嵌入式系统设计在只能工业自动化中的应用.doc

Embedded Systems Design in Intelligent Industrial Automation
Luca Ferrarini,1 Jose L. Martinez Lastra,2 Allan Martel,3 Antonio Valentini,4 and Valeriy Vyatkin5
1 Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
2 Department of Production Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, 33101 Tampere, Finland
3 O3neida Inc., 135 Dunbarton Court, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1K 4L6
4 O3neida Europe, 42 rue de l’Eglise, 1150 Brussels, Belgium
5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,
Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Correspondence should be addressed to Valeriy Vyatkin, [e-mail]
Received 16 January 2008; Accepted 16 January 2008
Copyright © 2008 Luca Ferrarini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Industrial automation (IA) is the vast area of embedded computing devoted to industrial applications. Apart from many tailored solutions (numerical controllers, hardware controllers, etc.) the scene is dominated by programmable logic controll rs, widely known by the abbreviation PLC, which represent the most wide-spread class of embedded computing platforms. In the past, the progress in embedded technologies has determined qualitative breakthroughs in the performance of automation systems, their affordability and efficiency of thir design.
Intelligent industrial automation (IIA) has appeared as a branch of research and development, answering the challenges of flexible and adaptive manufacturing, which require mass customization instead of mass production. It stipulates the use of information and communication technology (ICT) methods and tools for creating self-configurable or easily-reconfigurable control systems to automate manufacturing processes.
The automation systems need to go beyond being a collection of networking PLCs—they should be intelligent in the way that they interact and behave and how they are used by a range of people, from control engineers to maintenance technicians. That is why the newly emerging trends in automation deal with service-oriented architectures, knowledge engineering, and Web-services. Most solutions to safety and predictive maintenance issues are implemented nowadays by such novel embedded solutions as wireless smart sensor networks.

Automation systems research faces the same significant challenges as does the embedded systems world, of which itis an integral part. One of these is the quest for integrated high-level design methods, languages, and tools [1]. In the automation domain this has translated into the development of component-based software architectures supporting visual programming, such as the IEC 61499 standard [2] and strategies for controlling distributed applications [3].
The challenges of designing these applications using embedded technologies are also contributing to the development of the embedded technologies themselves, in turn giving rise to new challenges.
This special issue is organized in collaboration with O3neida [4], the global organization, operating as a network of networks to promote distributed industrial automation based upon open standards.
Taking the O3neida perspective of the IA value added chain [5] means that an IA solution, developed or deployed by any organization, must include an analysis of the implications on the company’s internal processes, on the management of its extended supply chain, all within the context of the complete product life cycle.
O3neida has recently extended its interest into new research-intensive application areas of IIA, such as
(i) energy management,
(ii) building automation,
(iii) health over Internet protocol (HoIP).
O3neida facilitates collaboration of industrial, academic, and research organizations by providing collaborative frameworks within which to conduct national and international research and development projects.
It also helps with knowledge transfer by supporting new publication initiatives, such as this special issue, or a series of industrial automation books, recently launched with the Instrumentation Society of America.
O3neida also works to develop and promulgate the international standards required to promote interoperable intelligent solutions in automation. For example, the joint paper [3] demonstrates collaboration of O3neida members from 9 organizations worldwide, in the work, aiming at the improvement of the IEC 61499 standard.
Finally, O3neida has recently opened O3neida Europe, its second international node focused on European industrial automation activities. O3neida Asia is expected to be formed later this year.
This special issue is a fine example of the collaboration environment, created by O3neida and enthusiastically supported by its members.
The papers, selected for this special issue, cover a wide spectrum of the automation research, concerning topics such as extending the capabilities of embedded computing platforms, or using them to the benefit of automating demanding manufacturing systems. These papers can be divided onto three thematic groups.

The first group refers to the high-level system engineering in flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing, implementing the idea of system-level languages in the IIA domain, which naturally leads to the new generation of embedded control devices beyond PLCs. In particular, the paper by Ferscha et al. proposes a higher-level design methodology for flexible manufacturing systems with distributed control. The work by Ferrarini et al. applies metamodeling and model-driven architectures techniques for reconfigurable control of manufacturing systems. New programming architectures and methodologies for such controllers, in particular the novel IEC 61499 architecture, are discussed by Gerber et al. and Dubinin et al Thus, Gerber et al. investigate migration from the currently dominating PLC architecture of IEC 61131-3 to IEC 61499. Dubinin et al. propose a formal syntactic model of IEC 61499, needed to address the issue of its execution semantics.
The second group of papers addresses the solutions enabling intelligent networking, which progresses from simple device connectivity to provision of web-services and the use of service-oriented architectures. The latter imposes new requirements to the resource-constrained embedded platforms. Macia-P ´ erez et al. deal with the problem of managing control applications and embedded services in automated equipments through a specialized reference frame of IT services. Collado et al. address the problem of implementing an XML parser on embedded device. The growing popularity of XML makes this work very relevant to many automation applications. Thramboulidis et al. propose the use of service-oriented architectures (SOA) as an integration technology to “glue” different applications, used in the design of intelligent automation systems. Lopez Orozco et al. deal with ´ performance of the FIPA agent-based protocols, which provide a higher-level communication language for intelligent automation nodes.
The third group of papers represents the important area of verification and validation of embedded automation systems. Vyatkin et al. propose a visual specification languageto be used in formal verification of modular automation systems.
The works included in this special issue certainly cannot represent the whole body of relevant research. They rather highlight some exciting application areas of advanced embedded technologies. We hope this special issue will facilitate joint research between the industrial automation and the embedded systems research communities.
Luca Ferrarini
Jose L. Martinez Lastra
Allan Martel

Antonio Valentini
Valeriy Vyatkin
REFERENCES
[1] T. A. Henzinger and J. Sifakis, “The discipline of embedded systems design,” Computer, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 32–40, 2007.
[2] “Function blocks for industrial-process measurement and control systems—part 1: architecture,” International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
[3] C. Sunder, A. Zoitl, J. H. Christensen, et al., “Usability and in- ¨ teroperability of IEC 61499 based distributed automation systems,” in Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN ’06), pp. 31–37, Singapore, August 2006.
[4] OOONEIDA, http://www.oooneida.org.
[5] V. V. Vyatkin, J. H. Christensen, and J. L. M. Lastra,“OOONEIDA: an open, object-oriented knowledge economy for intelligent industrial automation,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 4–17, 2005.

嵌入式系统在智能工业自动化设计
Luca Ferrarini,1 Jose L. Martinez Lastra,2 Allan Martel,3 Antonio Valentini,4 and Valeriy Vyatkin5
1电子与信息系，20133米兰，米兰，意大利
2生产工程，坦佩雷理工大学，坦佩雷33101部芬兰
3奥奈达公司，135丹巴顿郡法院，渥太华，安大略省，加拿大k1k 4l6
4奥奈达公司欧洲，42 rue de l'eglise，1150布鲁塞尔，比利时
5电气与计算机工程系，奥克兰大学，专用袋92019 1142，奥克兰，新西兰
瓦列里维亚特金于2008年1月16日向[e-mail]发出邀请
2008年1月16日接受。
费拉里尼等人享有著作权。这是一个开放存取论文知识共享署名许可下发布，允许无限制地使用，分配，和在任何媒体上复制，提供原来的工作是正确的引用。

工业自动化（IA）是嵌入式计算投入工业应用的广大地区。除了许多量身定制的解决方案（数值控制器，硬件控制器等）现场可编程逻辑控制器通过RS为主，广泛被简称PLC，它代表的嵌入式计算平台的最广泛的类。在过去，在嵌入式技术的进步决定了质的突破，自动化系统的性能，他们的能力和他们的设计效率。
智能工业自动化（IIA）的出现为研究和发展提供一个分支，是对于灵活性和适应性制造的挑战，这不是需要大规模生产和大规模定制。它规定利用信息和通信技术（ICT）创建自配置或容易重构控制系统的自动化生产过程的方法和工具。
自动化系统是需要超越一个集网络PLC应在其相互作用和行为以及它们是如何通过一系列的人从控制工程师的维修技师的使用的方式，。这就是为什么新兴的自动化趋势交易是面向服务的体系结构、知识工程、和Web服务。安全性和预测性维护问题解决方案是最新的嵌入式解决方案，是通过无线智能传感器网络来实现。
嵌入式系统的世界中的自动化系统的研究同样面临重大挑战，这是不可或缺的一部分。其中一个高层次的综合设计方法，语言和工具的追求，[ 1 ]。在自动化领域中这已经转化为基于组件的软件架构，支持可视化编程技术的发展，如IEC 61499标准[ 2 ]和策略控制的分布式应用程序[ 3 ]。
采用嵌入式技术不仅促进了嵌入式技术本身的发展设计这些应用所面临的挑战，也带来新的挑战。
这个特殊的问题是协同奥奈达[4]，全球机构举办的，作为网络推广基于开放标准的分布式工业自动化网络运行
使用IA增值链的奥奈达角度[5]是指一个IA的解决方案，开发或由组织部署，必须包括对公司内部流程的影响进行分析，其扩展的供应链的管理，所有的内完整的产品生命周期的环境。

奥奈达为最近成为新的研究密集型应用领域的IIA而扩展了其利益，如
i. 能源管理，
ii. 楼宇自动化，
iii. 互联网协议医疗（HOIP）。
奥奈达通过提供协同的框架内进行的国家和国际研究和发展项目从而促进工业、学术和研究机构合作。
如这个特殊的问题，美国仪器仪表学会最近推出的一系列工业自动化的书籍，它也有助于知识转移通过支持新的出版计划。
奥奈达还制定并颁布了一系列的有关促进自动化可互操作的智能解决方案的国际标准。例如，联合文[ 3 ]表明奥奈达成员合作来自全球9个组织，在工作中，针对IEC 61499标准的改进。
最后，奥奈达最近开设了奥奈达欧洲，其第二国际节点集中在欧洲工业自动化活动。奥奈达亚洲预计将于今年晚些时候形成。
这个特殊的问题是协同环境的一个很好的例子，得到了奥奈达和其成员的热情支持。
这篇论文选择这个特殊的问课题，它广泛的涵盖了自动化研究的有关课题，如扩展嵌入式计算平台的能力，或使用它们的自动化要求的制造系统的好处。这些论文可分为三个专题组。
第一组是指在柔性和可重构制造高级的系统工程，在实施IIA域系统级语言的想法，这自然会导致新一代的嵌入式控制设备将超越PLC。特别是，通过费斯卡等人的论文。提出了采用分布式控制的柔性制造系统的一个高层次的设计方法。通过费拉里尼等人的工作。应用建模和模型驱动的制造系统的可重构控制架构技术。这种控制器的新的编程架构和方法，特别是新的IEC 61499体系结构，是由Gerber等人讨论。因此，Gerber等人。从目前主导IEC 61131-3 PLC架构的IEC 61499迁移。提出了IEC 61499的正式语法模型，需要解决其执行语义问题。

第二组文件解决方案，使智能网络，从简单的设备连接提供的网络服务和使用面向服务的架构的进展。后者对资源受限的嵌入式平台提出了新的要求。macia-p´Erez等人通过一个专门的参考框架，处理自动化设备中的控制应用和嵌入式服务的问题。科利亚等人在嵌入式设备上实现一个XML解析器的问题。XML的日益普及，使得这项工作与许多自动化应用十分密切相关。thramboulidis等人。提出了面向服务的体系结构（SOA）的使用作为一个集成技术的“胶水”不同的应用，应用于智能自动化系统的设计。奥罗斯科洛佩兹等。随着FIPA´性能代理协议的协议，它提供智能自动化节点更高层次的沟通语言。
第三组文件是嵌入式自动化系统验证和验证的重要领域。维亚特金等人。提出了一种可视化的规范语言，可用于模块化自动化系统的形式化验证。
在这个特殊的问题中包含的作品肯定不能代表整个领域的相关研究。它们更突出一些令人兴奋的应用领域的先进的嵌入式技术。我们希望这个特殊的问题将有助于工业自动化和嵌入式系统研究社区之间的联合研究。
Luca Ferrarini
Jose L. Martinez Lastra
Allan Martel
Antonio Valentini
Valeriy Vyatkin
引用
[1] T. A. Henzinger和J. Sifakis，“嵌入式系统设计学科，”计算机，第一卷。 40，第10，第32-40，2007。

[2]“工业过程测量和控制系统第1部分功能块：建筑，”国际电工委员会，瑞士日内瓦，2005年。
[3] C.桑德，A Zoitl，JH克里斯坦森，等人，“IEC61499的分布式自动化系统的可用性和互操作”，在工业信息学（INDIN'06），第4号的IEEE会议论文集第31-37，新加坡，2006年8月。
[4] ONEIDA，http://www.oneida.org。
[5]V.V.Vyatkin，J. H.克里斯滕森和J. L. M.拉斯特拉，“ONEIDA：一个开放的，面向对象的知识型经济为智能工业自动化，”工业信息学，卷IEEE交易。 1，第1，第4-17，2005年。