英语句法特征省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

英语句法特征英语句法特征o英语句法名词化现象普遍，即偏重使用名词词组，“名词优势于动词”。比如：You can rectify the fault if you insert a wedge.(嵌入一个楔子/三角木就能够纠正误差。）oRectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge.oHe failed in this exam,so he felt disheartened.oHis failure in the exam made him disheartened.第1页o优点：优点：o英语名词化优势往往使表示比较简练，造句比较灵活，行文比较自然，也便于表示较为复杂思想内容。o名词化使表示科学思想一个工具，用在政论文体或科技文体中含有庄重感和严厉感，更能表示哲理性和科学性。（叶斯泊森）第2页o课堂练习课堂练习oHis support for Portugals occupation of Goa has turned the Asian peoples against his government all the more.o他支持葡萄牙占据果阿，使得亚洲人民愈加反对他政府。oBuilt for hard pulling,the Husky has a deep wild chest,thick neck and iron-hard legs.o爱斯基摩狗胸部宽厚，脖子粗大，腿脚壮实，生来适于拖拉重载。第3页oHis weariness and increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.o 他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热，于是他下决心一碰到舒适阴凉处就坐下休息。oHis action was prompted by the fear of being attacked.o他所以这么做是因为害怕遭受攻击。oShortness of time has required the omission of some countries.o因为时间不够，他不能访问一些国家。第4页 英汉句法现象对比英汉句法现象对比o形合、意合o 英语句子中各意群、成份结合通常都用适当连接词(连词、关系代词、关系副词、o介词等)来表示其相互关系，所以形式比较完备、严谨。而汉语句子各意群、成份等则往往o经过内在联络贯串在一起，不一定用或极少用连接词，所以形式比较简约，相对比较松o散，其主从或并列关系主要是经过逻辑纽带或语序间接地表现出来，由读者自己去体会。o英汉语这种基本差异，我们概括为前者重形合，后者重意合。第5页o形合：指得是句中词语成份或分句之间用语言形式伎俩连接起来，表示语法关系和逻辑关系。ow关系词：关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词，如who,whose,that,which,what,when,owhere,why,how 等，用来连接主句和定语从句，主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。ow连接词：并列连词和隶属连词，如and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,eitheror,when,while,as,since,until,so that,unless,lest等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。ow介词：简单介词（with,to,in)、合成介词（inside,onto,upon)、成语介词（according to,along with,apart from)，用来连接词、或从句。第6页o其它连接伎俩：如形态改变，包含词缀改变，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词形态改变（如性、格、时、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等）及其保持前后一致关系关系。o意合：指是词语或成份之间不用语言形式伎俩连接，句中语法意义和逻辑关系经过词语或分句含义表示。汉语意正当往往采取以下伎俩。o语序o她不老实，我不能信任她。oBecause she is not honest,I cant trust her./I cant trust her,because she is not honest.o人不犯我，我不犯人。第7页oWe will not attack unless we are attacked.o说是说了，没有结果。oIve made proposals,but they proved futile.o抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就能够迎刃而解。oOnce the principal contradiction is grasped,all problems can be readily solved.o重复、排比、对偶、对照。这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。o他不来，我不去。oIf he wont come here,Ill not go there.第8页紧缩句o紧缩句：这类意合句是由复句紧缩而成。“所谓紧，就是紧凑，是取消各分句之间语音停顿，让它们紧紧地挨在一起；所谓缩，就是压缩，是略去原来分句一些词语，让它们简约一些。”这类句式简明紧凑，分句之间语法关系和逻辑关系往往是隐含。o有饭大家吃。（假如有饭话，那就让大家吃吧。）oLet everybody share the food if there is any.o不到黄河心不死。Until all is over,ambition never dies.第9页o狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。oHowever sly a fox may be,it is no match for a good hunter.o狼披羊皮还是狼。oA wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing.o问遍千家成行家。oLearn from numerous advisers,and youll become a master.第10页o上梁不正下梁歪。oIf the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go aslant./when those above unworthily,those below will do the same.第11页四字格o不进则退。oHe who does not advance falls backward./move forward,or youll fall behind.o玩火必焚。oWhoever plays with fire will perish by fire.o欲盖弥彰oThe more one tries to hide,the more one is exposed.第12页o种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。oAs you sow,so will you reap.o不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？oIf you have never tasted the bitterness of gall,how can you know the sweetness of honey?o东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。oIf it lightens in the east,it will be sunny;if it lightens in the west,it will be rainy;if it lightens in the south,it will be sultry;if it lightens in the north,it will be stormy.第13页物称与人称物称与人称 o英语另一个造句特点是其物称倾向，即往往采取不能主动发出动作或无生命事物词语作主语，尤其在新闻、科技、学术文件及一些散文作品中用得较多;而汉语则往往更习惯于人称化说法，即采取能主动发出动作或有生命物体充当主语。第14页o比如:oAbsence and distance make the overseas Chinese heart increasingly fond of the Peking regime.(物称)o 华侨离乡背井，远居国外，因而他们在感情上越来越向往北京政权。(人称)oBitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.(物称)o这位曾使全世界人发出笑声人自己却饱受辛酸。(人称)第15页oHis addition completed the list.(物称)o加上他，名单就完备了。(无主句)o这种差异文化根源是:西方人较重视客体思维，因而往往让事物以客观口气展现出来;而汉人重视主体思维，往往以人为中心叙述事物。这种思维方式反应在语言表示上便产生了与西方差异，即英语句法物称特点和汉语人称倾向。翻译时普通都需作主客体转换，有时译成无主句。第16页第17页第18页