翻译技能1-汉英翻译基本构句原则.ppt

Lecture 1Lecture 1汉英翻译的基本构句原则汉英翻译的基本构句原则 1 一、主谓搭建是英语构句的基础一、主谓搭建是英语构句的基础n汉译英技巧就是要解决两方面的问题：其一是汉译英技巧就是要解决两方面的问题：其一是词汇的选择词汇的选择，其二是，其二是结构的调整结构的调整。例例1 1：如何在全球化加快的新形势下，从中：如何在全球化加快的新形势下，从中国的实际出发，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，保国的实际出发，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，保持持续、快速、和谐和全面的社会经济发持持续、快速、和谐和全面的社会经济发展，是值得我们密切关注的重大战略问题。展，是值得我们密切关注的重大战略问题。2 例例1 1：如何如何在全球化加快的新形势下，从中国的实际出发，在全球化加快的新形势下，从中国的实际出发，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，保持持续、快速、和谐和全面的社保持持续、快速、和谐和全面的社会经济发展会经济发展，是值得我们密切关注的重大战略问题。是值得我们密切关注的重大战略问题。句子的主干结构：句子的主干结构：a major strategic issue is how to maintain economic and social development分支结构分支结构1 1：under the new circumstances of 分支结构分支结构2 2：by adapting to Chinas reality Under the new circumstances of accelerated economic globalization,a major strategic issue deserving our close attention is how to maintain sustained,rapid,coordinated and sound economic and social development by adapting to Chinas reality,seizing opportunities and coping with challenges.3 例例2 2：他实现了：他实现了徒手攀登徒手攀登泰山、华山、衡山等泰山、华山、衡山等2020多座名多座名山，山，孤身翻越孤身翻越海拔海拔52315231米的唐古拉山，米的唐古拉山，手摇轮椅走过手摇轮椅走过丝绸之路，丝绸之路，穿越穿越塔克拉玛干大沙漠，塔克拉玛干大沙漠，徒手攀登徒手攀登上海东上海东方明珠电视塔，方明珠电视塔，圆满完成圆满完成从沙漠到香港的旅行。从沙漠到香港的旅行。He left a trail of human records including climbingclimbing more than 20 famous mountains like Mount Tai,Mount Hua and Mount Heng with his hands,crossingcrossing the 5,231-meter-high Mount Tanggula alone,travelingtraveling along the Silk Road in wheelchair,crossingcrossing the Taklimakan Desert,getting togetting to the top of the Oriental Pearl TV Tower in Shanghai with his hands,and completingcompleting the journey from the desert to HK.4 试翻译下列句子：试翻译下列句子：1 1，针对大坝，针对大坝(dam)(dam)的影响和治水的耗资和收益进的影响和治水的耗资和收益进行合理科学的研究能有助于解决这些冲突。行合理科学的研究能有助于解决这些冲突。A proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help resolve these conflicts.5 2 2，战后生育高峰时代的到来，以及女性进入男，战后生育高峰时代的到来，以及女性进入男性为主的劳动力市场，已经限制了性为主的劳动力市场，已经限制了年轻人年轻人的机的机会。会。他们他们已经对攀登日本严格的社会阶梯以获已经对攀登日本严格的社会阶梯以获得较好的教育和工作所付出的巨大个人代价提得较好的教育和工作所付出的巨大个人代价提出质疑。出质疑。The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of woman into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.6 3 3，一个错误的医学诊断或者配偶的去世都能够，一个错误的医学诊断或者配偶的去世都能够在几个月里把一个家庭从殷实的中产阶级降低在几个月里把一个家庭从殷实的中产阶级降低为新的贫困阶层。为新的贫困阶层。A bad diagnosis or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solid middle class to a newly poor in a few months.4 4，由于互联网上有成千上万个与求职相关的网，由于互联网上有成千上万个与求职相关的网站，寻求可能的职位空缺费时且无效率。站，寻求可能的职位空缺费时且无效率。With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet,finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient.7 5 5，当我决定辞去全日制工作的时候，我未曾想，当我决定辞去全日制工作的时候，我未曾想到我会成为一种新的国际流行趋势的一部分。到我会成为一种新的国际流行趋势的一部分。When I decided to quit my full time employment,it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.n为促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。所以我们为促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。所以我们建议举行两党平等会谈，实行第三次合作。大建议举行两党平等会谈，实行第三次合作。大陆和台湾有不同的意识形态，实行不同的政治陆和台湾有不同的意识形态，实行不同的政治制度，但绝不能让这一点妨碍我们发展两岸关制度，但绝不能让这一点妨碍我们发展两岸关系，实现和平统一的大业。系，实现和平统一的大业。8 n为促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。所以我们建议举为促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。所以我们建议举行两党平等会谈，实行第三次合作。大陆和台湾有不行两党平等会谈，实行第三次合作。大陆和台湾有不同的意识形态，实行不同的政治制度，但绝不能让这同的意识形态，实行不同的政治制度，但绝不能让这一点妨碍我们发展两岸关系，实现和平统一的大业。一点妨碍我们发展两岸关系，实现和平统一的大业。nTo promote the reunification of the motherland,we must find a proper means.So we suggest that the two Parties hold a talk on an equal footing and try for a third-time cooperation.The fact the mainland and Taiwan have adopted different ideologies and political systems should not be allowed to stand in the way of developing the relations between two sides of the Taiwan Strait and achieving the peaceful reunification.9 二、尽量使用无灵主语，即物称。二、尽量使用无灵主语，即物称。例例1 1：我们一些旧衣服和旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。：我们一些旧衣服和旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。译文一：We have pawned or sold our old clothes and furniture.译文二：Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.10 例例2 2：一看到米粉，我就想起了我的家乡。：一看到米粉，我就想起了我的家乡。The sight of the rice noodles reminded me of my hometown.例例3 3：听到这个好消息，我高兴地一句话也说不：听到这个好消息，我高兴地一句话也说不出来。出来。The overwhelming happiness over the good news left me speechless.11 n翻译下列句子：翻译下列句子：1,1,不同的人对退休持不同的态度。不同的人对退休持不同的态度。Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2 2，由于计划不周，他不仅浪费了时间，而且浪费了所，由于计划不周，他不仅浪费了时间，而且浪费了所有的钱。有的钱。Poor planning wasted all his money as well as his time.12 3 3，走廊的地毯厚厚的，我走在上面，一点脚步，走廊的地毯厚厚的，我走在上面，一点脚步声都没有。声都没有。The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps.4 4，他疲惫不堪，加上气温越来越高，于是他下，他疲惫不堪，加上气温越来越高，于是他下决心一看到阴凉处就坐下休息。决心一看到阴凉处就坐下休息。His weariness and increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.13 三，汉译英时确定主语的其他方式三，汉译英时确定主语的其他方式（1 1）添加主语（或重新确定主语）添加主语（或重新确定主语）例例1 1：中国社会主义建设的航船将乘风破浪地：中国社会主义建设的航船将乘风破浪地驶向现代化的光辉彼岸。驶向现代化的光辉彼岸。A.The ship of Chinas socialist construction will brave the wind and waves and sail to the glorious destination of modernization.B.China will stride forward in building socialism,like a ship braving the wind and the waves,towards the glorious destination of modernization.14 例例2 2：我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密：我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密的朋友而且成为兄弟。的朋友而且成为兄弟。nThe development of our relations has made us not only close friends but also brothers.nOur relations have so grown that they bind us not only as close friends but also as brothers.例例3 3：他心直口快，总是愿意和任何人交朋友，：他心直口快，总是愿意和任何人交朋友，所以很快就赢得了大家的信任。所以很快就赢得了大家的信任。nHis outspokenness and readiness to make friends with anyone soon won their trust.nHe was very outspoken and always ready to make friends with anyone,so he won their trust.15 例例4 4：中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威：中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。胁。nA strong,prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.nThe strength,prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries.16 例例5 5：读书可以增长见识。：读书可以增长见识。nReading books can acquire knowledge.nOne can acquire knowledge through reading books.例例6 6：进行社会主义现代化建设必须尊重知识和人才。：进行社会主义现代化建设必须尊重知识和人才。nWe must show our respect for knowledge and talents in building socialist modernization.例例7 7：以往的国际文献认为，印度是亚洲水稻的原产地。：以往的国际文献认为，印度是亚洲水稻的原产地。nPreviously,in the international literature,India was said to be the country where Asian rice originated.例例8 8：他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌：他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈紫檀色。肤呈紫檀色。nHe was a giant man with a long square face,a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood.17 例例9 9：世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。：世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。na)At the turn of the century,China is very active in its diplomatic activities.nb)The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.nb更为地道，有韵味。作业：尽管嘴上说友谊，对运动员来说重要的仍作业：尽管嘴上说友谊，对运动员来说重要的仍是比赛成绩。得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也是比赛成绩。得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿不到。任何想获得奥运冠军的人都得中断学拿不到。任何想获得奥运冠军的人都得中断学业，牺牲自己业余时间。这一点常常是观众没业，牺牲自己业余时间。这一点常常是观众没有看到的。因此，运动员要求得到物质奖励是有看到的。因此，运动员要求得到物质奖励是可以理解的。可以理解的。18 nDespite the lip service paid to friendship,what matters to athletes is success.Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing.What the spectators sometimes fail to notice is that anyone who wants to become an Olympic champion has to break off his studies and has little spare time.It is understandable that athletes want some tangible reward.19 (2)(2)信息主语：由于英汉两种语言对主语的不同信息主语：由于英汉两种语言对主语的不同要求，就是原文的句子有主语，也不完全可要求，就是原文的句子有主语，也不完全可以在英译文中做主语。也就是说，汉语句子以在英译文中做主语。也就是说，汉语句子中的主语不一定是英语句子的主语。这里有中的主语不一定是英语句子的主语。这里有很多因素，其中一个就是信息方面的考虑。很多因素，其中一个就是信息方面的考虑。例例1 1：这次国家调动了：这次国家调动了160160万大军去帮助守护大堤，万大军去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded.20 例例2 2：人们已经把李白的诗集译成了多种外国文：人们已经把李白的诗集译成了多种外国文字。字。nThe collection of LiBais poems has been translated into many foreign languages.例例3 3：人们认为他翻译的这首诗不忠实于原文。：人们认为他翻译的这首诗不忠实于原文。nHis translation of this poem was regarded unfaithful.例例4 4：上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。：上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。nA series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital.21 例例5 5：四川上个月抢救了两只挨饿的大熊猫。：四川上个月抢救了两只挨饿的大熊猫。nTwo starving giant pandas were rescued in Sichuan Province last month.例例6 6：有谣言说，明年年初将要实行价格改革。：有谣言说，明年年初将要实行价格改革。nRumor has it that a price reform will be instituted at the beginning of next year.例例7 7：热烈欢迎各地客商来此建立和发展贸易关：热烈欢迎各地客商来此建立和发展贸易关系。系。nCustomers all over the world are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts with us.22 n作业：作业：n这次长江流域的水灾是这次长江流域的水灾是4444年最严重的。官方的数字表明已年最严重的。官方的数字表明已有有20002000多人死亡，多人死亡，13801380万人被迫离开家园。占中国总耕地万人被迫离开家园。占中国总耕地面积面积3%3%的的450450万公顷的农作物被毁。工厂被迫停工，产量万公顷的农作物被毁。工厂被迫停工，产量受到影响。客运和货运也被迫中断。在未来的许多岁月里，受到影响。客运和货运也被迫中断。在未来的许多岁月里，人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。尽管损失如人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。尽管损失如此严重，举国上下，展开与洪水的斗争是非常值得陈赞的。此严重，举国上下，展开与洪水的斗争是非常值得陈赞的。在抗洪斗争中，中国人民显示了令人叹服的守堤防洪的能在抗洪斗争中，中国人民显示了令人叹服的守堤防洪的能力。例如这次国家调动了力。例如这次国家调动了160160万大军去帮助守护大堤，将万大军去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。事实上，差不多有数百万平被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。事实上，差不多有数百万平民百姓参加了这一人类巨大的斗争。民百姓参加了这一人类巨大的斗争。23 nThe floods in the Yangtze River basin are the worst in 44 years.Official figures indicate that more than 2000 people have been drowned and 13.8 million have been driven from their homes.Crops have been destroyed on 4.5 million hectares,3 percent of Chinas total cropland.Industrial output has suffered as factories have had to shut.The transportation of goods and people has been disrupted.The overall effect on Chinas economy will be felt for many months to come.Despite the serious damage,China deserves a lot of credit for the nationwide effort to deal with flooding,during which the Chinese have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for shoring up dikes and protecting themselves from flooding.For example,1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded.Literally millions of civilians are involved in this enormous human effort.24 (3)搭配主语。从语法角度看，汉语的主谓搭配习搭配主语。从语法角度看，汉语的主谓搭配习惯和英语的主谓搭配习惯不尽相同。如：他的惯和英语的主谓搭配习惯不尽相同。如：他的英语讲得很好。英语讲得很好。译为译为：His English speaks good.n He speaks good English.n 25 n例例1 1：我们国家的建设事业不仅仅需要的是工：我们国家的建设事业不仅仅需要的是工程师和科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧程师和科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。匠。nChina in her development needs not only engineers and scientists,but talents of different kinds.26 n我们极好的条件是有我们极好的条件是有1313亿人口和亿人口和960960万平方公万平方公里的国土。里的国土。nWe have very good favorable conditions:a population of 1.3 billion and a territory of 9.6 million square kilometers.n你的教学科研取得了长足的进步，但不应因此你的教学科研取得了长足的进步，但不应因此而自满。而自满。nYou have made good progress in teaching and researching but you should guard against complacency.27 n翻译下列句子：翻译下列句子：n任何新生事物的成长都是需要经过艰难曲折的。任何新生事物的成长都是需要经过艰难曲折的。nAny emerging thing is bound to experience difficulties and setbacks before it reaches maturity.n我国的社会主义建设事业需要尽可能多的知识分子我国的社会主义建设事业需要尽可能多的知识分子为它服务。为它服务。nChina needs as many intellectuals as possible in building socialism.n各国人民的正义斗争都是互相扶持的。各国人民的正义斗争都是互相扶持的。nPeople of the world support each other in their just struggles.28 n他个头和你差不多，就是胖了点。他个头和你差不多，就是胖了点。nHe is about your size,but a little heavier.29 四、英语构句的关联性和紧凑性（形合四、英语构句的关联性和紧凑性（形合VS VS 意合）意合）n我买了六支钢笔，一共三十元，拿回家一看，我买了六支钢笔，一共三十元，拿回家一看，都是用过了的。都是用过了的。nI bought six pens.They cost me thirty yuan.I took them back home,they were all used.nI bought six pens which cost me thirty yuan.When I took them back home,I found they were all used.30 n有个年轻人，名叫颜回，家里很穷，缺吃少有个年轻人，名叫颜回，家里很穷，缺吃少穿，住的房子又小又破。穿，住的房子又小又破。nThere was a young man.He was named Yanhui.His family was very poor.They did not have enough clothing to wear.The house they lived was small and dilapidated.nThere was a young man named Yanhui,who was so poor that his family lived in a small,dilapidated house with insufficient food and clothing.31 n公司借此机会听取用户意见拓展市场。公司借此机会听取用户意见拓展市场。nThe corporation would like to take the opportunity to solicit suggestions from the customers for the purpose of expanding its market.n搞经济改革，成绩是主要的，缺点错误也是有搞经济改革，成绩是主要的，缺点错误也是有的。的。nWhen it comes to economic reform,there is a great achievement despite some shortcomings and errors.32 n世界上一些国家发生问题，从根本上来说，都是因为世界上一些国家发生问题，从根本上来说，都是因为经济上不去。没有饭吃，没有衣服穿，没有房住，工经济上不去。没有饭吃，没有衣服穿，没有房住，工资增长被通货膨胀抵消。生活水平下降，大批人下岗资增长被通货膨胀抵消。生活水平下降，大批人下岗和失业，长期过紧日子。如果经济发展老是停留在低和失业，长期过紧日子。如果经济发展老是停留在低速度，生活水平就很难提高。速度，生活水平就很难提高。nBasically,the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy.nConsequently they lack food,clothing and shelter,and their wage increases are offset by inflation.With a decline in living standards,widespread layoffs and unemployment,people have to suffer chronic hardships.nIf economic growth remains at the low rate,it is difficult for any government to raise peoples living standards.33 n香港大学是香港历史最悠久的大学，在中国和香港大学是香港历史最悠久的大学，在中国和世界都声誉卓著。历经世纪风雨，香港大学与世界都声誉卓著。历经世纪风雨，香港大学与香港共同成长，经历了沧桑变迁和发展繁盛。香港共同成长，经历了沧桑变迁和发展繁盛。nHKU is the oldest institution for higher learning in HK.Over the past century HKU has emerged as a highly prestigious university in China and around the world.During those 100 years HKU has witnessed both great adversity and prosperity in HK.34