形容词副词的用法公开课获奖课件.pptx

第1页l形容词常用于修饰名词，阐明该词性质、特性等。它在句中重要用作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语，如：lThe primitive language of signs is not always very clear.（定语）原始语言手势意思并非总是很清晰。lGroups of new,modern buildings have sprung up along the river.（定语）一群群新现代建筑沿江拔地而起。lThe football game was marvelous.（表语）足球赛精彩极了。lIm sorry that Im late.（表语）对不起，我迟到了。lDont leave the door open,please.（宾补）请不要将门敞着。lHe spent three days in the snow,cold and hungry.（状语）l他又冷又饿地在风雪中过了两天。第2页l形容词分类l形容词就起构成来说，分为单字形容词和复合形容词。单字形容词有不带词缀，如big,good,hard,round,square;有带词缀，如contemptible,economic,Spanish,impossible,unkind,disloyal,monolingual,multimedia,voiceless,instructive,unthinkable等。复合形容词构成是多种多样，它们可以是：第3页l形容词+形容词，如bitter-sweet,deaf-mute,phonetic-syntacticl名词+形容词，如grassgreen,duty-free,war-wearyl形容词/副词+-ing,如 good-looking,easy-going,hard-workingl形容词/副词+-ed,如newly-born,well-knownl名词+-ed,如hand-made,town-bred,sunstannedl名词+-ing,如ocean-going,law-abiding,mouth-wateringl形容词+名词+-ed,如 kind-hearted,absent-minded第4页l形容词,就其句法功能来说，可分为中心形容词和外围形容词。大多数形容词既能充当名词修饰语，有能充当主语补语可宾语补语，这种形容词构成此类词主体，故称中心形容词。如：Green apples are sore.lPillar-boxes are green.lThey have painted the windows green.第5页l此外尚有少数形容词只能充当修饰语,或是只能充当补语,这少数形容词叫做外围形容词。有语法学家把只能用作修饰语形容词称做“定语形容词”，把只能用作补语形容词称做“表语形容词”，有语法学家把它们统称为外围形容词。例如可以说：This is utter nonsense.l不过不可以说：*The nonsense is utter.l可以说：This child is asleep.l不过不可以说：*This is an asleep child.第6页l形容词,就其词汇意义来说，有可分为静态形容词和动态形容词。静态形容词描绘人和物静态特性，如tall,short,big,small,shallow,deep,ugly,beautiful,solid,liquid等。大多数形容词都是静态，但也有少数带有动作含义，这部分形容词叫做动态形容词，如abusive,adorable,calm,cheerful,placent,dull,faithful,generous,gentle,hasty,impudent,irritable,irritating,jealous,lenient,loyal,mischievous,nice,noisy,obstinate,playful,reasonable,rude,sensible,shy,slow,suspicious,tidy,timid,troublesome,untidy,unscrupulous,vicious,vain,vicious等。第7页l我们之因此要辨别静态形容词和动态形容词，是由于它们在使用措施上有辨别。l（1）动态形容词可与系动词进行体搭配，而静态形容词不可以。l例如可以说：lShe is being witty.l不可以说：*She is being beautiful.l(2)动态形容词可用于以动be词开头祈使句，而静态形容词不可以。例如可以说：Be patient!Be careful!l不可以说：Be tall!l(3)动态形容词可用语使役构造,而静态形容词不可以。例如可以说：lI persuaded her to be generous.l不可以说：*I persuaded her to be pretty.第8页有些形相似、义相别词有些形相似、义相别词lalone（独自地）lonely（孤单）lalive（活）living（活生生）lively（活跃）lblooming（花正开）booming（繁华）lcredible（可靠）creditable（高贵）lconsiderable（应考虑；相称多）considerate（体贴人）ldesirous（想望）desirable（合意）lefficient（有效力）sufficient（足够）lexhaustive（彻底）exhausting（使人筋疲力尽）第9页lhealthy（强健）healthful（有益健康）healthily（旺盛地；相称大地）lhonorable（荣誉）honorary（声誉）lhistoric（历史性）historical（历史上）limaginative（富于想象力）imaginable可想象到）imaginary（想象）lindustrial（工业）industrious（勤勉）llegible（易读）eligible（合格）llater（较迟）latter（后者）llikely（也许）likable（可爱）lrespectful（有礼貌）respective（各自）lrespectable（可尊敬）respecting（说到、有关）第10页-ly结尾形容词结尾形容词l在英文里，有些形容词是以-ly 结尾，不要误认为是副词。此类词常见有：lbrotherly（友爱）deadly（致命）earthly（世俗）friendly（友好）likely（也许）leisurely（空闲）lovely（可爱）manly（男子气概）weekly（每周一次）yearly（每年一次）第11页l有些以有些以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。等。例如：例如：TheTimesisaweeklypaper.时代周刊时代周刊为周刊。为周刊。TheTimesispublishedweekly.时代周刊时代周刊每周发行一期。每周发行一期。第12页用形容词表达类别和整体用形容词表达类别和整体l1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词复数连接，如动词复数连接，如thedead，theliving，therich，thepoor，theblind，thehungry等。例如：等。例如：Thepoorarelosinghope.穷人行将失去但愿。穷人行将失去但愿。l2）有关国家和民族形容词加上定冠词指这个民族整有关国家和民族形容词加上定冠词指这个民族整体，与动词复数连用，如体，与动词复数连用，如ltheBritish，theEnglish，ltheFrench，theChinese等。例如：等。例如：TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.英国人颇有风趣感。英国人颇有风趣感。第13页只能作修饰语形容词只能作修饰语形容词l如下两类形容词只能作修饰语用，不能作补语用：l1）起强调作用或特指作用形容词。例如：la mere child a firm friendl the only reason total nonsensel sheer arrogance the very endl a certain winner a particular workerl a definite loss the sole argumentl a true scholar the specific pointl a plete fool the chief excusel the exact answer the principal objection第14页作修饰语形容词次序作修饰语形容词次序l当名词中心词带有两个以上形容词作前置修饰语时，这些形容词词序一般遵照一定规则：如表达大小、形状、年龄、颜色等形容词与一般描绘性形容词并列时，一般是一般描绘性形容词在前，其他形容词在后。例如：la brave young manla very courageous old ladylthese beautiful tiny round crystals 第15页l当表达大小、长短、高下、形状形容词与表达颜色形容词并列时，一般是大小、形状在前，颜色在后。如：la little brown jugla tall grey buildingl当表达年龄、新旧形容词与表达颜色形容词并列时，也是年龄、新旧在前，颜色在后。如：a new pink blouse,a dirty old brown skirt第16页l假如两个以上表达颜色形容词并列，那就得用并列连词或用逗号隔开。例如：a blue and white flag,a red,blue,and white flagl假如表达大小、形状、年龄、颜色形容词与表达国籍、地区、出处形容词并列，一般是国籍、地区、出处在后，其他形容词在前，例如：an old Norwegian novelistl those tall young British policemenl a beautiful large green Chinese carpetl a typical high Italian building第17页l假如在被修饰名词之前尚有表达材料形容词（或名词），那么这种形容词（或名词）就应愈加贴近名词中心词。例如：、l the small whitewashed thatched cottagel a round brown wooden tablel a useful oblong(长方形,椭园形)tin boxl these steep grey Norwegian rocky hillsl a very attractive round Chinese cloisonn(景泰蓝)vasel many beautiful old European cathedral cities 第18页l当名词中心词带有多种形容词时，起次序大体如下：限定词一般描绘性形容词表达大小、长短、高下形容词表达形状形容词表达年龄、新旧形容词表达颜色形容词表达国籍、地区、出处形容词表达物质、材料形容词表达类别、用途形容词名词中心词。如：a charming small round old brown French oak writing desk.第19页l限定描述大长高，形状年龄与新老；l颜色国籍出材料，用途类别往后靠。lall these last few daysl a light blue silk skirtl the first two paragraphsl another three English booksl some beautiful little red flowers第20页l上述形容词都不能用做补语。例如不能说：l a child is mere,the nonsense was total,the friend is firm,等等。l这种现象有时和搭配有关，同一种形容词在某种搭配里既可以作修饰语也可以作补语，如：la plete victory the victory is pletela plete foolt*he fool is plete第21页l某些源自名词形容词。例如：lan atomic scientist(=a scientist specializing in atomic science)l criminal law(=law concerning crime)l a medical school(=a school for students of medicine)l a woolen dress(a dress made of wool)第22页只能作补语形容词只能作补语形容词l如下形容词只能做补语，不能做修饰语：l1）某些表达健康状况形容词，如：well,faint,ill,unwell,lIm very well.lHes been ill for a long time.lShe felt faint.l2)某些以a-开头形容词，如ablaze,着火,afire,aflame,afloat,afoot,afraid,agape,aglow,akin,alike,alive,alone,aslant,asleep,astray,awake,aware,away,awash第23页lThe wooden house was quickly ablaze.lThe sky was aglow with the setting sun.lThe two brothers are very much alike.lI was alone in the house.lHe held himself aloof from the others.第24页副词及其基本使用措施副词及其基本使用措施l副词重要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他副词重要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他构造以表达程度、方式、时间、地点以及对话构造以表达程度、方式、时间、地点以及对话语态度等。语态度等。lThedooractedveryquickly.lThesunappearedratherbriefly.lThatmachinecancutbreadfairlyrapidly.lThisisbyfarthemostinterestingbookIhaveeverread.第25页副词构成和分类副词构成和分类l大多数副词由形容词后加后缀-ly构成。例如：lpolitepolitely sadsadlyl immediateimmediately gladgladlyl heavyheavily busybusilyl simplesimply dulldullyl有些副词是介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成，意义是“向”lBackward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upwars(s),等。l有些副词由名词加后缀-wise构成，表达方向、位置、状态、样子等。如clockwise(in the direction of a clock),crabwise(in the manner of a crab),money-wise(in connection with money),cricket wise,education-wise,sale wise,sidewise。l尚有少数副词不带后缀，如fast,hard,well,long,slow,straight,quick 等，尚有采用词组形式，如all but,not half,kind of,sort of 等。l 第26页副词分类副词分类l1。副词，按词汇意义可分为：l1）程度副词(Adverbs of degree)修饰形容词、副词、动词，表达程度。如almost,a bit,awfully,pletely,considerably,deeply,definitely,fairly,greatly,hardly,immensely,(a)little,much,nearly,partly,pretty,slightly,scarcely,terribly等。l2)方式副词(Adverbs of manner)修饰动词，表达动作进行方式如 angrily,anxiously,badly,bravely,calmly,carefully,conscientiously,half-heartedly,gratefully,intentionally,loudly,merrily,mildly,nervously,quickly,politely,rudely,slowly,softly,willingly,warmly等。l3）时间副词(Adverbs of time)表达动作发生时间范围。如ago,already,before,early,finally,immediately,just now,late,lately,later on,now,presently,recently,right away,shortly,soon,today,tomorrow,tonight,yesterday,等。l时间副词也包括频度副词（Adverbs of frequency)，如always,constantly,continually,frequently,hardly,ever,never,occasionally,often,rarely,seldom,scarcely ever,sometimes,usually等。第27页l4)地点副词 表达动作发生位置或方位，如above,along,anywhere,around,away,back,below,down,downstairs,everywhere,elsewhere,here,home,in,inside,near,nowhere,on,out,outside,over,past,round,somewhere,there,up,upstairs,backwards,homewards等。第28页l2。副词，按句法功能有可分为：l1）句子副词 此类副词一般做评注性状语，修饰整个句子，表达说话人对正个句子态度和见解，其中诸多和方式副词同形，但句法功能不一样样。如obviously,actually,unexpectedly,fortunately,unfortunately,allegedly,surely,undeniably等。l2）连接副词 如therefore,however,moreover,thus.此类副词一般充当连接性状语，在句子之间起连接作用。第29页l3）讲解副词 如as,namely等。l4）疑问副词 如when,where,why,how,whence,whither,whereby等。l5）关系副词 如when,where,why,howl6)感慨副词 如how.第30页