科技英语翻译课后练习答案省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

科技英语翻译科技英语翻译EST TRANSLATION第1页目录1第第3章章 名词和冠词翻译名词和冠词翻译1、名词译法2、冠词译法3、总复习题第第4章章 代词翻译代词翻译1、代词普通译法2、人称代词译法3、形容词性物主代词译法4、指示代词译法5、不定代词译法6、it及其句型译法7、总复习题第第1章章 概论概论1、翻译标准2、对译者要求3、科技英语文体特点4、翻译普通方法第第2章章 词翻译词翻译1、词义选择2、词义引申3、词类转换4、词增译5、词省译6、重复法第2页 目录2第第7章章 连词翻译连词翻译1、连词普通译法2、惯用并列连词译法3、惯用主从连接词译法4、总复习题第第8章章 动词翻译动词翻译1、谓语动词普通译法2、动词时态译法3、非限定动词译法4、情态动词译法5、被动语态译法6、总复习题第第5章章 数词、形容词和副词数词、形容词和副词 翻译翻译1、数词译法2、形容词译法3、副词译法4、形容词和副词比较级译法5、形容词和副词最高级译法6、总复习题第第6章章 介词翻译介词翻译1、介词普通译法2、介词短语译法3、惯用介词译法4、总复习题第3页 目录3第第第第1111章章章章 篇章翻译篇章翻译篇章翻译篇章翻译1 1、总复习题、总复习题第第9章章 句子翻译句子翻译1、句子成份译法2、否定句译法3、总复习题第第10章章 长句翻译长句翻译1、并列句译法2、名词性从句译法3、定语从句译法4、状语从句译法5、复合长句译法6、总复习题第4页1.1 翻译标准1.信达雅（严复）：2.忠实、通顺（普遍观点）3.科技翻译标准：1）准确规范（第1节 翻译练习1）2）通顺易懂（第1节 翻译练习2）3）简练明晰（第1节 翻译练习3）第5页第1节 翻译练习11.The power plant is the heart of a ship.2.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.动力动力装置装置是船舶心脏。是船舶心脏。驱动这些机器动力装置是一台驱动这些机器动力装置是一台50马力感应电动机。马力感应电动机。第6页第1节 翻译练习21.Semiconductor devices,called transistors,are replacing tubes in many applications.2.Cramped conditions means that passengers legs cannot move around freely.3.All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场所替换电子管。半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场所替换电子管。我们知道，全部物体都有重量并占据空间。我们知道，全部物体都有重量并占据空间。空间狭窄，旅客两腿就不能自由活动。空间狭窄，旅客两腿就不能自由活动。第7页第1节 翻译练习31.The removal of minerals from water is called softening.2.A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts:blade and petiole.去除水中矿物质叫做软化。去除水中矿物质叫做软化。双子叶植物经典营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。双子叶植物经典营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。第8页1.2 对译者要求1.英语水平 2.汉语水平3.专业知识4.翻译知识5.翻译经验第9页1.3 科技英语文体特点1.第三人称句多2.被动语态多3.专业名词、术语多4.非谓语动词多5.长句多第10页1.4 翻译普通方法1.直译与意译（第4节 翻译练习1）2.合译与分译（第4节 翻译练习2）3.增译与省译（第4节 翻译练习3）4.顺译与倒译（第4节 翻译练习4）第11页第4节 翻译练习11.Einsteins relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.2.All four(outer planets)probably have cores of metals,silicates,and water.爱因斯坦相对论是能解释这种现象唯一理论。（直译）爱因斯坦相对论是能解释这种现象唯一理论。（直译）这四颗外层行星内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水组成。这四颗外层行星内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水组成。（意译）（意译）第12页3.The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs.4.Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product.设计师必须备有所使用材料贮备表。（意译）设计师必须备有所使用材料贮备表。（意译）要使印刷品质量到达要求，部件调试及修理就必须定时进行。要使印刷品质量到达要求，部件调试及修理就必须定时进行。（意译）（意译）第13页第4节 翻译练习21.The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water.2.The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia.3.The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.植物生长各原因中最主要是水供给。（合译）植物生长各原因中最主要是水供给。（合译）太阳大小看起来有改变，这是因为靠近地平线空气中有尘太阳大小看起来有改变，这是因为靠近地平线空气中有尘粒而引发。（分译）粒而引发。（分译）医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译）医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译）第14页4.These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one.5.Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.这些石块和铁块碎片大小不等，大直径有这些石块和铁块碎片大小不等，大直径有1000公里，小不公里，小不到到1公里。（分译）公里。（分译）制造过程能够分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指是生产少许制造过程能够分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指是生产少许零件，后者则是指生产大量相同零件。（分译）零件，后者则是指生产大量相同零件。（分译）第15页第4节 翻译练习31.Cartography is the science of making maps.2.Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes.制图学是制图学是研究研究绘制地图科学。（增译）绘制地图科学。（增译）人们人们发觉，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不一样同位素混发觉，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不一样同位素混合物。（增译）合物。（增译）第16页3.The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt:this is the unit of voltage and that of current.4.That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity.电学上最惯用两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压单位，电学上最惯用两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压单位，前者是电流前者是电流单位单位。（增译）。（增译）同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学一个基本规律。（省同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学一个基本规律。（省译）译）第17页第4节 翻译练习41.Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge.2.The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity.3.The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation.几乎任何一个绝缘体都多少含有保留电荷一段时间能力。几乎任何一个绝缘体都多少含有保留电荷一段时间能力。向心推力轴承有较大轴向承载能力。向心推力轴承有较大轴向承载能力。经过改变晶粒方向能够改变焊缝性能。经过改变晶粒方向能够改变焊缝性能。第18页2.1 词义选择1.词类/词性（part of speech）：第1节 翻译练习12.上下文（co-text）：第1节 翻译练习23.搭配（collocation）：第1节 翻译练习34.学科专业/语域（register）：第1节 翻译练习4第19页第1节 翻译练习11.The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other.2.The earth isnt completely round;it is slightly flattened at the poles.3.In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field.锭子同时绕两个相互垂直轴旋转。（介词）锭子同时绕两个相互垂直轴旋转。（介词）粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新能量。（名词）粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新能量。（名词）地球并非完全是圆，它两极略扁平。（形容词）地球并非完全是圆，它两极略扁平。（形容词）第20页4.An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom.5.Her waist measures forty inches round.电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷极其微小粒子。（动词）电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷极其微小粒子。（动词）她腰围她腰围40英寸。（副词）英寸。（副词）第21页第1节 翻译练习21.Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool.2.Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data.3.To find the area of a square or oblong,you merely multiply its length by its width.4.Certain isotopes are not found in nature.人们人们发觉发觉钻孔速度与工具所受净压力成正比。钻孔速度与工具所受净压力成正比。求求一正方形或长方形面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。一正方形或长方形面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。科学家们总是力争科学家们总是力争找到找到快速而简便方法取得定量数据。快速而简便方法取得定量数据。有些同位素在自然界中并不有些同位素在自然界中并不存在存在。第22页5.New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry.6.Kangaroos are found in Australia.7.This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers.8.Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors.9.Plastics find wide application in our daily life.大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。这种植物生长在近河口海中。这种植物生长在近河口海中。新创造纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛应用。新创造纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛应用。微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器生产中。微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器生产中。塑料在我们日常生活中得到广泛应用。塑料在我们日常生活中得到广泛应用。第23页第1节 翻译练习31.1.low dampinglow damping2.2.low brakelow brake3.3.low limitlow limit4.4.low shotlow shot5.5.low currentlow current6.6.low orderlow order7.7.low accesslow access8.8.low keylow key9.9.low brasslow brass弱阻尼弱阻尼低速制动器低速制动器下限下限低位低位仰视拍摄仰视拍摄低强度电流低强度电流慢速存取慢速存取低音调键低音调键下半轴瓦下半轴瓦第24页1.1.solid anglesolid angle2.2.solid bearingsolid bearing3.3.solid bodysolid body4.4.solid linesolid line5.5.solid borersolid borer6.6.solid colorsolid color7.7.solid crankshaftsolid crankshaft8.8.solid goldsolid gold9.9.solid measuresolid measure10.10.solid circuitsolid circuit11.11.solid injectionsolid injection12.12.solid lubricantsolid lubricant13.13.solid polesolid pole钻头钻头单色单色实心曲轴实心曲轴固态电路固态电路赤金赤金体积体积无气喷射无气喷射润滑脂，固体润滑剂润滑脂，固体润滑剂磁极磁极实线实线固体固体整体轴承整体轴承立体角立体角第25页第1节 翻译练习4apron(n.):apron(n.):机械行业机械行业造船业造船业建筑业建筑业地质地质运输业运输业航空业航空业军事军事护床护床船头护船木船头护船木（皮带）运输机（皮带）运输机护墙，挡板护墙，挡板冰川前沙砾层冰川前沙砾层停机坪停机坪（炮）口罩，伪装天幕（炮）口罩，伪装天幕第26页2.2 词义引申1.技术性引申2.修辞性引申3.详细化引申4.抽象化引申第2节 翻译练习1第27页第2节 翻译练习11.The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls.2.Traditionally,NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands being contained on a punched tape.3.The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen.滚动阻力起因在于滚动体配合面和它滚动滚动阻力起因在于滚动体配合面和它滚动滚道滚道变形。（技术变形。（技术性引申）性引申）通常，数控机床编程是通常，数控机床编程是脱机脱机完成，指令载于穿孔带上。（技完成，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申）术性引申）大片大片大片大片漂浮藻类出现造成很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修漂浮藻类出现造成很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申）辞引申）第28页4.The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy.5.The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor.6.The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions.7.Just as different solids and liquids vary in density,so do gases and vapors.元件技术中元件技术中起主要作用起主要作用是半导体元件。（详细化引申）是半导体元件。（详细化引申）两板之间距离相对于其两板之间距离相对于其宽度和长度宽度和长度而言比较小。而言比较小。（详细化引申）（详细化引申）伴随伴随铀核和钚核裂变，会有极其巨大能量释放处理。（修铀核和钚核裂变，会有极其巨大能量释放处理。（修辞性引申）辞性引申）正像不一样固体和液体密度不一样一样，不一样气体和蒸汽正像不一样固体和液体密度不一样一样，不一样气体和蒸汽密密度也不一样度也不一样。（详细化引申）。（详细化引申）第29页8.The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation.9.Obviously,there is much room for the improvement in the structure.10.At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.11.The facts have been set down in black and white.显然，其结构还有较大改进显然，其结构还有较大改进余地余地。（抽象化引申）。（抽象化引申）当前，煤是火电厂最惯用当前，煤是火电厂最惯用能源能源。（抽象化引申）。（抽象化引申）居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一个物质一个物质能放出辐射能。能放出辐射能。（详细化引申）（详细化引申）这些事实已经这些事实已经清清楚楚清清楚楚地统计下来了。（抽象化引申）地统计下来了。（抽象化引申）第30页2.3 词类转换1.转译为动词 n.v.adj.v.adv.v.prep.v.2.转译为名词 第3节 翻译练习1 v.n.pron.n.adj.n.adv.n.3.转译为形容词 n.adj.adv.adj.v.adj.4.转译为副词 第3节 翻译练习2 adj.adv.v.adv.n.adv.第31页第3节 翻译练习11.Each time a sample was drawn for color determination.2.What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf.3.We should get familiar with different systems of units.每次取一个标本每次取一个标本测定测定颜色。颜色。能够能够必定必定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾生态是个惨重打击。，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾生态是个惨重打击。我们应该我们应该熟悉熟悉各种（计量）单位制。各种（计量）单位制。第32页4.These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design-not just to mechanical engineering design.5.Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators.6.When the war was over,it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons.常以氢气常以氢气代替代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。第二次世界大战第二次世界大战结束结束后，人们发觉德国人在研制核武器方面后，人们发觉德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。离成功还很远。这些判定过程能够这些判定过程能够应用应用于工程设计整个领域，而不但仅限于机于工程设计整个领域，而不但仅限于机械工程设计。械工程设计。第33页7.Various precautions have been taken against leakage.8.Once inside the oven,panels are subjected to a temperature of 365F.9.Value is defined as a numerical ratio,the ratio of the function,or performance,to the cost.10.This new model should appeal to potential buyers.一旦一旦进入进入烘干炉，板材就处于烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度温度条件下。华氏度温度条件下。价值价值定义定义是功效或性能与成本数值比。是功效或性能与成本数值比。已采取了各种办法已采取了各种办法预防预防渗漏。渗漏。这种新式样对潜在买主必定有这种新式样对潜在买主必定有吸引力吸引力。第34页11.Galileos experiments are not difficult,nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill.12.Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features,for example a star or a bird;sometimes he observes an event,which is something that happens at a particular time.13.Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions.有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，比如一颗星或一只鸟；有时有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，比如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生事。观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生事。地震对于生命地震对于生命破坏破坏通常大于火山暴发。通常大于火山暴发。伽利略试验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡技能来做伽利略试验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡技能来做试验试验。第35页14.Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating.15.How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air.16.This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor.一个燃料燃烧速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合一个燃料燃烧速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合均匀程均匀程度度。这就是线圈常被叫做电感器这就是线圈常被叫做电感器原因原因。应该慢慢加热，以防止发生应该慢慢加热，以防止发生局部局部过热现象。过热现象。第36页第3节 翻译练习21.Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure.2.The metal casts well.3.A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic;the plastic is insulation round the wire.几乎材料一切有用特征都与其内部结构有几乎材料一切有用特征都与其内部结构有亲密亲密关系。关系。这种金属有这种金属有良好良好铸造性能。铸造性能。传导电流导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线传导电流导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围周围绝缘材料。绝缘材料。第37页4.There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet.5.Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged.6.Safety in a power plant is of great importance.7.Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits.安全在电厂是安全在电厂是非常非常主要。主要。当代发报机当代发报机大多大多采取固体电路。采取固体电路。有许多方法来确定磁场有许多方法来确定磁场周围周围磁力分布情况。磁力分布情况。润滑润滑良好良好可保护轴承不受损伤。可保护轴承不受损伤。第38页8.E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical,plastic and energy e-commerce.9.These images tend to exaggerate the robots similarity to human anatomy and behavior.10.Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886.这些概念这些概念经常经常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面相同之处。夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面相同之处。电子化工商务电子化工商务当前当前主要主要提供两个层次相关化学、塑料和能提供两个层次相关化学、塑料和能源电子商务在线商务信息服务。源电子商务在线商务信息服务。直到直到1886年人们发觉电解法还原铝之前，铝年人们发觉电解法还原铝之前，铝一直一直是一个昂贵珍是一个昂贵珍品。品。第39页11.Since some materials are not damaged easily as others,the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts.因为有些材料不像另一些那样轻易被损坏，所以因为有些材料不像另一些那样轻易被损坏，所以有可能有可能研制出研制出防辐射零件。防辐射零件。第40页2.4 词增译1.1.增译名词增译名词2.2.增译动词增译动词3.3.增译形容词增译形容词4.4.增译副词增译副词5.5.增译代词增译代词第第4 4节节 翻译练习翻译练习1 16.6.增译量词增译量词7.7.增译表示名词复数词增译表示名词复数词8.8.增译时态词增译时态词9.9.增译概括性词增译概括性词10.10.增译连接词增译连接词11.11.增译转折词增译转折词第第4 4节节 翻译练习翻译练习2 2第41页第4节 翻译练习11.This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor.2.Once out of the earths gravity,an astronaut is affected by still another problem-weightlessness.3.By minimizing the microscopic imperfections scientists are making far stronger ceramics.这一作用从外表上看来像电容器放电这一作用从外表上看来像电容器放电现象现象。一旦离开了地球引力一旦离开了地球引力范围范围，宇航员又碰到了另一个问题，宇航员又碰到了另一个问题失重。失重。科学家们正经过最大程度地减小微观缺点来制造科学家们正经过最大程度地减小微观缺点来制造强度强度高得多高得多陶瓷。陶瓷。第42页4.Atomic cells are small and very light,as compared to ordinary dry ones.5.Transistors can make previously large equipment much smaller.6.Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too,which might have black holes as companions.天文学家有证据天文学家有证据表明表明，还有其它一些恒星也可能有黑洞作，还有其它一些恒星也可能有黑洞作为伴星。为伴星。和普通电池相比，原子电池和普通电池相比，原子电池体积体积小、小、重量重量轻。轻。晶体管能使原先晶体管能使原先体积体积大设备变得小得多。大设备变得小得多。第43页7.The key to the new materials is researchers increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level.8.The largest and most expensive products cannot,because of their size,be testable in the factory.9.Cold rolling enables the operators to produce rolls of accuracy and uniformity,and with a better surface finish.最大最贵产品，因为体积最大最贵产品，因为体积大大，在该工厂里是不能检验。，在该工厂里是不能检验。开发开发新材料关键在于研究人员不停提升在分子一级上处理物质新材料关键在于研究人员不停提升在分子一级上处理物质能力。能力。冷轧可使操作工生产出准确度冷轧可使操作工生产出准确度高高、均匀度、均匀度好好轧制件，并含有更轧制件，并含有更加好表面光洁度。加好表面光洁度。第44页10.All these factors play a key role in formulation of the model.11.PCs are not the most stable,and with video editing you have to be extra careful.12.This method makes it easy to identify the various components.在拟订模型时，全部这些原因在拟订模型时，全部这些原因都都将起到关键性作用。将起到关键性作用。这个方法使这个方法使人们人们很轻易识别各种不一样组成成份。很轻易识别各种不一样组成成份。个人电脑个人电脑普通普通并不太稳定，所以，进行视频编辑时需要加倍小并不太稳定，所以，进行视频编辑时需要加倍小心。心。第45页第4节 翻译练习21.It was estimated that the power of an average horse is equal to 500 feet-pounds per second.2.Panel patch is one gauge heavier than thickness of original skin.3.Studies have shown that information can be communicated to people many times faster in a graphic form than in written form.据预计，一据预计，一匹匹普通马功率等于普通马功率等于500英尺英尺-磅力磅力/秒。秒。补块比原板厚度大一补块比原板厚度大一号号。众多众多研究表明，以图形表示信息被人们接收速度比以文字表示研究表明，以图形表示信息被人们接收速度比以文字表示快许多倍。快许多倍。第46页4.The chemist is making an analysis of the poison.5.It appears that the construction of the dam has had a considerable effect on the ecology of the region.6.The receiver will operate reliably no matter what happens.不论发生什么情况，这台接收机都不论发生什么情况，这台接收机都将将可靠地工作。可靠地工作。药剂师药剂师正正对毒性进行分析。对毒性进行分析。看来，建造水坝对这一地域生态看来，建造水坝对这一地域生态已经已经有相当大影响。有相当大影响。第47页7.Radiant,electrical and chemical energies can all be turned into heat.8.The frequency,wave length and speed of sound are closely related.9.Noise figure is minimized by parametric amplifier.频率、波长和声速频率、波长和声速三者三者是亲密相关。是亲密相关。辐射能、电能和化学能辐射能、电能和化学能这三种这三种能均可转变为热能。能均可转变为热能。采取参量放大器采取参量放大器即可即可将噪音系数减小至最低程度。将噪音系数减小至最低程度。第48页10.In the abs