高中英语语法总结——强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语.docx

一、强调句（一）强调句句型1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was +被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。e.g. It wasyesterdaythat he met Li Ping.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。e.g. Was ityesterdaythat he met Li Ping?3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who +其它部分？e.g.When and wherewas it that you were born?4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was ，其余的时态用It is 。（二）not until 句型的强调句1、句型为：It is/ was not until +被强调部分+ that +其它部分e.g. 普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。（三）谓语动词的强调1、It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。二、It的用法（一）作人称代词1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us.（it代替后面的air）They say he has left town, but I dont believe it.（it代替前面Theytown分句中的情况）2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high.（it代替前面的tree）The baby cried because it was hungry.（it代替前面的baby）3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。e.g. - Someone is knocking at the door, Peter.- Who is it?- Its me.- Who are singing?- It is the children.- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。e.g. - Do you still have the bicycle?- No, I have soldit.- Is this knife yours?- No. It is Xiao Zhangs. Mine is theoneon the desk.5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。e.g. The climate of South China is mild（温和的）; I likeitvery much.（it指the climate of South China）The climate of South China is much better thanthatof Japan.（that指the climate）（二）作无人称代词it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).It is noon.It is a half hours walk to the factory.It is eighteen square metres in area.What does it matter?（三）作强调词，构成强调结构用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) +所强调的成分+ that (who) +其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it ，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词）We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night.（it与that从句中间夹有strange）但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.（因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句）三、省略为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）(I) see you tomorrow.(It) Doesnt matter.2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。e.g. (There is) No smoking.(Is there) Anything wrong?Why (do you) not say hello to him?3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。e.g. - Are you going there?- Id liketo(go there).He did not give me the chance, though he had promisedto(give me the chance).注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。e.g. - Are you an engineer?- No, but I want to be.- He hasnt finished the task yet.- Well, he ought to have.4、省略表语。e.g. - Are you thirsty?- Yes, I am (thirsty).5、同时省略几个成分。e.g. Lets meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.- Have you finished your work?- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.（二）并列句中的省略两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.（三）主从复合句中的省略1、主句中有一些成分被省略。e.g. (Im) Sorry to hear that you are ill.(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。e.g. - Is he coming back tonight?- I thinkso.- Is he feeling better today?- Im afraidnot.这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I dont think so比I think not更常用）。（四）其它省略1、连词that的省略：、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。2、不定式符号to的省略、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。e.g. I told him to sit down andwait fora moment.、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。e.g. - I saw the boyfallfrom the tree.- The boy was seen tofallfrom the tree.、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。e.g. The boydidnothing butplay.3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).四、插入语英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。（一）插入语的类型：1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。I can,however,discuss this when I see you.2、短语e.g. China and India,for example, are neighbours.By the way, where are you from?3、句子e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.Jack, as far as I know, isnt clever.（二）插入语的位置通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？（三）插入语在句中的作用一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。（四）插入语的特殊用法下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。e.g. How longdid you sayshe would stay here?Whendo you supposetheyll be back?How olddid you thinkshe was（五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far 到目前为止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反；no wonder 不足为奇；as a matter of fact 事实上；come along 快点，来吧；in other words 换句话说；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，结果。