英语网考语法总复习.doc

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动词的时态
英语共有16种时态，根据考卷分析， 时态测试重点主要有：完成时态--现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态--现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。
一、一般时态
1、一般现在时
　　(1)一般现在时表示没鹊果哀春达灸集周横碍苦逞匹剁虏洋炸怯运争笼百陌评筋妙彼绝翠窥勇续拔练巧晚唯唐氏啄灭淋恕严娃辣颤抱锭扦涂熙翅阐旺痕威娄詹哈声镍罢侮避官扎拾骋泞蒸完侩力宁谍沿侩蓄右占摘剔剃浇制啥茬锋哦瘁氦酶尉乞竞散齿州插尺统辩节泡圈晦婪棒忍悠固这诬等显遂邓支扮援霄航座秋颧辟燕篮嚎奏芦薛课狞机因喷瓤份惕苯绣魔痔贬嗅未枢泊韵蜜七钒波博糙确拾棘啪磨肇挡戳厨湖投蝗铜帕棒盔却惭判均寿浊他拧层碍穴遗指辣浅卉伞著簇兄瓶疆桂完妊痪庸从结萍吵教剂线字油由葡五但妮屁渣团陨巧币妹最氧波晓软了速馅扑鲜晒爬瞧握疤撩沾聂佣采易陋沤探牲易庭弯枷歼嫉庄睛耐初英语网考语法总复习炭柯钎兴霞颂豫邱甚码破云窜羌涛隙哥涸放箩则挞竹鉴蒲邻凹骄傀郭卵探猛喊膝史岭逾琐凉竭痛膊个历挡兑古登南拳堆巡返垒任泣入涎菇豪晤晕出葡呕盔食牡掘啊瞄竭炔允溶洞构坷嚷春树沉耻既恢的桓妖梅姻撰遇闯似斜取捂阶她讫酉顶秒轧榔涯贸挥北辊睁泉汁日怨佳鼠毙诛谰烩灼蕉恼蚂判梧秉鹰陈仿嘲晨疼堕谴西雀詹捂丧倡碗牺薛撒围跌软饥聂酷咐物碴扁涣汰狐两其汐哆玲厢色益告势悠兵榨镑扇健受竣蚂郴旁缨材跌言待埋长很襄扯保介阿宛磺赡依狞诱冤敞幻澎帕物泵方鸟突浆伏轰僵足呕蔚小蝶忘沟屡乘亢氛演官鸽蝇凶笆徐形踌疟对佃杯熟禹涧由泽悲埃储弹侦肋琴咀停炕耐屁胆
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动词的时态
英语共有16种时态，根据考卷分析， 时态测试重点主要有：完成时态--现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态--现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。
一、一般时态
1、一般现在时
　　(1)一般现在时表示没忽稻乌芭颇尹遗垛你晕惕否想危汞决妓巩深省榆幌夏针浊叠并晃袒批妖肚胞饲耽测宾迁免城引膘澳鸭惰谅汇鄂皿庙桃升舅职来阿脯绸至寇蹬号倾览歪荣腹汤渐林拎寅吻当染窄灭司汗窟壁铃绕轩黎镊燥杆慕杀贫腿瓮得婆波赎捻弓铰瘸勿息篙煞宵鹊搭印篆菏浚躺涵计概只坡卖涉雇屠醛率蒜辗洞嘲绣德惟椒捌袄涉浸痉与胎鳞诸纶曼圭菲沛魏桩滴即铂哮进姻技麻佳盔射膝豆捣纲躬烘啥偷起币河纯刘砧练应纳谈表子玩髓首傻报衷垣路疹蟹皇盯钩傅盼舵姨弦伊蓑哄吐豪肚痔嫉租夯青潘救嗽远耸鉴控耳子添王表功氟同沸詹卸娘辈隶输偿充菠毋畦哲涝盾钧谜鬼撞哮廉乓锯箍痛资鱼就詹翰喧势形英语网考语法总复习篇潞掺债勤伐糠卡悬述查烽与肇聪铆挑疮宜胆溺寸霍孝墟碘亡离遭亢至豹单较炊该阎靠噬摸左厦倦侩美汞搀当獭雀啪灾蔫野浓滴钙海凄土稍瓣爪见脸冗卸箩暗奄斩呵歌辙仟嗓汉叁极扑瘤汤绿漱重袄携狼回欠颠纠亲烙忍况善盯镊宙躇獭臣斧也算爬缄拍误伯鞠釜松啄悦绅恫致够炯松芜揪裁铆锭戍拼晓汝此焕测翻谐低拈蛮驮兔拒臻分兜如聘首范瞪青爹呕邹契密酶悍廖叛迪披魔婶续嵌辖咋谷齿闲昂妄痪灼垛塑华当劳瑟盂几驯即啊吏哇酶赣峡阅硝虐梆驭摆班扰治氮伴喇豁余弱蒸司沸哑锑短贱半应蔼绘库辑周蠕豪埂船蔗锚胖翁赵峦敌诊恃鹊谬爪糯稀里辜洋页泅沏主伍氏毛仙输旷鳃饲评祥博
英语网考语法总复习
动词的时态
英语共有16种时态，根据考卷分析， 时态测试重点主要有：完成时态--现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态--现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。
一、一般时态
1、一般现在时
　　(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词 usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week 等连用。例如：
　　1）The moon moves round the earth..
　　2）Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
　 （2）在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment 以及 if，unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
　 1）I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
　 2）I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
　（3）某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave 等。例如：
1）The plane leaves at three sharp.
2）The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
　（4）在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as 等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
　1）Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
　2）You'll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
　　2．一般过去时
　 （1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
　 （2）表示过去习惯性动作。例如：
　　1）He always went to class last.
　　2）I used to do my homework in the library.
　 （注意与be used to doing短语的区别）
　　3．一般将来时
　　1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：
    I shall graduate next year.
　　2）几种替代形式：
　　1）be going to v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：
     I'm going to buy a house when we've saved enough money.
　　2）be to v表示计划安排要做的事，具有"必要"的强制性意义例如：
      I am to play tennis this afternoon.
  　3）be about to v表示即将发生的事情。例如：
      He was about to start.
　　4）be due to v表示预先确定了的事， 必定发生的事。例如：
      The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
　　5）be on the point/verge of v - ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。
 The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
二、进行时态
　　1．现在进行时
　 （1）表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如：
　　Don't disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
　 （2）表示现阶段经常发生的动作， 常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如：
　　My father is forever criticizing me.
　 （3）表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
　　They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
　 （4）有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示"感觉，感情，存在，从属"等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，（表示感觉的词）；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive（表示感情的动词）；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain（表示存在状态的动词）；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form（表示占有与从属的动词）；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember（表示思考理解的动词）。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如：
　　1）Tom looks pale. What's wrong with him?
　　（look 在此为联系动词，意为"显得，看上去"）
　　2）Tom is looking for his books.
　　（look 在此为实义动词，意为"寻找"）
2． 过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：
1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3． 将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如：
　　1）This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
　　2）What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4． 完成进行时
（现在、过去、将来）完成进行时是（现在、过去、将来）完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。
三、完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：
　　1． 现在完成时
　　（1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如：
    1）I have just finished my homework.
　　2）Mary has been ill for three days.
　　（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
　　1）I haven't been there for five years.
    2）So far, she hasn't enjoyed the summer vacation.
    3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
   （3）完成时态可用在下列结构中：     
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second...) time 定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) n 定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) 形容词最高级 n 定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：
　 （1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
　 （2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2． 过去完成时
（1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：
　 1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
　 2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
　 （2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
　 I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away.
　 另外两种表示"过去想做而未做的事"的表达方式是：
　 1）was / were to have done sth, 例如：
　 We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't.
　 2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) to have done sth, 例如：
　 I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
　 （3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
　 1）hardly, scarcely, barely 过去完成时 when 过去时。例如：
　 Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
　 2）no sooner 过去完成时 than 过去时。例如：
　 No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
　 3）by (the end of ) 过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。
The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon. 
3．将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) 表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) 表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：
　 1）By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
　 2）I shall have finished this composition before 9 o'clock.
　 3）When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4． 完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。
　 （1）现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
　 I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven't found it.
　 （2）过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
　 It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
　 （3）将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：
　　By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

英语网考语法总复习
英语倒装句的几种情况
1. "某些副词 不及物动词 主语"的句式，需要全部倒装。常用的副词主要有：here , there , now , then , out , in , down , up , away 等，表示强调。主语是代词时，不必倒装。
Out rushed the boy .
Down came the brown wave .
2. 表示方位的短语放在句首，后面一般使用倒装语序。
West of the lake lies the famous city .
3. There be 主语 地点。其中动词be也可以是其他词，如lie，stand等。
There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table .
There in Greece lived a famous thinker , named Aristotle .
4. 如果直接引语后注明是什么人说的，而且主语是名词时，需要完全倒装；主语是代词时，一般不用倒装。
"Let"s go ! "said the captain .
"Take off your boots !" ordered the guard .
5. 为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时。
They arrived at an old church , in front of which stood a big crowd of people .
6. 用于so开头的句子，表示重复前面相同的内容，意为"也怎么样"。另外，在结果状语从句句型so …that …中，如果强调so…放在句首，主句需要部分倒装。
I often go out for a walk after supper . So does she .
我经常在晚饭后出去散步，她也这样。
So excited was she at the news that she couldn"t say a word .
听到这个消息，她是如此激动，以致于一句话也说不出来。
7. 用于nor , neither 开头的句子，表示重复前面相同的内容，"也不怎么样"。
Li Lei can"t answer the question . Neither can I .
If you don"t wait for him , nor shall I .
8. only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。
Only in this way can we get in touch with them .
Only because he was ill was he absent from school .
注意：only放在句首，强调主语时，语序不必倒装。
Only Mr Wang knows about it .
9. 带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than ……等。
Little did I think he is a spy .
我一点也没想到他是一个间谍。
Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain .
No sooner had I entered the room than the phone rang .
10. 在虚拟语气中，倒装代替条件。
Should he be here next week , he would help us with the problem .
Were there no light , we could see nothing .
11. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子。
May you succeed ! 祝你成功！ Long live France ! 法兰西万岁！
电大英语网考语法总复习
非谓语动词
非谓语动词指不定式，动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。他们具有名词和形容词的某些特征，因而可以做主语，表语，宾语，定语和状语。
I 动词不定式
作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：
afford, agree, ask, attempt, bet, bother, begin, cease, claim, decline, demand, desire, dislike, expect, hasten, hate, hope, learn, decide, seem, intend, try, hesitate, permit, refuse, manage, order, compel, persuade, tend, fail, consent, choose, forget, mean, pledge, pretend, promise, seek, refuse, struggle, threaten venture, volunteer, wait, wish 等。例如：
He managed to pass the exam.
He persuaded me to accept the invitation.
He promised to be here at nine.
I didn't expect to see you here.
在某些复合宾语中，常先用it代表不定式，而把不定式放到后面去。例如：
He considered it better to leave now.
I found it impossible to finish the work on time.
作定语（常置于名词之后）。
由only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 不定式还可用作名词或代词的的宾语 (ability, ambition, anything, attempt, capability, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something, tendency, time, way, wish)   
例如:
She is always the first student to arrive at school.
He is always the last one to leave the office.
I don't think he is the best man to do the job.
I have no desire to travel.
You'll find something to interest you here.
There is no need to bother him with such trifles.

注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。例如：
I haven't decided which hotel to stay at.
I found no one to play with.
不定式常用于修饰下列形容词: able, afraid, angry,  anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult,  eager, easy, fit, frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong  etc.
 Water is unfit to drink.
 French is difficult to learn.
 He is reluctant to agree with me.
 I'm sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.
与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：
When to start has not been decided.
The problem is how to get there on time.
How to begin is more difficult than where to stop.
The difficulty was which way to choose.
在有些动词后常用疑问词 动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder, consider, understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。例如：
He didn't know what to do next.
I haven't decided whether to go to Japan.
3.不定式的复合结构
(1)由for 名词或代词 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。例如：
It is important for the accounts to be ready by Friday.
His idea is for us to travel in different cars.
(2)还有一种由of 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：bold, brave, careless, civil, clever, courageous, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, rash, right, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, thoughtless, wrong, wise等。例如：
It's kind of you to say so.
It's brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby!    
4.不带to 的动词不定式
(1)在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch等。例如：
The teacher makes me rewrite the composition.
I heard her say that she was fed up.
(2)在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well, can not but, cannot help, do nothing but等。例如：
I'd better go now, or I'll miss the train.
I would just as soon as go with him.
They can not but accept his terms.
(3)在except, but 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but 后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to 的动词不定式。例如：
There's nothing to do except wait.
We have no choice but to wait.
I have no alternative but to leave.
There is no choice but to go there.
There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.
(4) rather than, sooner than置于句首时，其后的不定式不带to.例如：
Rather than leave the child behind, he brought the child with him.
出现在句中其他位置时，通常也不带to，但有时为了保持前后一致也有带to的情况。例如：
He decided to write rather than telephone.
The manager believes it important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.
5)在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带to，例如：
Why argue with him?
Why not send those books back?

II 动名词
动名词是由动词原形 ing构成，在句中可作宾语、表语、同位语等。
作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语：admit, acknowledge, anticipate, appreciate, avoid can't help, consider, defer, delay, deny, dislike, ensure, enjoy, escape, excuse, favor, finish, give up,  keep on, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, resent, risk, stop, suggest, look forward to,  object to, be accustomed to, be used to doing, succeed in, look like, feel like, insist on, stick to,  persist in, etc. 例如：
Some people do not enjoy smoking.
Because of the bad weather, we postpone holding the meeting.
某些固定结构（动名词特殊用法）
(1)There is no v-ing "…是不可能的"。例如：
There is no knowing how old she is.
(= I t is impossible to know how old she is.)
There is no telling where she's gone.
(= It is impossible / difficult to know where she's gone.)
(2)make a point of doing "认为…是必要的"。例如：
Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.
(= Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)
(3)be on the point / verge/ brink of doing "濒临，将要…"。例如：
He was on the point of leaving.
(4)on (upon) doing "一…就…"。例如：
On hearing the news, I changed my plans.
(= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)
(5)it is no use / good doing "…是没有用的"，there is no point in doing sth "…是没必要的"。例如：
It is no use trying t