1、英语古诗格律与押韵英语古诗格律与押韵汇报人:王建斌第1页“格律是指能够用来打拍子节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列格式,也是朗诵时轻重音依据。音步是由重读音节和非重读音节组成诗分析单位。重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用“”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“?”标示,音步之间可用“”或“”隔开。常见五种格式:抑扬格,扬抑格,抑抑扬格,扬抑抑格和扬扬格英语古诗格律英语古诗格律第2页音步:音步:多音节单词有重音和次重音,次重音依据节奏既可视为重读,也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗:Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy stra
2、in.这两行诗重读与轻读固定搭配模式是:轻重。在每行中再现四次,这么就形成了这两行诗节奏。某种固定轻重搭配叫“音步”(foot),相当与乐谱中“小节”。一轻一重,就是这两行诗音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现次数叫音步数,这两行诗音步数都是四,所以就称其为四音步诗。什么是音什么是音步?步?第3页一个音步中有两个音节,前者为轻,后者为重,则这种音步叫抑扬格音步。轻读是“抑”,重读是“扬”,一轻一重,故称抑扬格。英语中有大量单词,其发音都是一轻一重,如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等,所以用英语写诗
3、,用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说,抑扬格很符合英语发音规律。所以,在英文诗歌中用得最多便是抑扬格,百分之九十英文诗都是用抑扬格写成。前面那两句诗就是抑扬格诗。an empty houseAlexander Pope 什么是抑扬格什么是抑扬格?第4页You beatyour pate,and fancy witwill come:Knock asyou please,theres nobodyat home.(你拍拍脑袋,认为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲打,也无人把门打开。)pate,脑袋。fancy,动词:认为,想象。此诗基本音步类型是抑扬格,每行五音步。所以称此诗格律是“抑扬格五音步”。一首诗音步
4、类型和诗行所含音步数目组成此诗格律。第5页扬抑扬抑格:格:一个音步中有两个音节,前者为重,后者为轻,则这种音步叫扬抑格音步。重读是“扬”,轻读是“抑”,一重一轻,故称扬抑格。与抑扬格恰好相反。英语中也有一批其读音为一重一轻单词,如Happy,many,holy,yonder,headlong,flaming,upper,grandeur,failing等。写扬抑格诗,这类词恰好适当。但这类词在英语中其数量不及前面那些多,与英文语言规律不十分吻合,所以扬抑格诗不多。举两句诗例:Present mirth has present laughter Shakespeare Shake your ch
5、ains to earth like dew ShelleyTyger!Tyger!burning brightIn the forests of the nightWilliam Blake:The Tyger什么什么是是扬抑格?第6页Twinkle,|twinkle,|little|star,How I|wonder|what you|are.Up a|bove the|world so|high,Like a|diamond|in the|sky.Jane Taylor:Star第7页扬抑扬抑格:格:一个音步中有两个音节,前者为重,后者为轻,则这种音步叫扬抑格音步。重读是“扬”,轻读是“
6、抑”,一重一轻,故称扬抑格。与抑扬格恰好相反。英语中也有一批其读音为一重一轻单词,如Happy,many,holy,yonder,headlong,flaming,upper,grandeur,failing等。写扬抑格诗,这类词恰好适当。但这类词在英语中其数量不及前面那些多,与英文语言规律不十分吻合,所以扬抑格诗不多。举两句诗例:Present mirth has present laughter Shakespeare Shake your chains to earth like dew ShelleyTyger!/Tyger!/burning/brightIn the/forests/
7、of the/nightWilliam Blake:The Tyger什么什么是是扬抑格?第8页抑抑扬抑抑扬格:格:三个音节组成一个音步,每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节组成抑抑扬格含,即轻轻重。英语中轻轻重三个音节组成单词短语举例:cavalier,intercede,disbelieve,reappear,disapprove,indistinct,on the hill.The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold,And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;And the s
8、heen of their spears was like stars on the sea,When the blue waves rolls nightly on deep Galilee.Destruction of Sennacherib Sennacherib 是亚述国王。fold 指羊群,purple and gold 描写亚述军队衣饰,Galilee,巴勒斯坦北部加利利湖。cohorts军团,sheen,光芒。这是拜伦写描述古代亚述人围攻耶路撒冷,被瘟疫所袭诗一节。什么什么是是抑抑扬格?第9页 Like a child from the womb,Like a ghost fro
9、m the tomb,I arise and unbuild it again.第10页扬抑抑扬抑抑格格:三个音节组成一个音步,每个音步中有三个音节,前者为重,后二者为轻,即重轻轻,那么属于扬抑抑格.英语中重轻轻三个音节组成单词短语举例:happily,merciful,eloquent,messenger,merrily,properly,accident,quantity.Dragging the corn by her golden hair.Davies:the villain.Touch her not scornfully,Think of her mournfully.Thoma
10、s Hood最著名代表便是荷马史诗所采取英雄格-扬抑抑格六音步音节节奏形式)什么什么是是扬抑抑格?第11页扬扬扬扬格格:由连续两个重音节组而成,表现沉重、迟缓、困难动作或情绪;也用于表现感情突然改变或强调语气。此音步也主要与其它音步适用,甚少有以扬扬格为主诗。Three men,red cross More haste,less speed.亚历山大,蒲伯批评论中有两行诗很能说明连续读音节演出力:When Ajax strives some rocks vast weight to throw,The line too labours,the words move slow.当埃阿斯奋力举起千
11、钧巨石砸去,诗行也变得沉重,充满迟缓字句。什么什么是是扬扬格?第12页英语诗歌押韵能够依据单词内音素重复部位不一样而分成不一样种类,最常见有头韵(Alliteration)、谐元韵(Assonance)和尾韵(Rhyme)。英语古诗英语古诗押韵押韵第13页头韵头韵头韵体诗(Alliteration)始于Anglo-Saxon时期。头韵常指单词或重读音节前辅音重复,有时也指词首元音字母重复。奠基人:丹麦拉斯克、德国格里姆和葆扑。代表人物:20世纪美国罗伯特弗罗斯特。第14页拉斯克:拉斯克:丹麦语言学家(1787-1832),主张从语音演变能够看出语言间亲属关系。他实际上大致处理了印欧语辅音改变规
12、律问题,这个成就以后为格林所继承,并用更明确语言表述出来,成为“格林定律”。罗伯特罗伯特弗罗斯特:弗罗斯特:(1874-1963)他是20世纪最受人喜爱美国诗人之一。他诗普通都遵从了传统韵律形式,比如押韵双行体、三行体、四行体、十四行体都写相当出众。弗罗斯特极少写自由诗,他曾说过,诗歌如不讲韵律,就像打网球不设拦网一样。他对抑扬格似乎情有独钟,他曾说:“对英语诗歌而言,抑扬格和稍加改变抑扬格是唯一自然韵律。”第15页单词词首和重读音节首辅音押头韵:The woods are lovely,dark and deep.林子很美昏暗而幽深,But I have promises to keep,但
13、我已经有约定。And miles to go before I sleep.沉醉前还有一段路要走(摘自雪夜林边小驻)pretty as a picture dead as a doornail(doornail门钉)Then took the other,as just as fair,And having perhaps the better claim,Because it was grassy and wanted wear.(摘自未走过路)第16页辅音组成辅音群押头韵:My greater grief was by so much reduced,As I thought of the
14、m without nest or roost.(摘自茅草屋顶)单词词首和重读音节首元音押头韵:And a pump flung up an awkward arm.(摘自罗伯特弗罗斯特精通农事必要)第17页谐元谐元韵:韵:(assonance)指词与词之间元音重复形成内部押韵。如lake,fate;time,mind.下面一节诗中i及i重复照应,展现出一派欢乐祥和气氛。Spring,the sweet spring,is the years pleasant king;Then blooms each thing,then maids dance in a ring,Cold dath no
15、t sting,the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!Thomas Nashe:Spring,the Sweet Spring 谐元谐元韵韵第18页尾韵:尾韵:(Rhyme)押在诗行最终一个重读音节上,叫尾韵。这是英文诗歌最常见押韵部位。诗行中间停顿处重读音节与该行最终一个重读音节押韵者,叫行内韵。如:Spring,the sweet spring,is the years pleasant king;Then blooms each thing,then maids dance in a ring。尾韵能够分联韵
16、(aabb型)、交叉韵(abab型)、同韵。1)联韵:I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth,I knew not where;For,so swiftly it flew,the sight,Could not follow it in its flight.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow:The Arrow and the Song尾韵尾韵第19页 2)交叉韵:Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning o
17、f the bar,When I put out to sea,Alfred Tennyson:Crossing the Bar3)同韵:有诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。以下例就共用i:p为韵脚。The woods are lovely,dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.Robert Frost:Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening第20页1 唐月凤.英诗韵律浅谈J湖州师范学院学报 2赵哲生.英诗音步概述J英语知识 1995/11 3高凤霞.论英语头韵与汉语“双声”文化差异J时代文学(下半月)/09 4魏婕.简析广韵四声双声叠韵格式J文教资料/13 5斯拉克.http:/ 6罗伯特弗罗斯特.http:/ References第21页
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