高中英语语法精讲九大英语句子成份构成(课堂PPT).ppt

九大句子成分九大句子成分高中英语语法精讲1一、句子成分的定义一、句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语，次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。2二、主语二、主语（一）主语的定义（一）主语的定义 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体。主语一般位于句首，但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句子中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。（二）主语的表现形式（二）主语的表现形式 主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。31.名词名词 During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.20世纪90年代，美国乡村音乐越来越流行。Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.张教授是著名的科学家。2.代词代词 We often speak English in class.我们经常在课堂上说英语。Who is the man standing over there?站在那里的那个人是谁？3.数词数词 One third of the students this class are girls.这个班1/3的学生是女生。4 Two times five is ten.2乘5等于10。4.不定式不定式 To swim in the Lijiang River is a great pleasure.在漓江里游泳是非常愉快的事。To master English is useful.掌握英语是有用的。5.动名词动名词 Smoking does harm to the health.吸烟对健康有害。5 Playing football in the street is dangerous.在街上踢足球有危险。6.名词化的形容词名词化的形容词 The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。In new China the old are living a happy life.在新中国老年人过着幸福的生活。7.从句从句 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.我们什么时候进行英语测验还没有决定。6 Whether hell join us in the discussion is of great importance.他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。8.It 作形式主语作形式主语 It is dangerous playing with fire.玩火是危险的。It is a pity that he cannot swim.他不会游泳真是遗憾。7三、谓语三、谓语（一）谓语的定义一）谓语的定义 谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。（二）谓语的构成（二）谓语的构成1.简单谓语简单谓语 由一个动词或动词短语构成。8 He practises running every morning.他每天早晨练习跑步。Yesterday afternoon he reached Guilin.昨天下午他到达桂林。She takes good care of her mother.她细心照料她的母亲。He has got rid of his bad habit.他已经成为改掉了他的习惯。2.复合谓语复合谓语（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。构成。9 You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。You d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.你最好不要把这本杂志拿出阅览室。He has caught a bad cold.He has to go to see a doctor.他患了重感冒。他必须看医生。She doesnt seem to like dancing.她似乎不喜欢跳舞。10 We are going to call on him tonight.我们打算今晚去拜访他。（2）由系动词加表语构成）由系动词加表语构成。We are students.我们是学生。He looked a bit excited.他看上去有点激动。11四、表语四、表语（一）表语的定义（一）表语的定义 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem 等）之后。（二）表语的表现形式（二）表语的表现形式 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。121.名词名词 My teacher of English is an American.我的英语教师是美国人。He is an astronaut.他是一位宇航员。2.代词代词 Is it yours?这是你吗?Thats all I want to tell you.我要告诉你的就是这些。3.形容词形容词The weather has turned cold.天气变冷了。13 Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.桂林是我到过的最美丽的城市。4.分词分词 The speech is exciting.这场演讲激动人心。The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.老师对我的英语口语很满意。5.数词数词 Three times seven is twenty-one.3乘7等于21。He is always the first to enter the office.他总是第一个进办公室。146.不定式不定式 His job is to teach English.他的工作是教英语。Their plan is to finish the experiment in a week.他们的计划是在一周内完成这项实验。7.动名词动名词 His hobby is playing football.他的爱好是踢足球。My wish is studying law in a university.我的愿望是在大学学习法律。8.介词短语介词短语 The machine must be out of order.机器一定是出毛病了。15 He is against our plan.他反对我们的计划。9.副词副词 Time is up.The class is over.时间到了，下课。My father isnt in.He is out.我父亲不在家，他出去了。10.表语从句表语从句 The truth is that hes never been abroad.事实是他从未出过国。16 What I want to know is when well have the sports meet.我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动会。17五、宾语五、宾语（一）宾语的定义（一）宾语的定义 宾语的表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。（二）宾语的表现形式（二）宾语的表现形式1.名词名词 They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他们昨天去看了展览。18 He is going to buy a dictionary.他打算买本字典。2.代词代词 The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.那场大雨使我未能准时到校。We should learn from him.我们应该向他学习。3.数词数词 How many dictionaries do you have?你有几本字典？19 I have five.我有5本。4.名词化的形容词或分词名词化的形容词或分词 They helped the old with their housework yesterday.他们昨天帮助老年人做家务。We should take the wounded to the hospital immediately.我们应该立刻把伤员送进医院。5.不定式（短语）不定式（短语）He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看见我。20 She didnt know what to do next.她不知道下一步做什么。6.动名词动名词(短语短语)I enjoy listening to popular music.我喜欢听流行音乐。He practises speaking English every day.他每天练习讲英语。7.从句从句 I think(that)he is fit for his office.我认为他称职。he asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.他问我班上谁的发音最好。21 (三三)宾语的种类宾语的种类1.直接宾语直接宾语 直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果,通常指物。lend me your dictionary,please.请把你的字典借给我。Excuse me,please.Could you tell me the way to the railway station?对不起，请问到火车站怎么走？2.间接宾语间接宾语 间接宾语表示动作所向的或所为的人或物,通常指人。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前，也可以位于直接宾语之后,但此时在它的前面须加介词to。22 The company sent us a few computers last year.公司去年给我们送了几台计算机。He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday.昨天他送给我一份生日礼物。3.复合宾语复合宾语 有些动词除了接宾语外，还需要一个词来说明宾语的身份或状态，以补充其意义的不足，这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语一超组成复合宾语，它们在逻辑上有主谓关糸。如果23 直接宾语是不定式、动名词或从句，常用直接宾语是不定式、动名词或从句，常用it作作形式宾语。形式宾语。They elected him their monitor.他们选他当班长。(代词+名问)I found the baby always happy.我发现这个婴儿总是很开心。(名词+形容词)The next day he found himself in the hospital when he woke.当他第二天醒来时，发现自已在医院里。(代词+介词短语)I often ask him to help me with my English.我经常请他帮肋我学英语。(代词+动词不定式)24 I find it easy to answer this question.我发现这个问题很容易回答。(it作形式宾语)4.介词宾语介词宾语 位于介词后面的宾语称作介词宾语。In our school about three-fourths of the students are from the north.我们学校3/4的学生来自北方。25六、宾语补足语六、宾语补足语（一）宾语补足语的定义（一）宾语补足语的定义 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。这类常用的物动词有：make(使使)，consider(认为认为)，cause(引起引起)，see(看见看见)，find(发现发现)，call(称为，叫做称为，叫做)，get(让，使得让，使得)，have(让，使得让，使得)，let(让让)等。26 Electricity can make a machine run.电能使机器运转。We consider/think the answer(to be)correct.我们认为这个答案是对的。What he said made me very angry.他的话使我很生气。（二）宾语补足语的表现形式（二）宾语补足语的表现形式 有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动某些及物动词（如词（如make等）等）+直接宾语（名词或代词）直接宾语（名词或代词）+宾语补足语宾语补足语。宾语补足语在句子中有9种表示法：271.用名词（包括名词性物主代词）表示用名词（包括名词性物主代词）表示 His father named him Dongming.他父亲给他取名东明。We consider Mr Zhang an excellent teacher.我们认为张先生是位优秀的老师。2.用形容词及其短语表示用形容词及其短语表示 They painted their boat white.他们把船漆成白色。We believed the report untrue.我们确认这个报告不真实。I saw him young and strong,and now he is old and worn.我以前见他的时候，他年轻力壮，现在他已年老体弱。283.用不定式及其短语表示用不定式及其短语表示 You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.你不应该强迫他借钱给你。Nobody noticed him enter the room.没有人注意到他进了屋。注注 see，have，let，make，watch，notice，hear,observe等动词后的宾语补足等动词后的宾语补足语用不定式表示时，不可加语用不定式表示时，不可加to。help 后的不定式可带后的不定式可带 to，也可不带，也可不带to。294.用现在分词及其短语表示用现在分词及其短语表示 We saw her entering the room.我们看见她正走进那个房间。I heard her singing an English song.我听见她在唱英文歌。5.用过去分词及其短语表示用过去分词及其短语表示 They found Guilin greatly changed.他们发现桂林变化很大。At that time we were there and saw it done.那时我们在那儿，并看见这事被做完。30注注 过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语和它的关系是被动关过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语和它的关系是被动关系。系。6.用用 as 引出宾语补足语引出宾语补足语 We take English as a useful tool for research work.我们把英语当作研究工作的一种有用的工具。I look upon him as my teacher.我把他看做我的老师。7.用介词短语表示用介词短语表示 We found everything in the laboratory in good order.我们发觉实验室里的每件东西都放得井井有条。Whenever you may go,you will find him at work.不论什么时候去，你都会看见他在工作。8.用副词表示用副词表示 31 Let the fresh air in.让新鲜空气进来。I saw him out with his father.我看见他和他父亲外出了。9.用从句表示用从句表示 We will soon make our city what your city is now.我们不久就要把我们的城市发展成你们城市目前的那个样子。The plant has its own name.You cannot call it what you will.32这种植物有自己的名称。你不能随便称呼它什么。注注 能在复合宾语中先用形式宾语能在复合宾语中先用形式宾语 it，然后，然后再用真正宾语的动词并不多，常见的有再用真正宾语的动词并不多，常见的有think,find,consider,judge,feel,make,take等。等。They thought it right to do this test.他们原先认为做这项试验是对的。（后面的不定式为真正宾语）We all think it our duty that we should support him.33我们都认为支持他是我们的职责。（后面的从句是真正宾语）We find it necessary to master a foreign language.我们认为掌握一门外语是有必要的。（后面的还定式短语为真正宾语）34七、定语七、定语（一）定语的定义（一）定语的定义 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。（二）定语的表现形式（二）定语的表现形式 定语一般可由形容词、分词（短语）、名词、代词、数词、名词所有格、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词和从句等表示。351.形容词形容词 Guilin is a beautiful city.桂林是一座美丽的城市。A bright future shines before my eyes.光明的未来展现在我眼前。2.分词（短语）分词（短语）China is a developing country;America is a developed country.中国是一个发展中国家。美国是一个发达国家。Who is the man shaking hands with our teacher?和我们老师握手的那个人是谁？36 This is the bridge built last year.这是去年建的那座桥。3.名词名词 There are thirty women teachers in our school.我们学校有30名女教师。They are going to put up a wall newspaper next week.他们打算下周出墙报。374.代词代词 His rapid progress in English made us surprised.他在英语方面的快速进步使我们吃惊。Do you know the student whose English pronunciation is the best in your class?你知道你们班上英语发音最好的那个学生吗？5.数词数词 More than thirty students in our class have read the book.我们班三十多个学生读过这本书。The teacher asked the students to copy the third paragraph of the text.老师让学生抄写课文的第3段。386.名词所有格名词所有格 You should follow the doctors advice and do more exercises.你应该听从医生的建议，多运动。Marys parents have gone abroad.玛丽的父母出国了。7.不定式不定式 Our monitor is always first to enter the classroom.我们的班长总是第一个走进教室。39 I cant go with you.I still have a lot of work to do.我不能和你去。我仍有许多工作要做。8.动名词动名词 The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.下学期的教学计划已制定好。You mustnt take the magazine out of the reading room.你不要把杂志带出阅览室。9.介词短语介词短语 He is reading an article about how to learn English.他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。40 Who is the girl in red?穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁？10.副词（多位于被修饰词之后）副词（多位于被修饰词之后）A noise outside made him turn around.外面的噪音使他转过身来。The man in the room below is friendly.楼下房间的那人很友好。11.从句从句 There is nothing that worries him.没有什么事使他烦恼。41 I will remember the day when I first met her.我会记住第一次遇见她的那一天。注注:如果作定语的是形容词、代词、名词等，通常位于所修饰的词之前，但如果作定语的是介词短语或动词不定式，则位于所修饰词之后。Her father is a famous doctor.她父亲是有名的医生。（代词、形容词作定语）Ive got an important meeting to attend.我有一个重要会议要参加。（形容词、动词不定式作定语）42 People in the park were enjoying the warm sunshine.公园里的人们正享受着温暖的阳光。（介词短语、形容词作定语）43八、状语八、状语（一）状语的定义 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。（二）状语的表现形式（二）状语的表现形式1.副词及副词性词组副词及副词性词组 Light travels most quickly.光传播得最快。44 Factories and buildings are seen here and there.到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。2.介词短语介词短语 He has lived in the city for ten years.他在那座城市住了10年。In spite of the difficulties,we went on with our work.尽管有困难，但是我们仍继续工作。3.不定式（短语）不定式（短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.他因通过高考而感到自豪。The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太重，我抬不起来。454.分词（短语）分词（短语）He is in the room making a model plane.他正在房间里做一架飞机模型。Not knowing what to do,he decided to ask the teacher for advice.他不知道怎么办才好，就去问老师。Encouraged by the teacher.I made up my mind to learn English well.在老师的鼓励下，我决心把英语学好。465.名词（短语）名词（短语）Wait a minute.等一下。Would you please come this way?请这边走。The road is fifty kilometers long and ten meters wide.这条马路有50公里长，10米宽。6.从句从句 Once you begin,you must continue.一旦开始，你就得继续下去。47 It is very difficult to live where there is little water.在没有多少水的地方，生活是十分艰难的。I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.为了赶上其他人，我必须更加努力学习。（三）状语的种类（三）状语的种类1.时间状语时间状语 How about meeting again at six?6：00再见面怎样？48 When it rains,I usually go to school by bus.下雨天我通常乘公共汽车去上学。2.原因状语原因状语 Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.由于下雨，她昨晚没有去参加舞会。Since you are very busy,I wont trouble you.既然你很忙，我就还打扰你了。3.条件状语条件状语 I shall go there if it doesnt rain.如果不下雨，我将到那里去。49 As(so)long as you work hard,you can make rapid progress in English.只要你努力，你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。4.地点状语地点状语 Mr Smith lives on the third floor.史密斯先生住在3楼。Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方就有生命。5.方式状语 She put the eggs into the basket with great care.她十分小心地把鸡蛋放进了篮子里。50 He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means.他用这种方法极大地提高了他的英语口语。6.伴随状语伴随状语 She came in with a dictionary in her hand.她进来时手里拿着一本字典。The teacher came in,followed by a group of students.老师走了进来，后面跟着一群学生。517.目的状语目的状语 I went there to see a friend of mine.我去那里看我的一个朋友。Bring it closer so that I may see it better.把它拿近些，以便我看得更清楚。8.结果状语结果状语 He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.他累极了，立刻就睡着了。He is so good a teacher that the students love and respect him.他是一位很好的老师，学生们都敬爱他。529.让步状语让步状语 She works very hard though she is old.虽然她年纪大了，但她仍然十分努力地工作。No matter when you come.you are warmly welcome.不管你什么时候来。都欢迎。10.程度状语程度状语 They were greatly moved to hear the heros story.听了英雄的故事，他们深受感动。I quite agree with you.我完全同意你的意见。5311.比较状语比较状语 I am taller than he is.我比他高。The more I speak English,the better Ill be.我英语讲得越多，就讲得越好。注注 副词修饰动词时放在行为动词之后或动词的副词修饰动词时放在行为动词之后或动词的宾语之后，修饰形容词或副词时放在被修饰词宾语之后，修饰形容词或副词时放在被修饰词之前。之前。They study hard.他们学习努力。（修饰动词修饰动词）He was very sad.他非常伤心。（修饰形容词修饰形容词）She speaks English quite well.她英语讲得很好。（修饰副词修饰副词）54 We go to school on foot.我们步行上学。（介词短语，修饰动词介词短语，修饰动词）55九、同位语九、同位语（一）同位语的定义（一）同位语的定义 同位语位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，它可以由名词或代词、名词性短语或从句充当。同位语可以说是一种定语。（二）同位语的表现形式（二）同位语的表现形式1.名词名词56 We young people should respect the old.我们年轻人应该尊重老年人。2.代词代词 He himself will do the experiment.他将亲自做这项实验。3.数词数词 He is the oldest among them four.他是他们四人中年纪最大的。4.从句从句 He told me the news that the space shuttle Columbia had exploded.他告诉我哥伦比亚号航天飞机爆炸的消息。575.由由Such as,that is引导引导 Some subjects,such as physics and biology,are very difficult to learn.某些学科，例如物理和生物，是很难学的。6.由由of引导引导 The city of Guilin has been greatly changed since 2001.自从2001年以来，桂林市发生了很大的变化。7.由由or引导引导 The freezing temperature,or freezing point,is the temperature at which water freezes under under ordinary pressure.结冰温度即冰点，是水在常压下结冰时的温度。58形容词和名词作定语的区别形容词和名词作定语的区别（一）没有相应的形容词的名词（一）没有相应的形容词的名词 在很多情况下，使用名词作定语是因为没有相应的形容词。office building 办公楼 table cloth桌布 college student大学生(二二)形容词转化来的名词形容词转化来的名词 有的用作定语的名词是由形容词转化来的。或是名词化的形容词。这样往往会出现歧义。59A deaf and dumb teacher 教聋哑学生的教师/又聋又哑的教师An English teacher 英语教师/英国教师（三）名词有对应的形容词，但两者作定（三）名词有对应的形容词，但两者作定语时使用场合和含义不同语时使用场合和含义不同 Chemistry department 化学系 History teacher 历史教师 Chemical change 化学变化 Historical events 历史事件60（四）表示物品原料的名词和形容词（四）表示物品原料的名词和形容词 有些名词作定语时，表示物品的原料。这类名词中有些有相对应的形容词，这些形容词多以-en结尾。Gold golden （金制的）wool woolen （羊毛制的）（五）一些与物质材料有关的形容词（五）一些与物质材料有关的形容词 这些以-y 结尾的形容词一般只能用来作比喻或描写情况。要表示物品的材料或其他情况，则最好用名词。61Stone house 石头房子Stony heart 铁石心肠Rain drops 雨滴Rainy days 困难的日子62