3上下肢骨.pptx

The Bones of Limbs山东大学医学院山东大学医学院 解剖教研室解剖教研室Bones of upper limbsComposition:in line withShoulder girdle 上肢带骨上肢带骨clavicle锁骨锁骨，scapula肩胛骨肩胛骨Bones of free upper limb 自由上肢骨自由上肢骨Humerus肱骨肱骨 in armRadius桡骨桡骨 and ulna尺骨尺骨 in forearmCarpal bones腕骨腕骨Metacarpal bones掌骨掌骨 phalanges of fingers指骨指骨 Clavicle 锁骨锁骨“S”shaped,medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backwardSternal end胸骨端胸骨端 medially and acromial end肩峰端肩峰端 laterally Superior surfaceInferior surfaceScapula 肩胛骨肩胛骨Three bordersSuperior:coracoid process 喙突喙突,scapular notch 肩胛切迹肩胛切迹Lateral(axillary)border腋缘腋缘Medial(vertebral)border脊柱缘脊柱缘Three anglesSuperior:opposite to the 2nd rib Inferior:opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostal space肋间隙Lateral:glenoid cavity关节盂关节盂,肩胛颈 supra-and infraglenoid tubercles 盂上、下结节Two surfacesAnterior surface concave凹面的:subscapular fossa肩胛下窝肩胛下窝Posterior surface:supraspinous fossa冈上窝冈上窝and infraspinous fossa冈下窝冈下窝,spine of scapula 肩胛冈肩胛冈,acromion 肩峰肩峰 Humerus 肱骨肱骨Upper end:head of humerus肱骨头肱骨头,anatomical neck解剖颈解剖颈,greater and lesser tubercles大、小结节大、小结节,crests of greater and lesser tubercle,大、小结大、小结节嵴节嵴，intertubercular groove结节间沟结节间沟,surgical neck外科颈外科颈Shaft:deltoid tuberosity三角肌粗隆三角肌粗隆on lateral surface,and a groove for radial nerve桡神经沟桡神经沟 on posterior surfaceLower end:capitulum of humerus肱骨小头肱骨小头,trochlea of humerus 肱骨滑肱骨滑车车,lateral and medial epicondyles内、外上髁内、外上髁,coranoid fossa 冠突窝冠突窝and radial fossa 桡窝桡窝(anteriorly)and olecranon fossa鹰嘴窝鹰嘴窝(posteriorly),and sulcus for ulnar nerve 尺神经沟尺神经沟RadiusUpper end:head of radius桡骨头桡骨头,articular circumference环状关节面,neck of radius桡骨颈桡骨颈,radial tuberosity 桡骨粗隆桡骨粗隆Shaft 前面 后面 外侧面骨间缘骨间缘interosseous border(medial border)Lower end:styloid process 茎突茎突laterally,ulnar notch尺切迹尺切迹 medially,and carpal articular surface腕关节面腕关节面 inferiorlyFracture of the distal end of the radius UlnarUpper end:trochlear notch滑车切迹滑车切迹 olecranon鹰嘴鹰嘴 coronoid process 冠突冠突 radial notch 桡切迹桡切迹 ulnar tubersity尺骨粗隆尺骨粗隆 Shaft 前面后面 内侧面骨间缘骨间缘interosseous border(lateral border)Lower end head of ulna 尺骨头尺骨头 styloid process 尺骨茎突尺骨茎突 Carpal bones 腕骨腕骨Proximal row (lateral to medial)scaphoid手舟骨手舟骨,lunate月骨月骨,triquetral三三角骨角骨 and pisiform豌豆骨豌豆骨Distal row (lateral to medial)trapezium大多角骨大多角骨,trapezoid小多角骨小多角骨,capitate头状骨头状骨 and hamate钩骨钩骨Metacarpal bones掌骨掌骨Numbered one to five from thumb to little fingerStructure of eachbase(proximally),shaft,and head(distally)Phalanges of fingers 指骨指骨Consist of 14 two for first digit(thumb)and three for each of other four digitsStructure of each base(proximally),shaft,and trochlea of phalanx(distally),tuberosity of distal phalanx远节指骨粗隆远节指骨粗隆Bones of Lower LimbComposition:Pelvic girdle:hip bone髋骨髋骨Bones of free lower limb:Femur股骨股骨 in thigh(patella髌骨髌骨)Tibia胫骨胫骨 and fibula腓骨腓骨 in leg Tarsals bones跗骨跗骨,metatarsal bone跖骨跖骨phalanges of toes趾骨趾骨 in footHip bone Consisting of three fused bones,ilium髂骨,ischium坐骨,pubis耻骨Ilium髂骨髂骨Body of ilium 髂骨体髂骨体 to form superior 2/5 of acetabulum髋臼髋臼Ala of ilium 髂骨翼髂骨翼:iliac crest 髂嵴髂嵴,anterior superior iliac spine 髂前上棘髂前上棘，anterior inferior iliac spine 髂前下棘髂前下棘,tubercle of iliac crest髂结节髂结节,posterior superior iliac spine 髂后上棘髂后上棘，posterior inferior iliac spine 髂后下棘髂后下棘,greater sciatic notch 坐骨大切迹坐骨大切迹,gluteal surface 臀面臀面，iliac fossa 髂窝髂窝,arcuate line弓状线弓状线,auricular surface 耳状面耳状面,iliac tuberosity 髂粗隆髂粗隆,Ilium髂骨髂骨An imaginary line joining the highest point on the iliac crests over the fourth lumbar spine.Ischium 坐骨坐骨Body of ischium 坐骨体坐骨体to form posterior and inferior 2/5 of acetabulum,ischial spine坐骨棘坐骨棘,lesser sciatic notch 坐骨小切坐骨小切迹迹Ramus of ischium 坐骨支坐骨支,ischial tuberosity 坐骨结节坐骨结节Pubis 耻骨耻骨Body of pubis 耻骨体耻骨体to form anterior and inferior 1/5 of acetabulum,iliopubic eminence 髂耻隆起髂耻隆起Superior ramus of pubis 耻骨上支耻骨上支:pecten of pubis 耻骨梳耻骨梳,pubic tubercle 耻骨结节耻骨结节,symphysial surface耻骨联合面耻骨联合面,pubic crest 耻骨嵴耻骨嵴 Inferior ramus of pubis耻骨下支耻骨下支:obturator foramen 闭孔闭孔Acetabulum 髋臼髋臼formed by bodies of ischium,ilium and pubis Lunate surface月状面月状面,acetabular fossa髋臼窝髋臼窝,acetabular notch髋臼切髋臼切迹迹 Femur 股骨股骨Upper end:femoral head股骨头股骨头,fovea of femoral head 股骨头凹,neck of femur 股骨颈股骨颈,greater trochanter 大转子大转子，lesser trochanter 小转子小转子,转子窝intertrochanteric line 转子间线转子间线,intertrochanteric crest 转子间嵴转子间嵴Shaft:linea aspera 粗线粗线,gluteal tuberosity 臀肌粗隆臀肌粗隆,pectineal line耻骨肌线耻骨肌线，popliteal surface 腘面腘面 Lower end:medial and lateral condyles内、外侧髁内、外侧髁，medial and lateral epicondyles内、外上髁内、外上髁,adductor tubercle 收肌结节收肌结节，intercondylar fossa髁间窝髁间窝,patellar surface髌面Fracture of the femoral neckPatella 髌骨髌骨Triangular sesamoid boneTibia 胫骨胫骨Upper end:medial and lateral condyles 内、外侧髁内、外侧髁,intercondylar eminence 髁髁间隆起间隆起,fibular articular surface 腓关节面,tuberosity of tibia胫骨粗隆胫骨粗隆 Shaft:外侧面内侧面 后面interosseous border骨间缘骨间缘(外侧缘)soleal line 比目鱼肌线比目鱼肌线Lower end:fibular notch腓腓切迹切迹,medial malleolus 内踝内踝 Fibula 腓骨Upper end:fibular head 腓骨头腓骨头,neck of fibula 腓骨颈Shaft:interosseous border骨间缘骨间缘(内侧缘)Lower end:lateral malleolus 外踝外踝内侧嵴前缘Tarsal bones 跗骨跗骨Consist of seven short bones arranged in three rowPosterior row talus 距骨距骨,calcaneus 跟骨跟骨Intermediate row navicular bone 足舟骨足舟骨Anterior row medial,intermediate,and lateral cuneiform bone 内侧、中间和外内侧、中间和外侧楔骨侧楔骨,cuboid bone 骰骨骰骨 Metatarsal bones 跖骨跖骨numbered one to five medial to lateralStructure of each base(proximally),shaft,and head(distally)in eachPhalanges of toes 趾骨趾骨Consist of 14two for first toe(hallux)and three for each of other four toesSurface landmarks:phalanx trochlea of talus距骨滑车距骨滑车,calcaneal tuberosity 跟骨结节跟骨结节,tuberosity of navicular bone 舟骨粗舟骨粗隆隆,and tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone第五跖骨粗隆第五跖骨粗隆Teaching outline1.Master the composition and arrangement of the appendicular skeleton of the upper limb.2.Master the shape of clavicle,scapular,humerus,radius,ulnar.3.Master the composition of bones of hand,the arrangement of the carpal bones.4.Master the surface landmarks of the bones of the upper limb:spine of scapular,inferior angle of scapula,acromion,clavicle,greater tubercle of humerus,lateral and medial epicondyles of humerus,head of radius,olecranon,styloid process of radius and ulna.5.Master the composition and arrangement of the appendicular skeleton of the lower limb.6.Master the shape of the hip bone,the shape of the femur,tibia,fibula.7.Master the composition of the bones of foot,the arrangement of the tarsal bones.8.Master the surface landmarks of the bones of the lower limb:iliac crest,anterior superior iliac spine,posterior superior iliac spine,ischial tuberosity,pubic tubercle,greater trochanter of femur,medial and lateral epicondyle of femur,patella,fibular head,tibial tuberosity,lateral and medial malleolus,calcaneal tuberosity,tuberosity of the navicular bone.