1、英语大全英语历程学习英语悲欢离合 第1页句子结构S 主语 v 谓语 O 宾语 C 补语 A 状语结构式 (定语定语)主语主语(状语)(状语)谓语谓语(定语)(定语)宾语宾语(状语)(状语)(The tall)boy (often)go to(the big)zoo.(The happy)child went (his)home (yesterday)第2页英语基础pron.代词 pre.介词n.名词v.动词 adv.副词vi.不及物动词vt.及物动词adj.形容词art.冠词num.数词第3页SV 主谓SVO 主谓宾SVC 主谓补SVA 主谓状SVOO 主谓宾宾SVOC 主谓宾补SVOA 主谓
2、宾补S 主语(主体)惯用(n.num.pron.)V 谓语(S之后)(行为或状态)惯用(V)O 宾语(动宾和介宾)惯用(n.pron.)定语(说明和限制名词)惯用(adj.)状语 惯用(adv.)第4页动词时态普通时现在时现在时完成时完成时完成进行时完成进行时现在现在worksworkam workingis workingare workinghave workedhas workedhave been workinghas been working过去过去workedwas workingwere workinghad workedhad been working未来shall workw
3、ill workshall have workedwill be workingshall have workedwill have workedshall have been workingwill have been woking过去未来would workwould be workingwould have workedwould have been working第5页定冠词使用顺口溜特指、重提和唯一,岛屿、海峡和海湾;海洋、党派、最高级,沙漠、河流与群山;方位、次序和乐器,年代、团体与机关;船名、建筑和组织,会议、条约与报刊;姓氏复数、国全名,请你记住用定冠;第6页In film C
4、ast Away,Tom Hanks plays man named chuck Noland.A a;the B the;a C the;the D a;aB.第一个空film前用定冠词修饰,表示特指这部电影;不定冠词与可数名词单数连用表示泛指误区警示 本题同学易误选C,认为普通名词后有过去分词或介词短语作定语时通常表示特指,需要定冠词修饰,但该题中man在句中表示泛指“一个.人”故用不定冠词修饰Many people have come to realize that they should go on Balanced diet and make room in their day fo
5、r exerciseA a;/B the;a C the;the D/;aA可能部分学生看到diet前有形容词修饰,需用the修饰表示特指,看到room便认为表示”房间“意思,结果照成答案误选。所以做有冠词题目时,一定首先判断其名词是可数还是不可数;其次判断该名词在句中表示特指。Diet 为可数名词,在文中首次提到,故用不定冠词修饰;Make room for 为习惯搭配 故选A项正确第7页零冠词月,季,星期,节假、周、头衔、职务前、三餐、球类、惯用语、学科、棋类名词前,普通不用任何冠词第8页名词就是表示人,事物,地点,现象及其它抽象概念等名称词,它分为普通名词和专有名词。普通名词分为可数名词
6、与不可数名词;专有名词是指详细人物、地点、组织、机构、国家或地域名词等,名词普通名词可数名词个体名词Worker 工人 bus 公共汽车集体名词Group 组 class 班级不可数名词物种名称Air 空气 water 水抽象名词Music 音乐 friendship 情谊专有名词Bill Gates 比尔盖茨 china 中国The party 共产党第9页可数名词单复数普通来说,不可数名词只有单数形式,可数名词有单数和复数形式。当可数名词数量大于1时,就用复数形式,可数名词由单数变为复数时,有规则与不规则两种规则改变6条规则1.普通在后面加s 如 deskdesks,penpens2.以
7、s x ch sh 结尾名词 在后面加 es。如 bus-buses boxboxes brushburshes watchwatches 但 stomachstomachs3.“以辅音字母+y”结尾名词 y变为i 加es 如bady-badies 婴儿 country-countries 等4.常见以f或fe结尾名词,如 thief life wife shelf self knife half leaf wolf 等 把f或fe改为 v 再加es 其它不用 如safe roof belife gulf chief 等直接在后面加 s 第10页以f或fe结尾改为v加 es巧妙记忆树叶半数自己
8、黄,妻子自己去割粮。架后窜出一只狼,就像小偷逃命忙。leaf-leaves 树叶Half-halves 半数Self-selves 自己Wife-wives 妻子Shelf-shelves 架子Wolf-wolves 狼Thief-thieves 小偷5,以元音字母+y 结尾名词直接加 sBoys toys 玩具 days 以辅音字母+y结尾名词把y变为i加 esFactory-factories country countries story-storiesCitiy-citities第11页6.以o结尾名词1.两人+两物 (加es)即 黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿Negro hero potat
9、o tomato2.其余 加 s 结尾第12页不规则改变五种规律1.含 man 词 普通变为 men2.将 oo 改为 ee 有 foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese(鹅肉 笨蛋)3.以 en结尾有 child-childen ox-oxen4.将 ouse 改为 ice mouse-mice louse-lice5.单复数 同形是 sheep deer fish aircrft(飞机)means(方法)works(工厂)swiss japanese chinese第13页人称代词主格和宾格及对应be动词(zhuge)人称pron只能作主语Ihesheitweyo
10、uthey人称代词主格我他她它我们你/你们他/她们amisisisareareare主格Ihesheitweyouthey宾格mehimheritusyouthem第14页代词分类(pron)代词定义:代词就是代替名词或形容词词或代替起名词作用短语或句子词代词分为:人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 指示代词 就是表示 这个 那个 这些 那些 如此等概念代词(this that these such)相互代词 表示相互关系代词 (each other one another)疑问代词 用来组成特殊疑问句 起名词作用代词 (有who which what whose whom)连接代词 引导名词性从句
11、疑问代词 (who whom whose what whichWhoever whosever whatever whichever)关系代词 引导定语从句 who whom whose that which as 等代词 替换词 未来防止重复出现前面已经出现名词 (惯用 it one that those)第15页背景知识 英国国家人们之间称呼和我国习惯相差很大,值得我们研究一下,以免在交往接触中使用不妥。对于几个或更多成年男子,可尊称他们为gentlemen,意为“先生们”对于一名不著名男子可称为 gentlemen 或 sir,不过不宜单独用Mister这个字来称呼他,因为这是小孩子或较
12、低微人口吻,对于已知其姓氏男子,可在他姓(family name)前冠以 Mr,如 Mr.Smith,但不要在他名前冠以Mr,如 Mr jack.MR.为 Mister 缩写。比如说,George Smith 和 Michal johnnson 两个人,在刚才认识时候能够互称 Mr.smith Mr.johnnson,在比较熟悉时候 能够互称对方名(first name),即 george michal.按英国国家习惯,妇女婚后都用丈夫姓。一个已婚妇女全名是以自己名(frist name)加上丈夫姓(family name)女性 未嫁是 用 Miss 已婚 Mrs第16页 There is s
13、till a copy of the book in the library,will you go and borrow_?No,Id rather by_ in the bookstore.A it;one B one;one C one;it D it;it答案 A.it 特指上文提到同名同物,普通指代可数名词单数;one用来指代前面出现可数名词单数,表示泛指概念,相当于a/an+可数名词单数 区分二者关键所指代名词在句中表示特指还是泛指;若表示特指上文提到可数名词单数,就用it 反之则用 oneWe had picnic last term and it was a lot of fu
14、n,so lets have _ one this month.A the other B some C another D otherC antoher 表示“又一,再一”,常与可数名词单数名词连用;the other 表示(二者中)另一个;some 指不确定 某一个;other 表示三者或三者以上“其它”第17页替换词 that one/ones it those 区分1.that 用来代替前面提到单数或不可数名词,不和冠词连用,其后总有修饰语,其后总有修饰语,相当于“the+可数名词单数/不可数名词。”the book on the desk is better than that un
15、der the desk.桌上那本书要比桌下那本书下面那本好得多The weatheris in beijing is much colder than that of Nanjing in winter.冬天北京天气要比南京冷得多2.one 用来指代前面 出现可数名词单数,表示泛指概念,相当于“a/an+可数名词单数”;ones 用来指代前面出现可数名词复数,也表示 泛指概念I lost my watch and I want to by one next week.我手表丢了,打算下周再去买一个。Susan gave me many valuable presents,ones that
16、I had never seen.苏珊送给我很多宝贵礼品,那些礼品我以前从来没有见过。第18页知识拓展1.ONE能够和this 或that连用,但不能和these或those连用,除非ones前有形容词修饰。2.the one 相当于that;the ones相当于those3.it特指上文提到同名同物,不能带任何修饰语。A bird landed on my window.It chirped and danced.一只小鸟落在我窗台上,又唱又跳。4.those 惯用来代替可数名词复数,相当于the ones,其后常有定语修饰The conditions are like those in
17、the spaceship.环境和真太空船一样。第19页不定代词 the other;other;another;和others 区分1.the other 指 代单数可数名词时,表示二者中“另一个”Disney was famous for his two cartoon character;One was Mickey Mouse,the other was Donald Duck.迪斯尼以两个卡通人物著称,一个米老鼠,另一个是唐老鸭。there are two books on the desk.One is Lilys,the other is Lucys.课桌上有两本书,一本是莉莉,
18、另一本是露西。2.Other 在句中不能单独使用,修饰可数名词复数 “(另外)一些”表示泛指I have no other shoes.我没有其它可穿鞋子We should not speak ill of other people behind their backs.我们不能在他人后面说他们坏话。第20页3.Another 普通表示单数,其后可接可数名词单数;不过其后有 数词或 few 修饰,则接复数名词I have finished the novel.Please give me another.这本小说我已经看完了,请再给我一本。We need another ten days to
19、 finish it.我们还需要十天才能完成知识拓展1.与 some 对比使用时,惯用others 不用 the others。some cleaned the windows,others mopped the floor.有擦窗户,有擦地板。2.“any other+可数名词单数”表示“(一定范围)任何一个”;“another+数词+复数可数名词”表示“在原有基础上需要更多数量东西”;Tom is taller than any other student in his class汤姆比他们班任何一个学生都要高。We still need another three chairs for
20、the meeting.会议还需要三把椅子第21页4.others 表示复数意义,相当于“other+名词复数”,不能做定语;The others 相当于”the other+名词复数“。译为 另一些 其余真题 we had picnic last term and it was a lot of fun.So lets have_ one this month.A the other B some C another D other 注:another 表示”又一,再一“意思,常与可数名词单数连用;the other 表示”(二者中)另一个“;some 指不确定”某一个“;other 表示三
21、者或三者以上中”其它“。区分other,the other,others,和 another使用方法关键点是:在other 前使用定冠词,表示”剩下”不用冠词时表示其它“;Others 后 不能再接名词;Another 表示”三者或三种以上中另一个。第22页列表记忆英语中“三三两两”词义指两个人或物指三个或以上人或物每一个eachevery任何一个 eitherany另一个the otheranother都bothall都不neithernone在之间 betweenamonge第23页-Which driver was to blame?-Why,_!It was childs fault,
22、clear and simple.He sudddenly came out between two parked cars.A both B each C either D neither注 D从题意看出,事故与两位司机都无关,所以用neither表示二者全部否定,其它选项都表示必定意义。误区警示:本题解题关键就在于对题意了解,学生恨轻易误选C项,不过either表示”二者中任何一个“,侧重必定方面,与 it was the childs fault.不符 故 排除第24页介词使用介词是一个表示词与词,或者词与句之间关系介词种类1.简单介词 at in off on by to with 等
23、2.合成介词 into inside within throughout 等3.短语介词 according to;because of.In addtion to,in front of,in spite of 等4.二重介词 from behind;from aamong;until after;at about;等第25页时间名词前介词使用方法口诀年、月、周前要用in,日子前面却不行。碰到几号要用on,早晨、下午又是in.要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。午夜、黄、黎用at,周末用它也不错。At用在时刻前,past加、to要减、多说多练认真学,莫让岁月空蹉跎。知识拓展 to也能够与表示
24、方位名词连用,表示在某一地位区域之外某个地方,即 不属于该范围内。England lies to the west of France.英国位于法国西部。第26页John became a football coach in Sealion Middle School_ the beginning of March.A on B for Cwith D atD at the beginning of 意为”在.之初“.at用来表示时间点,可用于表示星期、年、月、学期、季节等名词前。误区 学生轻易选A,认为on常与表示时间名词连用,但on惯用于表示详细某一天早晨,下午或晚上名词前;for后常接表
25、示时间段名词。第27页in/by/after/since/for/beyond 表示时间区分in+时间段 常表示未来某段时间,即”在.时间之后“,句中谓语动词必须表示未来,和必须是延续性动作We will meet again in two weeks.两周后我们还会见面。By+时间点 常意为”截止到”,句中时态惯用完成时态This factory had produced more than one million cars by the end of last year.到去年年底,这家工厂已经生产了一百多万辆小汽车。After+时间点 表示”某刻之后“;after+时间段 表示”过去一段
26、时间后“After supper we went out to go to the movies.晚饭后我们去看电影了第28页-When has the country been open to the international trade?-1987,I suppose.A Since B In C From D After答案解析 A since 后跟时间点,表示从过去某一时间点一直到现在,与完成时态连用第29页Since+时间点 表示时间普通延续到说话时间,因而往往与现在完成时连用。I have lived here since two years ago.两年前我就已经住在这里了。f
27、or+时间段 修饰句子惯用完成时态或完成进行时态,表示从过去某个时间点到说话时一直延续动作或行为。I have lived in this city for more than 10 years.我在这个城市已经住了10多年。Behyond+时间点 常意为”(时间)过了,比晚 迟于“Dont stay out behyond midnight.不要在外面带到午夜以后。第30页副词(adv)(普通做状语)形容词()副词(地)(adj与adv是可转化)副词定义:类似形容词词 ,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。He speark English better than I他英语比我说好He doe
28、snt run faster than his brother他没他妹妹跑得快。Marry dances as well as kate玛丽跳舞和凯特一样好The taller of the two boys is my brother两个孩子中较高一个是我哥哥含义结构表示A超出BA+谓语+j.v.比较级+than+B表示A不如B1.A+谓语否定式+jv比较级+than+B2.A+谓语+less+jv+than+B3.A+谓语否定式+so(as)+jv+as+B表示A与B同等程度A+谓语+as+jv+as+B越.越越来越The+比较级,the+比较级比较级+and+比较级二者中较.一个The+
29、比较级(+of+the+two+名词)第31页形容词与副词多个形容词修饰同一名词是排列次序(形容词往往作定语)副词往往作状语 巧妙记忆 限定描绘大长高,形状年纪和新老。颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。大长高+形状 年纪+颜色 国籍 材料+作用类别 如 A few big round black new wooden Freench tables几张新大而圆法国黑色木桌子。The last few unforgettable sunny days on the bach.在海滩度过令人难忘最终几个阳光明媚日子第32页AS短语小欢As long as 达.之久 只要As many(much)as
30、与.一样多 多达As well as 与.一样好 又 而且As well 又,另外 也As soon as 一.就As.as.(用于比较级)像.样As yet 到现在为止As good as 几乎第33页There be结构在英语里表示什么地方或什么时间存在某人或某物,句子结尾往往带有地点状语和时间状语 be单复数采取 就近标准 there是引导词本身并没有意义There be(谓语)+主语(N)+状语There was a meeting yesterday 昨天有一个会议There is a pen,two books and many pencils on the desk.桌上有一支钢
31、笔,两本书和许多铅笔。比较 there are two books,a pen and many pencils on the desk.第34页There be 与have比较(1).使用方法不一样:there be 表示某个时间或地方“存在某人或某物”而have表示主语“拥有”某人或某物,作宾语某人或某物属主语全部(2).结构不一样:there be+sb/sth+时间/地点(副词或介词短语)sb/sth+have+sb/sth如 there are some children in the garden.花园里有几个孩子。she has three cars,她拥有三两小汽车。(汽车是属
32、于她)说明】:若是属于部分与整体关系时,有时用两种表示方式都能够。如:A week has seven days.=There are seven days in a week.一周有七天含有 there be 固定句型 there be+名词或代词+to do(+介词)有某事要做 there is time when有做某事一段时间第35页虚拟语气用过去式表示虚拟语气1.与现在事实相反;条件句谓语动词用普通过去时(be普通用were),主句谓语用”would/should/could/might+动词原形“如If I were you,I would never do that.假如我是你,
33、我决不做那件事。If I had more money.I would buy a car.我要是有在多一点钱,我就买汽车了。2.与未来事实相反:条件句中谓语可用普通过去时 或者”were to/should+动词原形”,主语谓语用”would/should/could/might+动词原形“如 if it rained/should rain/were to rain tomorrow,I would not go there.3.与过去事实相反:条件句中谓语动词用过去完成时,主句谓语用”would/should/could/might+have+过去分词如 if he had taken
34、my advice,he might not have made such a bad mistake.要是他当初听从我劝说,他就不会犯这么严重错误了。第36页若寻条件语句中有were,should,had 时,可省略 I f ,将were,had,should 移致主语前如:were I you,I would never do that.If I were you,I would never do that.Should it rain tomorrow,I wouldnt go there.If it should rain tomorrow,I wouldt go there.Had
35、it not been for Margaret,I might not have understood.第37页条件从句动词结果主句动词实例与现在事实相反;条件句谓语动词用普经过去时(be普通用were)主句谓语用”would/should/could/might+动词原形“if I were you,I would never do that.假如我是你,我决不做那件事。If I had more money.i would buy a car.我要是有在多一点钱,我就买汽车了。与未来事实相反条件句中谓语可用普经过去时 或者”were to/should+动词原形”,主语谓语用”would
36、/should/could/might+动词原形“如 if it rained/should rain/were to rain tomorrow,I would not go there.与过去事实相反条件句中谓语动词用过去完成时主语谓语用”would/should/could/might+动词原形“如 if he had taken my advice,he might not have made such a bad mistake.要是他当初听从我劝说,他就不会犯这么严重错误了。第38页Must 表示猜测时能够对现在、过去或未来来进行猜测,其否定形式不是mustnt,而是cant对现在
37、猜测惯用“must+动词原形”结构,表示一定。You must be tired after your long journy.你走了这漫长路一定很累。1.对可能正在进行行为或未来猜测惯用”must be doing”结构。表示“一定正在”。2.对过去发生事情进行猜测惯用“must have done“或”must have been doing”结构。第39页基数词1-20 基数词 One two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteenFourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen
38、eighteen nineteen twenty 注:13-19数字,是由3-9加后缀-teen10-100十位数为Ten twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety hundred数字21-29 是由十位数20加个位数1-9组成,中间必须有连字符,如:Twenty-one(21)twenty-two(22)其它十位数字依这类推,如Thirty-three(33)forty-five(45)sixty-seven(67)seventy-two(72)Eighty-nine(89)ninety-six(96)第40页数序转化一二三单
39、独记OnefirstTwo-secondThree-third八去t,九除e (th)Eight-eighthNine-ninth五,十二中f变 ve (th)Five-fifthTwelve-twelfth整十基数变序数y改为 ie (th)第41页分数与小数 概括(1)先用基数词读分子,再用序数词都分母,分子大于1时,分母要复数形式序数词。(2)较为复杂复数用over特殊分数结构one half小数 1.25 one point two five第42页表示倍数(1)倍数+as+形容词或副词+as 如:This bridge is three times as long as that o
40、ne.这座桥是那座桥三倍长。(2)倍数+形容词或副词比较级+than 如:this bridge is three times longer than one这座桥是那座桥三倍长(3)倍数+the size/length/weight.+of+比较对象。如:This bridge is three times the length of that one这座桥是那座桥三倍长(4)倍数+what引导从句。The college is twice what it was 5 years ago这是大学是它5年前五倍大。第43页完型填空4个显著特点(1)短文特点。以故事较强记叙文或者夹叙夹议文体为主
41、篇幅在300词左右以内,难度低于阅读了解中短文,普通来讲,故事类文字情节多有波折,结尾出人意料,经常幽默所在,包袱所在;议论文段结构严谨,层次分明,句中有许多“对仗”现象。(2)设空特点。短文第一句通常不设空,考生经过它能够快速确定文章主题和故事发生背景,把握文章发展方向。(3)选项特点。同一题四个均属于同一词类或同一语法形式,而且往往都和设空前后单词形成某种搭配,这便形成了很强迷惑性和干扰性,其区分在于语境意义不一样,有时单独看那一句,可能用那一个选项都正确,没有语法错误,但依据文章总体了解和上下文语境只有一个语意正确选向。第44页定语从句概述定语从句概述(1)在复合句中,修饰某一名词或某
42、一代词从句叫作定语从句,被修饰名词或代词叫作先行词,从句在先行词之后由关系副词或关系代词 引导,如:the story that you read is The Rescue.你读故事叫营救 she is the girl who got the first prize 她就是那个得了第一名女孩第45页定语从句引导词引导定语从句引导词可分为关系代词that which who和关系副词where when,放在 先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又做定语从句成份怎样使用关系代词和关系副词是依据先行词及其在从句中所充当打得成份确定定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,如My brot
43、her who lives in New York has six children我住在纽约那个弟兄有六个孩子。(限制性定语从句,可能还有其它弟兄)My brother,who lives in New York,has six children.我弟弟有六个孩子,他住在纽约(非限制性定语从句,只有这一个弟兄)第46页关系代词概述关系代词概述在 先行词指代 句中 对像所作成份 人 事物人+事物是否可省略作主语who/thatWhich/thatthat不可省略作宾语Whom/thatWhich/thatthat可省略作定语whoseWhose/of which不可省略第47页关系代词普通使用
44、方法先行词是人,在从句中作主语用who或that,作宾语用 whom who 或that 作定语用whose先行词是物,在从句作主语或宾语都用 which 或 that 作定语 of which 或 whose在大多数限制性定语从句中 which whom who 都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略 如:This is the man who helped me yesterday.这就是昨天那个人(作主语)The teacher(who/whom/that)you want to see is coming.你要见老师来了(作see宾语,能够省略)I met a boy whose
45、 father was an astronaut.我认识一个其父亲是宇航员男孩。(作定语)第48页Here is the coat which/that will be made for you.这是一件做给你衣服。(作主语)This is the factory(which/that)we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观工厂。(作visited宾语,可省略)He has a book whose cover(=the cover of which)is very beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮书。第49页关系副词普通使用方法关系副词有 when where
46、why,在定语从句中作状语,表示时间、地点、和原因。When先行词通常是 time day season age occasion 等时间名词;Where先行词通常有 place city town village house case situation scene 等地点或时间名词;Why先行词只能是 reason。关系副词when 和 where 有时可用“介词+which”代替,why可用 for which代替 如:there are occasion when(=on which)one must yield 任何人都有不得不屈服时候。Beijing is the place wh
47、ere (=in which)I was born.北京是我出生地Is this the reason why(=for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他理由吗?第50页【注意】先行词即使是时间或地点,但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,要用关系代词。如:(1)The factory where his father worked has closed.他父亲曾工作那家工厂关闭了(作状语)【比较】The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed.1978 年建那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)、(2)Ill
48、never forget the days when we lived together.我永远也忘不了我们生活那些日子。(作状语)【比较】Ill never forget the days(that)we spent in Australia.我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过那些日子。(作及物动词spent宾语)(3)The reason(why)she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.她生病原因是她吃了变质肉。(作状语,用关系副词)【比较】The reason(that)he gave for his absence was obviousl
49、y fabricated.他所说缺席理由显然是编造。(作gave宾语,用关系代词)第51页只能用that定语从句(1)当先行词是指物 all little few much any anything everything nothing none 时,或先行词被 all little few much any every no 等修饰时。如:All that can be done has been done.能做都已经做了。He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到关于这件事一切There is little wo
50、rk that is fit for you.没有什么工作适合你做。I have eaten all the food that is left.我把剩下全部食物都吃光了。(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时,或者先行词被序数词(包含 last,next),最高级形容词及 the only the very 等修饰时,如:This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看第一场电影This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来预防污染






