1、ContentsPart General Introduction to English in Civil Engineering and Skills for Translation Part Vocabulary learningPart Technical Literature learningPart Cultural Background LearningPart Internet and English learningPart Guide for Technical Abstract Writing附录 A 土木工程专业英语教学纲领附录 B 专业英语惯用词缀附录 C Intern
2、et 惯用词汇附录 D 土木工程类WWW地址选编附录 E 土木工程中惯用度量衡和单位换算第2页Part1 General Introduction A.Study plan for this course/本课程学习计划a.Vocabulary/词汇学习 主要是构词法和专业词汇学习,从构词法角度来解析土木工程专业词汇 来龙去脉。汉字造字法:象形、会意、形声、指示 (砼、休、闷、上等)英语构词法:1.合成法 spaceman spacecraft 2.派生法 antibody antigen ph 3.转换法 lobby cheat 4.拼缀法 botel=boat+hotel,cartel=c
3、ar+hotel,unacast第3页5.逆成法 beggarbeg,authorauth6.缩略法:省头 phone=telephone 省尾 ad=advertisement 省头尾 flu=influenza tec=detective 省词中字母或非重读音节 courtesy=curtsy 其它 VOA Marlboro NATO OPEC等 Marlboro=Men always remember love because of romance only.第4页b.专业词汇、专业知识学习掌握约3000个土木工程惯用专业词汇;掌握初步土木工程技术文件阅读、翻译能力;掌握初步科技论文文摘
4、翻译方法;c.翻译理论学习与实践了解翻译定义、标准、方法、本质,英汉科技互译基本技巧。Even Homer sometimes nod.翻译一:即便是荷马也会犯错误;翻译二:人非圣贤孰能无过?翻译三:人即便再聪明也有犯错误时候。毛主席说:“一切反动派都是纸老虎。”翻译一:Chairman Mao said that all reactionaries were paper tigers.翻译二:All reactionaries are strong in appearance but weak in fact.评说:翻译方法不一样,译文给读者阅读效果不一样。掌握基本翻译知识对提升专业文件了解
5、与翻译是必不可少。第5页d.西方文化背景知识学习了解必要西方文化背景是学好英语一个基本条件英语文化背景组成部分:希腊-罗马文化、犹太-基督文化、文艺复兴时期文化。Do you see any green in my eyes?The goalkeeper is the heel of Achilles.I wonder whether it is a Trojan Horse.第6页B.英语学习方法a.培养兴趣:兴趣与好奇心是英语学习最好老师!多看看经典英语电影;多听听英语歌曲;多到图书馆或书店走走,借或买一些自己感兴趣书籍;经常买些英文报刊看看,如:21st 世纪英文报、China dail
6、y(中国日报);有空上网浏览一些英语教学网站,或者到一些英语聊天室练练口语,如PoPo英语聊天室,但千万千万不要沉迷于网络聊天,注意要有自我保护意识。也能够到学校英语角锻炼口语,提升英语学习兴趣。b.多听课文配套录音带,听到不看书本也能完全听懂为止,建立良好“听力条件反射”,打好听力基础;c.多记英语词根、词缀,经过构词法来快速扩大词汇量。构词法对土木工程专业词汇学习非常主要。d.不停吸收和丰富各种基础知识,了解相关国家地理、历史、政治、经济、文化、风土人情等。e.努力提升本汉语与外语水平,对提升翻译质量很有帮助。Exam.There is no pot so ugly that it can
7、t find a lid.译一:没有罐子如此之丑以致找不到盖子配译二:罐子再丑,配个盖子无须忧。译三:姑娘再丑,找个汉子无须忧。第7页C.推荐书目1.张倍基.英汉翻译 教程上海外语教育出版社2.吕瑞昌等.汉英翻译教程陕西人民出版社3.叶子南.高级英汉翻译理论与实践.清华大学出版社4.蒋争.英语字根、字首、字尾分类词典.世界图书出版企业5.韩其顺.英汉科技翻译教程.上海外语教育出版社注:项为重点推荐参考书。第8页2 Basic Knowledge of Translation 翻译基本知识一、翻译本质一、翻译本质1、翻译即translate=trans(横、跨之意)+late其英文意义即为横跨文
8、化间一个信息转换活动,此乃翻译之本质。2、翻译活动是艺术还是科学?Art is me,science is we.-Claude Bernard 北师大许景渊教授:“当前任何翻译活动都必须经过(1)了解(2)表示两个程序,该程序中人主观创造思维起决定作用,而不受客观规律约束。所以,翻译性质是艺术,翻译实践是艺术创造。第9页二、翻译种类二、翻译种类1、以归宿点分,有英译汉与汉译英。2、以翻译伎俩分,有笔译、口译与机器翻 译。同时传译为最具挑战性翻译。3、以内容分,有科技翻译、商务翻译、政治性翻译及文学翻译等。三、翻译标准三、翻译标准1、定义:翻译标准即衡量译文好坏准绳。2、翻译标准 严复“信、达
9、、雅”,信即忠实于原文内容,包含思想、感情、格调等;达即用词正确得体,行文流通畅顺;雅即追求译文古雅,译文应采取“汉以前字法句法”(即上等文言文)。鲁迅“信与顺”。近年有些人提出“重神似不重形似”、“译者与原作者要到达一个心灵上契合,这种契合超越了时空限制”,”翻译是文化传真“等。科技英语翻译标准:信与顺。Exam.Any use of the atomic bomb on Manchurian targets would be more purpose of panic than of destruction.译文:假如要对满洲里目标使用原子弹,这与其说是为了破坏,倒不如说是为了制造恐慌。E
10、xam.Im up to my neck in your bullshit.译文:你让我真他妈倒霉透顶了。第10页四、翻译过程四、翻译过程 翻译过程即正确了解原文和创造性用另一个语言再现原文过程,大致分为了解、表示和校核三阶段。1、了解阶段主要是经过原文上下文进行。对原文作透切了解是正确翻译基础和关键。注意三点:语言现象 John is now with his parents in New Yorkcity,it is already three years since he was a bandmaster.译文一:约翰现同父母住在纽约市,他不担任乐队指挥已经有三年了。译文二:约翰现同父母
11、住在纽约市,他担任乐队指挥已经有三年了。了解逻辑关系 The motor did not stop running because the fuel was finished.了解事物背景 John can be relied on.He eats no fish and plays the game.2、表示阶段 表示阶段就是译者把自己从原文所了解内容用本族语重新表示出来。表示方法与技巧较多,这里中讲两种最基本翻译方法:直译法 a.定义:在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保留原文内容,又保留原文形式原文比喻、形象及民族色彩和语言格调.第11页Exam.But I hated Sakamoto,
12、and I had a feeling hed surely lead us both to our ancestors.译文一:不过我恨坂本,并预感他必定会领着咱们去见咱祖先。译文二:不过我恨坂本,并预感他必定会领着咱们去送死。Exam.Hitler was armed to teeth when he launched the WW,but in a few years,he was completely defeated.译文一:希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到了牙齿,可惜没几年就被彻底打败了。译文二:希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时已是全副武装,可惜没几年就被彻底打败了。意译法 在译文
13、语言条件不许可时,只要求译文保留原文内容,但可不苟泥于原文形式。Exam.Ruth was upsetting the children,so I showed her the door.直译:露丝一直在骚扰孩子,所以,我带她去看门。意译:露丝一直在骚扰孩子,所以,我把她撵了出去。Exam.我一五一十告诉他事情经过。直译:I told him the process of the matter in one five and one ten.意译:I told him the process of the matter in detail.第12页 意译与乱译 意译必须把握尺度,忠实于原文内容
14、,而不能随意缩放原文内 容,不然会变成胡译、乱译。Exam.When they met again,each had already been married to another.译文:当他们再次想见时,一个是”使君有妇“,一个是”罗敷有夫“。译文:当他们再次想见时,一个是有妇之夫,一个是有夫之妇。”血拼“加拿大/Shopping in Canada(郑州一报刊译)直译与死译Exam.Nothing could be done./无事能够被做。他(听到这话)心里一跳,脸色也变了。译文一:At this his heart jumped and the color of his face ch
15、anged.译文二:At this his heart missed a beat and he became pale.直译与意译之争 主张直译:保留了原著格调,即鲁迅先生所说“异国请调”和“洋气”,同时引入 新词语和表现手法。如 kill two birds with one stone/一石二鸟,shed crocodile tears/掉鳄鱼眼泪,chain reaction/连锁反应 主张意译:符合汉字文法,轻易了解。主流看法:直译与意译相结合,相互补充,灵活选取。Exam.The study had a Spartan look.直译:这间书房有一个斯巴达式景象。意译:这间书房有一
16、个简单景象。直意结合:这间书房有一个斯巴达式简单景象。本人认为:直译与意译翻译方法选取还应依据读者对象。如:Even Homer sometimes nods.对大学生、中学生、小学生应采取不一样翻译策略。第13页3、校核阶段 校核阶段是了解与表示深入深化,是对原文内容深入核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲阶段。普通需要校核两遍,第一遍着重校核内容,第二遍着重润饰文字。五、翻译可能性与不足 语言之间共同点远远大于不一样点,所以语际翻译是可能,语言之间存在可译性是语言翻译理论基础。但语言之间亦存在差异,即语言个性,语言个性是造成翻译困难即翻译存在不足。例:她是个林黛玉式人物。译一:She is ver
17、y sentimental.译二:She is a girl of Lin-dai-yu style.Exercises:1、人怕知名猪怕壮 2、毛主席说别用大炮大蚊子。3、I didnt expect him to turn a deaf ear to the comrades criticism.参考译文:1.Fame is as fatal to men as fating to pigs;2.Chairman Mao said:”Dont use cannon to kill mosquitoes.”3.我没想到他对同志们批评充耳不闻。汉语英语第14页Exercises:1.Illog
18、ically,she had expected some kinds of miracle solution.2.His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.3.Computers having many advantages cant do creative work,never can they replace man.4.He insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.5 Not ev
19、eryone who suffers from difficulties in the winter has SAD(Seasonal affective disorder)-some may just have the winter blues.译文:1、她曾期待某种奇迹般处理方法,这是不合逻辑。2、他不恪守安全规则,从而造成了机械故障。3、计算机即使有许多优点,但它不能做第15页3 Characteristics of Scientific Literature and Its Translation Tactics-科技文章特点及其翻译策略第16页Main contents一、科技文体特
20、点概述二、科技文体特点1、大量使用名词化结构2、广泛使用被动句3、常使用非限定动词4、大量使用后置定语5、惯用句型6、长句较多7、复合词及缩略词多第17页一、科技文章特点概述科技文章崇尚严谨周密,概念准确,逻辑性强,行文简练,重点突出,句式严整,少有改变,惯用前置性陈说,即在句中将主要信息尽可能前置,经过主语传递主要信息。简而言之,科技文章特点:清楚、准确、精练、严密。第18页二、科技文体特点1、大量使用名词化结构英语与汉语一个显著不一样点:汉语中动词占优胜,动词使用范围很广;而英语中名词占优势,名词使用范围很广。科技文体更是如此。原因:强调存在事实,而非某一行为。名词化含义、作用及其操作方法
21、Exam.Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid body.译文:阿基米德最先发觉固体排水原理。Exam.地球绕轴自转,硬气昼夜改变。译文1:The earth rotates on its own axis,which causes the change from day to night.译文2:the rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.另,科技文体所述是客观规律,尽
22、可能防止使用第一、第二人称。Exam.炉壁采取耐火砖可大大降低热耗。译文1:If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler,the heat loss can be considerably reduced.译文2:The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round round the walls of the boiler.译文3:the use of firebricks round the boiler can considerably r
23、educe the heat loss.第19页名词化:即是将动词变为名词。名词化作用:使句子愈加紧凑,从而原来要用两个分句表示内容用一个简单句就能够了。例:很多学生因为未能记住这些符号而无法掌握他们选修数学课程。主句主干:学生无法掌握数学课程从句主干:学生未能记住符号普通翻译:Because many students fail to memorize these symbols,they cant master the mathematics course that they select.名词化译法:Failure to memorize these symbols keep many
24、students from mastering the mathematics course they select.动词结构名词化操作方法 选取适当名词替换动词a.有些动词可经过加上名词化后缀变成名词-ment:development,movement,achievement,management-tion:solution,reduction,introduction,absorption,adoption-y:discovery,recovery,mastery-sion:collision,explosion,expulsion,conclusion-ance:maintenance,
25、performance,acceptance,assistance,appearance-al:withdrawal,reversal,removal,renewal不规则改变:know-knowledgeb.有些动词本身可作名词用Increase,decrease,control,gainc.没有对应名词形式能够借助-ing组成名词alloy-alloying,burn-burning,cool-cooling,lower-lowering第20页动宾结构,名词化后用of 引出原来宾语the employment of reinforced concrete(使用钢筋混凝土)the comp
26、action of the soil(压实土壤)the emission of neutrons(放出中子)主谓结构,名词化后用主语用of 引出the revolution of electrons in orbits(电子在轨道上旋转)the expansion of the gas(气体膨胀)主谓宾语结构,用by 引出主语,用of 引出宾语介质腐蚀金属 the corrosion of metal by media固体排水原理 the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies后接介词动词在变成名词后保持原来介词与预计数字一致 ag
27、reement with the estimated figure取决于温度 dependence on the temperature第21页2、广泛使用被动句科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。使用被动句情况:无须说出主语、不愿说出主语或说不出主语。科技文体往往是前后两种。Exam.Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.Exam.中美之间已经建立了外交关系。译文:Dipl
28、omatic relations have been established between China and the United States of America.Exam.他提议各班之间开展情谊竞赛。译文:He proposed that a friendly emulation drive be started among the different classes第22页3、常使用非限定动词非限制性动词:分词短语、分词独立结构、不定式、介词加名词短语。Exam.A current is a current which flows always in the same direct
29、ion.=A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.Exam.Vibrating objects produce sound waves and each vibration produces one sound wave.=Vibrating objects produce sound waves,each vibration producing one sound wave第23页4、大量使用后置定语1、介词短语 The forces due to friction are called frict
30、ional forces.译文:因为摩擦而产生力叫摩擦力。A call for paper is now being issued.2、形容词或短语In radiation,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy,similar in nature to light.3、副词The air outside pressed the side in.4、单个分词The results obtained must be checked.5、定语从句5 5、惯用句型、惯用句型1.It that句型 如:It is believed that/
31、据信;It is proved that/已经证实、有些人证实;It is reported that/据报道2.被动句型 Computers may be classified as analog and digital.3.as结构句型 Microcomputers are very small in size,as is shown in Fig.5.4.分词短语句型 The resistance being very high,the current in th circuit was low.5.省略句结构句型 An object,once in motion,will keep o
32、n moving because of its inertia.第24页6 6、长句较多、长句较多英语为形合语言,而汉语为意合语言,所以英语长句较多。The effort that have been made to explain optical phenomena by mean of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led,in the first instance,to the understanding of a concrete exampl
33、e of a medium which can transmit traverse vibration,and,at a later stage,to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.分析:本句尤其长,句子结构也很复杂。红色部分为本句主语,粉红为谓语,黄色为宾语。翻译这么长句,分析句子成份是第一步,只有句子成份分析对了,了解跟翻译才有可能正确。象这么长句最好用编号法处理。7 7、复合词及缩略词多
34、、复合词及缩略词多复合词:feed-back,same-sex,on-and-off-the-road,GIS-Based,biotechnology,biochemical缩略词:maths=mathematics lab=laboratoryFt=foot/feet,ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineeringheliport第25页4 英译汉惯用技巧之一英译汉惯用技巧之一 -合句法与分句法合句法与分句法背景介绍 英语中月份来历,如March,June,July,August一、概说一、概说1、英译汉时,为了迎合汉语语言习惯,常需改变原句句子结构。合
35、句法和分句法是改变原句子结构两种主要方法。2、定义 合句法:把原文中两个或两个以上简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表示。分句法:把原文中一个单句译成两个或两个以上句子。二、分句法二、分句法 1、单词译成句子 Exam.The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.译文:中国人似乎在为他们经济上成就而自豪,这是合乎情理。Exam.Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of“self-reliance
36、”.译文一:毛主席可能曾用能够了解自豪谈到自己“自力更生”政策。译文二:毛主席可能曾自豪谈到自己“自力更生”政策,这是能够了解。Exam.A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.译文:我离开那“狐狸洞”速度之快,若拍成电影话,会象出膛子弹一样 拆句条件:当某个单词意义实际上是对整句话进行修饰限制时.2、短语译成句子 He arrives in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.译文:他来到华盛顿,就国际形势而言,时机正适当。第26页
37、4、一句拆成两句 Exam.You must grasp the concept of“work”which is very important in physics.译文:你必须掌握“功”概念,因为它在物理学中很主要。Exam.Einstein,who worked out the famous Theories of Relativity,won the Nobel Prize in 1921.译文:因为爱因斯坦提出了著名“相对论”,所以,他于19取得了诺贝尔奖金。Exam.The enemy tried in vain to capture our stronghold for seve
38、ral times.译文:敌人曾几次试图拿下我们阵地,但都失败了。三、合句法 1、两个或两个以上单句合成一个单句。Exam.He was very clean.His mind was open.译文:他为人单纯而坦诚。Exam.His father had a small business in the city of Pisa.This city is in the north Italy near the sea.译文:他父亲在意大利北部邻海比萨市做小买卖。2、主从复合句译成单句Exam.When I negotiate,I get nervous.When I get nervous,
39、I eat.译文:我谈判时总有些担心,担心时我就吃点东西。3、并列复合句译成单句Exam.In 1844,Engels met Marx,and they becamefriends.译文:1844年恩格斯与马克思相遇并成为好朋友。第27页Exercises:1.Illogically,she had expected some kind of miracle solution.2.His failure in observing the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.3.Computers having
40、 many advantages cant do creative work,never can they replace man.4.He insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.译文:1、她曾期待某种奇迹般处理方法,这是不合逻辑。2、他不恪守安全规则,因而造成了机械故障。3、计算机即使有许多优点,但它不能做创造性工作,更不能替换人。4、他坚持要再造一栋房子,尽管他不需要。第28页5 科技英语汉译技巧速成科技英语汉译技巧速成翻译公式作者:北京大学外国语学院许渊冲教授(博导),中国著名翻译理论家、实践家。1、加词法2
41、+1=2(加词不加意)2、减词法 2-1=2 (减词不减意)3、换词法2+2=3+1(变换符号不变换意思)4、移词法1+2=2+1(前后移位)5、分译法4=2+2 (一分为二)6、合译法2+2=4 (合二为一)7、深化法 1:2=2:4(详细化)8、浅化法2:4=1:2(抽象化)9、等化法2+2=22 (寻求灵活对等)10、一分为四 4=1+1+1+1 (莎士比亚戏剧中woe译成离合悲欢)11、合四为一 1+1+1+1=4(鲁迅“管它春夏与秋冬”译成I dont care what season it is.)第29页1、加词法2+1=2(加词不加意)Exam.1 Matter can be
42、changed into energy,and energy into matter.(and energy can be changed into matter.)汉译:物质能够转化为能量,能量也能够转化也能够转化为物质。Exam.2 in the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.汉译:晚上在参加参加宴会、出席出席音乐会、观看观看乒乓球演出之后,他还得起草最终公报。2、减词法
43、、减词法 2-1=2 (减词不减意)(减词不减意)Exam.1 But its the way I am,and try as I might,I havent been able to change it.汉译:但我就是这个脾气,()即使几经努力,()却未能改变Exam.2 Different metals differ in their conductivity.汉译:不一样金属含有不一样导电性能。3、换词法、换词法 2+2=3+1(变换符号不变换意思、主要用于词类转换)(变换符号不变换意思、主要用于词类转换)Exam.1 He is a good observer.汉译:他善于观察。Ex
44、am.2 Nowadays the transmission of power by electricity has brought about great change.汉译:现今,用电输送输送动力已经带来了巨大改变。第30页4、移词法、移词法1+2=2+1(前后移位)(前后移位)即:将原文语言成份前后移位。Exam.1 I knew every spot where a matter or robbery had been committed or a ghost seen.汉译:什么地方发生过偷窃案或凶杀案,什么地方有鬼魂出现过,我都知道。5、分译法、分译法4=2+2 (一分为二)(一分
45、为二)即:把原文中一个单词或短语、句子分译成两个或两个以上句子。Exam.1 And a growing minority of western intellectuals agreed.汉译:当初越来越多西方知识分子接收这种看法,即使从数量上说,他们仍是少数。6、合译法 2+2=4 (合二为一)即:把原文两个或两个以上简单句或主从复合或并列复合句译成一个单句。Exam.1 He is very clean.His mind was open.汉译:他为人单纯而坦率。Exam.2 when I negotiate,I get nervous.When I get nervous,I eat.汉
46、译:谈判时我总会担心。担心时我就吃点东西。7、深化法 1:2=2:4(详细化)Exam:She is on her listening tour of Newyork.译:她正在纽约地域进行访问,译:她正在纽约地域进行访问,听取群众意见听取群众意见。第31页8、浅化法、浅化法2:4=1:2(抽象化)(抽象化)exam.我工作就是天天照料孩子们吃、喝、拉、撒。我工作就是天天照料孩子们吃、喝、拉、撒。翻译:翻译:My routine work everyday is taking care of the children.9、等化法、等化法2+2=22 (寻求灵活对等)(寻求灵活对等)Exam.1
47、 You couldnt kill anymore.(反面表示)汉译:你已经恶贯满盈了。(正面翻译)Exam.2 Such a chance denied me.(正面表示)汉译:我没有得到这么一个机会。(反面翻译)Exam.3“dont stop working,”he said.(反面表示)汉译:他说,“继续干活吧。”(正面翻译)Exam.4 Do you see any green in my eyes?汉译:你认为我是好欺负吗?10、倍数译法、倍数译法Exam.1 the GDP of USA is ten times more than that of China.汉译一:美国国内生
48、产总值是中国10倍。汉译二:美国国内生产总值是中国11倍。第32页6 倍数翻译之争一、英汉语倍数表示方式及其差异英语倍增表示方式有:1、N+times+比较级+than;2、N+times+up on(或over);3、N+times+as+形容词/副词+as;4、as+形容词/副词+again+as;5、half+as+形容词/副词+again+as;6、动词+to+N+times;7、动词+by a factor of+N;8、动词+by+N+times;9、N+times+名词(或what-clause);10、动词+N+times;11、动词(double,treble,quadrup
49、le等);12、N+fold+动词 increase等。(林煌天等著,中国翻译词典1997:40)汉语倍数表示句式有:(a)甲比乙(形容词或副词)N倍:不包含基数;(b)甲是乙N倍:包含基数;(c)甲比乙增加了N倍:不包含基数;(d)甲已增加到乙N倍:包含基数。(刘宓庆著,文体与翻译,1998:402)对比以上英汉倍数表示方式能够看出,英语倍数表示方式较多,显著比汉语复杂,汉语则简单多了。正因为如此,我国相关英语倍数汉译从来有争论,尤其是科技英语翻译教程争论主要集中在英语倍数表示法中1、2、7、8、10、12等六种方式包不包含基数。第33页二、英美对倍数表示法争议争论两派观点:当代派:是B.E
50、vans(详见A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage,Random House Inc.,1975),其观点是“The word times may be used in comparing a large thing with a small one,as in it is three times as large and it is three times larger.The first form is perfectly clear but the second is ambiguous.It means to some people t
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