问题：疏散楼梯和电梯不能从顶部运行到地上，居民无法转移到建筑物外;消防电梯不能直接到达一楼和剪刀型楼梯与消防电梯的合用大厅。基于这些问题,提出消防安全目标并提供了解决方案。希望，建议的解决方案可以为类似的高层建筑的消防安全设计提供参考。关键词：高层住宅建筑；消防设计；消防电梯 1.引言“11.15”上海灾难性的火灾引起了人们对高层住宅建筑消防安全的思考。这次灾难是由于节能项目建设引起，而不是因为高层设计本身。然而,如何提高消防安全的高层住宅建筑和维护的生命安全居民已成为最重要的问题，必须认真考虑在这类高层建筑上的消防安全设计。因此，分析了我国北方的一幢高层建筑的消防安全设计，以它为例子来为同类建筑的消防安全设计提供参考。2.高层建筑的火灾风险因素 通常高层住宅建筑火灾风险包括以下:2.1火和烟雾的快速扩散 因为高层建筑的“烟囱效应”，如果控制措施不够，火和烟会通过楼梯、电梯和管道在短时间内快速的蔓延到楼上。2.2火灾扑救困难 类似于建筑的高度，不完善的消防设备和过大的离地距离，给灭火增加了难度。此外，中国目前的高层建筑大部分的电力器材都是可燃的，这大大增加了大火的垂直蔓延速度。这样，大火覆盖了建筑的外表面，为消防员的灭火增加了难度。2.3居民逃生困难 一般来说，高层建筑居民要比低层建筑居民多，另外，高层建筑高度大使得疏散更加困难。此外，公民缺乏消防安全常识大大增加安全疏散时间，公民的消防安全意识需要改善。2.4火灾持续时间长 高层建筑面积和荷载较大，有时它可能蔓延到邻近建筑，使得高层建筑火灾持续时间更长。3.高层住宅建筑的消防安全设计 在中国北方，因为冬天寒冷，大多数高层住宅建筑是成组的，居民通常选择拥有足够阳光的房间。在这里，我把一个联合高层建筑的消防安全设计作为例子。建筑高99.8米，布置新颖。见图1细节。（a）（b）图一，高层住宅建筑素描图 根据高层民用建筑设计防火规范“GB50045-95（2005）【1】”,这类住宅应 被设计成防火建筑，然而在建筑消防设计中出现了以下问题。3.1疏散楼梯和电梯不能从顶部运行到地上，居民无法转移到建筑物外 由图一知，这个建筑形式很新颖。上部有两个悬空的结构，悬空结构里有两个单元，因此，每个单元里会有一部电梯无法直接运行到一楼。见图2 图二 楼梯和消防电梯的草图 3.2消防电梯不能直接到一楼 就像在两个悬空结构中的楼梯和消防电梯，在顶层（转换层）的下方，消防电梯就停止了，然后在相邻单元继续运行。见图2 图3 消防楼梯和楼梯的共享间 4.消防安全目标 通常，消防安全目标可能包括生命和财产安全，遗产和环境保护，然而，消防安全目标会随建筑的使用功能，结构形式和高度有所不同。因此，基于使用功能，结构布局，以及高层住宅建筑中特有的火灾隐患等所存在的问题，列出消防安全目标：（1）所有人员必须在规定时间撤离到户外（2）防火落实到户（3）建筑有足够的条件利于消防员灭火（4）防火设计可以减少火灾隐患并减少财产损失 5.解决方案 为了实现以上的消防目标，提出下面的建议 5.1转换层和转换通道（1）转换层应开放不少于5%房间面积的机械排烟或自然排烟系统以便确保住户安全通过。转换层的防火门应设计成B类防火门【3】（2）在转换层，楼梯和消防电梯应该设计成双向【4-5】(3)转换层的消防电梯标志和疏散标志应沿应急通道安装，应急灯也应提供。疏散通道应呈一条直线。（4）相邻的电梯，楼梯，走廊和公寓应使用单独的疏散通道，防火墙至少3.0H耐火等级。（5）钢结构桁架的转换层应防火，确保钢结构安全。5.2 楼梯和大厅 （1）防火墙将消防电梯大厅与剪刀楼梯分开，并根据相关国家标准【6-7】，见图4细节。如果防火墙开洞，洞口应设置一个防火门。不允许有开门的楼梯，为的是防止烟雾延到楼梯。（2）楼梯应提供自然采光和排烟措施 （3）如果前厅不能提供自然采光和排烟，那么应设置机械防烟系统。（4）前厅和疏散通道禁止有可燃物，这些约束能保证居民安全通过大厅和应急通道。（5）家庭门应设置为防火门 （6）如果大厅不能提供自然采光和自然排烟，应安装应急照明和疏散指示标志，特别是应急通道。5.3 楼梯与大厅的共用间和消防电梯 (1)应采取措施保证在建筑的上部和下部的电梯可以自动下降到最低层（转换层消防电梯的上部和一楼较低的部分）以防火灾（2）每一层楼电梯井内的通风管道应能防火，保护门应为C类防火门（3）灭火器应安装在大堂和每个公寓楼，可以用来扑灭小火。应采取措施保证在建筑的上部和下部的电梯可以自动下降到最低层（转换层消防电梯的上部和一楼较低的部分）以防火灾 6.可行性分析 通过可行性分析和有效性分析解决一下三方面问题：确保居民安全疏散，控制早期火灾和控制烟雾蔓延。（1）确保居民安全疏散和保证消防灭火顺利进行 在火灾中，烟雾、高温和有毒气体给人体带来了极大的危险，因此，设计时应考虑如何防止初期火源和烟雾的蔓延。在这种情况下，足够的防火间距是必要的。例如，安装防火门能有效的防止火灾和烟雾从大堂蔓延到家庭。转换层应设计层双向的应急通道，转换层作为第二个出口，提供了一条应急疏散 线路，因此，一个楼梯着火了，上层居民可以通过其他楼梯撤离，通过这种方式，可以确保居民的安全疏散和灭火的顺利进行。（2）早期火灾控制 这个民用住宅建筑人口有限，主要的火灾荷载是家具所产生的荷载。除了室内消火栓系统，灭火器对扑灭早期家具所引起的火灾是非常有效的。因此建议在大厅和公寓内安装灭火器。（3）烟雾和有毒气体的控制 如果发生火灾，通过防烟楼梯是住户疏散到安全地方的唯一的路径，而消防电梯有助于消防工具和设备的运输。因此，采取合理有效的措施防止烟雾和热气扩散到楼梯和电梯，确保居民安全疏散和火灾扑灭的顺利进行。如果住户家里着火了，烟雾肯定会扩散出来。增压设备可以防止烟雾过道和大堂。根据以上分析，如果建筑按照上述提供的建议进行高层建筑的消防安全设计可以确保人员的安全疏散。7结论 对这个建筑的消防安全设计案例进行了分析。根据设计要求和使用功能提出消防安全目标，基于这些提供可行的消防系统设计的要求和方法，进行可行性的分析和探讨。希望改进后的消防设计方法可以为类似的建筑提供有价值的参考。参考文献 1 The Ministry of Public Security of the Peoples Republic of China,2005,Code for Fire Protection Design of Tall Buildings GB 50045-95(2005 Edition).China Planning Press,Beijing.2 Zhang Xiaoling,Zheng Yanqiu,2007.Discussion on the design of shared lobby of buildings,Asia Fire Protection 1,p.58.3 The Ministry of Public Security of the Peoples Republic of China,2006,Code for design of building fire protection and prevention GB 50015-2006.China Planning Press,Beijing 4 Tian Yumin,2005.Function of fire elevator in evacuation and fire fighting,Fire Technique and Products Information 9,p.34.5 Wang Bing.Discussion on Problems of Fire Evacuation of Modular High-rise Housing J.Fire Science and Technology.2009,4:182-183.6 Naohiro Takeichi,Yoshiyuki Yoshida,Tomonori Sano,etc,2007.Characteristics of Merging Occupants in a Staircase,Fire Science and Technology 4,p.363 7 Dai Wenyan,Qin Jian,Zhou Yuanyuan,2012.Discussion on Setting of Residual Pressure Valve in Pressurization Design,Construction Science and Discussion on the fire safety design of a high-rise building MA Qianlia,GUO Weib,*aEco-city Branch of Binhai New Area Fire Brigade,NO.7,Zhongxin Road,Binhai New Area,Tianjin 300457,China bFire Code Research Division of Tianjin Fire Research Institute of MPS,NO.110,Weijin Road(South),Nankai District Tianjin 300381,China Abstract There are several problems in the fire safety design of a high-rise residential building:the staircase for evacuation cant run from the topto the ground and the occupants cant directly evacuate to the outside of the building;fire lift cant directly reach the first floor and thescissor-shaped staircase shares its lobby with the fire lift.Based on these problems,fire safety objectives have been defined and suggestedsolutions have been provided.Hopefully,the suggested solutions can provide references for the fire safety design of similar high-risebuildings.Keywords:high-rise residential building;fire protection design;fire lift 1.Introduction “11.15”Shanghai disastrous fire aroused profound consideration of the fire safety of high-rise residential buildings inChina.This disaster was caused by the energy-saving project of the building,not because of the design of the high-riseuilding itself,however,how to improve the fire safety of high-rise residential buildings and to safeguard the life safety ofthe residents has become the most important issue that must be considered seriously during the fire safety design of this kindof building.Therefore,analysis of the problems in the fire safety design of a high-rise building in the north part of China hasbeen done as an example to provide references for the fire safety design of the same kind of buildings in the other areas ofChina.2.Fire risks of the high-rise residential building Fire risks of the high-rise residential building usually include the followings.(1)Rapid fire and smoke spread.Because of the“chimney effect”of the high-rise building,fire and smoke can spread to the upper floors very rapidly through staircases,elevator shafts and ducts in a very short time if the fire and smoke control measures are not adequate.(2)Difficult fire fighting and rescue.Factors like the height of the building,the inadequate fire fighting equipment and fire fighting at an elevated heightcertainly increase the difficulties of the fire fighting in a high-rise building.Moreover,the current cladding systems of mosthigh-rise buildings in China are combustible,which contribute a lot to the vertical spread of fire.In this case,fire covers thebuilding from outside and it increases the difficulties for fire fighters to do fire fighting and rescue.(3)Difficult safe evacuation of the occupants Generally speaking,there will be more occupants in a high-rise residential building than those of a low building.In addition,the vertical travel distance for a high-rise building is quite long,which makes the evacuation more difficult.Furthermore,the fire safety sense of the public in China needs to be improved.The lack of common sense of fire safety and ability of escaping safely from the building in case of fire increases the safe evacuation time.(4)Fire usually lasts for a quite long time Fire lasts longer in a high-rise building because high-rise buildings are usually large in area and heavy in fire load.Therefore,high-rise building fire often lasts longer and sometimes it may spread to the adjacent buildings.3.Problems in fire safety design of a high-rise residential building In the north part of China,most high-rise buildings for residential occupancy are unitized because it is quite cold in winter and the residents often choose rooms with enough sunshine.Here,I would like to take a unitized high-rise residential building as an example to show the problems in the fire safety design of this building.The building is 99.8m in height with a quite novel configuration.See Fig.1 for the details.(a)(b)Fig.1.Design sketch of a high-rise residential building.According to current national standard“Code for Fire Protection Design of Tall Buildings”GB 50045-95(2005)1,this residential building should be designed as Class I fire resistance.However,during the fire protection design of the building,the following problems have been found.3.1.Staircase for evacuation cant run from the top to the ground and the occupants can not directly evacuate to the outside of the building From Fig.1,we can see that the building is quite novel in shape.The upper two parts of the building suspend in midair and each suspended part has two units.Therefore,there will be one staircase in each suspendedpart failing to run directly to the first floor.See Fig.2 for the details.Fig.2.Sketch map of staircases and fire lifts.3.2.Fire lift cant directly reach the first floor Just like the staircase,the fire lifts of those two suspended parts cant directly reach the first floor.At the top floor(transfer floor)of the lower part,the fire lifts just stop and then continue in the adjacent units.See Fig.2 for the details.3.3.Scissor-shaped staircase shares its lobby with the fire lift In the trial design,the staircases have been designed in scissor shapes.The scissor-shaped staircase shares its lobby with the fire lift.This kind of lobby is usually called“shared lobby”2(two lobbies of the scissor-shaped staircase and one lobby of the fire lift)in China.See Fig.3 for the details.Fig.3.Shared lobby of the staircase and fire lift.4.Fire safety objectives Generally,the fire safety objectives may include life safety,protection of property and structure,continuity of business operation,heritage and environmental protection.However,the fire safety objectives of a building may vary with the occupancy,structure and height of the building.Therefore,based on the occupancy,layouts as well as the problems in fire safety design of this high-rise residential building and its unique fire hazards,the following fire safety objectives have been defined:(1)All the occupants shall evacuate to the outdoor safely within the required time;(2)Fire shall be controlled within one family;(3)The conditions inside the building shall be favorable enough for fire fighters to do fire fighting and rescue safely;(4)The fire prevention design can reduce fire hazards effectively and control the property loss within acceptable range.5.Suggested solutions In order to fulfill the above fire safety objectives,the following solutions have been suggested.5.1.Transfer floor and transfer passageway (1)Transfer floor and transfer passageway should be designed and there should be no combustibles inside the transfer lobby on the transfer floor.Independent mechanical smoke exhaust system or natural smoke exhaust system with opening area not less than 5%of the room area should be installed to secure the safety of the occupants during evacuation through the transfer floor.Rooms connecting to the transfer lobby should be protected by class B fire door3.(2)On the transfer floor,the staircase and fire lift should be designed for two way evacuation4-5.(3)Signs to indicate the location of the fire lift on the transfer floor and continuous evacuation signs should be installed along the transfer passageway.Emergency light should also be provided.The transfer passageway should be in a straight line.(4)Fire wall with at least 3.0 h fire resistance rating should be used to separate the transfer passageway from the adjacent elevator shafts,staircases,corridors and apartments.If there are openings in the fire wall,the openings should be protected with Class A fire door.(5)The steel truss of the transfer floor should be fire protected to ensure the safety of the steel structure.5.2.Staircase and lobby (1)To separate the lobby of the fire lift from that of the scissor staircase by fire wall,and provide smoke prevention measures according to the related national standards6-7,see Fig.4 for details.If there are openings in the fire wall,the openings should be protected by Class A fire door.No room should be permitted to have doors open to the staircase so as to prevent smoke from spreading to the staircase.(2)Natural lighting and smoke exhaust facilities should be provided in the staircase;(3)If the lobby cant be provided with natural lighting and smoke exhaust,mechanical smoke prevention system should be installed and liability and effectiveness should be ensured.(4)Lobby and transfer passageway should be finished with non-combustibles,no combustibles and other articles that may not guarantee the safe evacuation of the occupants should be permitted in the lobby and the transfer passageway;(5 Family doors should be protected by Class A fire door;(6)If the lobby cant be provided with natural lighting and natural smoke exhaust,emergency lighting and evacuation indicating signs should be installed,especially in the transfer passageway.Fig.4.Shared lobby of the staircase and fire lift.5.3.Other solutions (1)Linkage measures should be taken to ensure that the fire lifts of upper and lower parts of the building canautomatically descend to the lowest floor(the transfer floor for the fire lifts of the upper parts and the first floor for the lower parts)in case of fire;(2)The ducts inside the fire lift shafts should be fire stopped at each floor.Maintenance doors should be protected by Class C fire door.(3)Fire extinguishers should be installed in the lobby and each apartment,which can be used to put out early stage fires.Linkage measures should be taken to ensure that the fire lifts of upper and lower parts of the building can automatically descend to the lowest floor(the transfer floor for the fire lifts of the upper parts and the first floor for the lower parts)in case of fire 6.Feasibility analysis Feasibility and effectiveness of the above solutions has been analyzed through the following 3 aspects:to secure the safe evacuation of occupants,to control the early stage fire and to control smoke from spreading.(1)To secure the safe evacuation of occupants and fire fighting practice.In case of fire,smoke with high temperature and toxicity brings great danger to peoples life.Therefore,the fire protection design of buildings shall consider how to prevent fire and smoke from spreading out of the fire origin.In this case,reliable fire separation shall be needed.For example,installation of fire door for each family can effectively prevent fire and smoke from spreading to the lobby.Two way evacuation transfer passageway shall be designed on the transfer floor.The transfer floor cant be regarded asthe second exit,however,it does provide an alternative evacuation route,so that if there is something wrong with one staircase,occupants on the upper floors can evacuate through the other staircase.In this way,evacuation of the occupants and fire fighting practice can be guaranteed.(2)Early stage fire control.This is a residential building and the area for each family is quite limited.The main fire load of the family is furniture.Except indoor fire hydrant system,fire extinguishers are also helpful and effective in putting out early stage furniture fires.Therefore,it is suggested that fire extinguishers shall be installed both in the lobby and the apartme