2021考研复习学习材料英语二冲刺讲义-重点考点知识点总结归纳.pdf

中业考研中业考研 英语二英语二冲刺冲刺阶段阶段主编：中业考研教研中心主编：中业考研教研中心（内部资料（内部资料,翻印必究）翻印必究）第 1 页 共 26 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座完形填空完形填空The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of thosehypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is _1_to say it anyway.He isthat _2_bird,a scientist who works independently _3_any institution.He helped popularizethe idea that some diseases not _4_thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested._5_he,however,might tremble at _6_the of what he is about to do.Together withanother two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only _7_that one group of humanityis more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in _8_are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process isnatural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,_9_ 12-15 points above the _10_value of 100,and have contributed _11_to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,as the_12_ of theirelites,including several world-renowned scientists,_13_.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,suchas breast cancer.These facts,_14_,have previously been thought unrelated.The former hasbeen-15-to social effects,such as a strong tradition of _16_ education.The latter was seen as a(an)_17_of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that theintelligence and diseases are intimately _18_.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has _19_them to uniqueevolutionary pressures that have resulted in this _20_state of affairs.1.A selectedB preparedC obligedD pleased2.A uniqueB particularC specialD rare3.A ofB withC inD against4.A subsequentlyB presentlyC previouslyD lately第 2 页 共 26 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座5.A OnlyB SoC EvenD Hence6.A thoughtB sightC costD risk7.A advisesB suggestsC protestsD objects8.A progressB factC needD question9.A attainingB scoringC reachingD calculating10.A normalB commonC meanD total11.A unconsciouslyB disproportionatelyC indefinitelyD unaccountably12.A missionsB fortunesC interestsD careers13.A affirmB witnessC observeD approve14.A moreoverB thereforeC howeverD meanwhile15.A given upB got overC carried onD put down16.A assessingB supervisingC administeringD valuing17.A developmentB originC consequenceD instrument18.A linkedB integratedC wovenD combined19.A limitedB subjectedC convertedD directed20.A paradoxicalB incompatibleC inevitableD continuous答案：1-5 BDACC6-10ABDBC11-15 BDACD16-20 DCABA真题解析真题解析Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times.Fruit flies who weretaught to be smarter than the average fruit fly2to live shorter lives.This suggests that3bulbs burn longer,that there is a(n)4in not being too bright.Intelligence,it5,is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep,burns more fuel and isslow6the starting line because it depends on learninga(n)7processinstead ofinstinct.第 3 页 共 26 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things theyve apparently learned iswhen to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence?Thats the question behind this new research.Instead of casting a wistful glance10at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise,itimplicitly asks what the real11of our own intelligence might be.This is12the mind ofevery animal weve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would13on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner,14,is running a small-scalestudy in operant conditioning.We believe that15animals ran the labs,they would test us to16the limits of ourpatience,our faithfulness,our memory for locations.They would try to decide what intelligencein humans is really17,not merely how much of it there is.18,they would hope to study a(n)19question:Are humans actually aware of theworld they live in?20the results are inconclusive.1.A SupposeB ConsiderC ObserveD Imagine2.A tendedB fearedC happenedD threatened3.A thinnerB stablerC lighterD dimmer4.A tendencyB advantageC inclinationD priority5.A insists onB sums upC turns outD puts forward6.A offB behindC overD along7.A incredibleB spontaneousC inevitableD gradual8.A fightB doubtC stopD think9.A invisibleB limitedC indefiniteD different10.A upwardB forwardC afterwardD backward11.A featuresB influencesC resultD costs第 4 页 共 26 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座12.A outsideB onC byD across13.A deliverB carryC performD apply14.A by chanceB in contrastC as usualD for instance15.A ifB unlessC asD lest16.A moderateB overcomeC determineD reach17.A atB forC afterD with18.AAbove allB After allC HoweverD Otherwise19.A fundamentalB comprehensiveC equivalentD hostile20.A By accidentB In timeC So farD Better still答案：1-5 BADBC6-10 ADCBD11-15 DBCDA16-20 CBAAC模拟解析模拟解析The calories we consume make it so difficult for democratic societies to tackle climatechange.If that sounds1then please bear with me.We2only worry about what the calories in our food will do to our waistlines,3calories can also be used to measure the energy in fuel.Its pretty simple really.In most modern societies the vast4of the calories we use dontcome from food but from fossil fuels such as coal and5.And fossil fuelsas everyone nowknowsproduce greenhouse gases which,6,cause climate change.Democratic societies have 7some pretty big challenges in the past.Theyve8war,depression and social turbulence.But climate change is a bigger challenge than even a world war.We all now also know the9that climate change presents.We know that,if unchecked,scientists10it to cause droughts,floods and storms whichwill11agricultural production around the world and lead to famines,mass12andconflict.Fossil fuels are a(n)13concentrated energy source and moving to14will have a第 5 页 共 26 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座cost.Many people will find that difficult and unsettling.However,we need to15that the invisible gases produced by the very16that makemodern life so comfortable will slowly make the world less and less17.It will mean we have to change the way we do things,climate change18people torecognize the need for a unique trade-off.We need to agree to make19nowthe diettodeal with a threat that lies20in the future.1.A amusingBridiculousC humorousD insensitive2.A consequentlyB rarelyC normallyD occasionally3.AevenBexceptCsinceDbut4.AaccessBpopularityCmajorityDpart5.ApetroleumBwoodCelectricityDtide6.Ain successionBin turnCbeyond recognitionDon the contrary7.Arisen toBsuffered fromCcontributed toDaccommodated to8.AovertakenBoverlookedCsubmittedDovercome9.AissuesBrisksCventuresDadventures10.AexpectBimagineCpredictDprove11.AbotherBterminateCdisruptDviolate12.AtransportationBresidenceCexpeditionDmigration13.AextravagantlyBextraordinarily CexcessivelyDinstinctively14.AoptionsBselectionsCcandidatesDalternatives15.AdistinguishBbelieveCconfirmDconvince16.AactivitiesBmanipulationsCactionsDinfluence17.AavailableBinhabitableCincredibleDnegligible18.ArequestsBcommandsCrequiresDclaims19.AdonationsBcontributionsCoffersDsacrifices第 6 页 共 26 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座20AdownBaboutCwayDup答案：1-5 BCDCA6-10 BADBA11-15CDBDB16-20 ABCDC阅读理解阅读理解例 1（2014）28.Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to_.A underestimate their insecuritiesB believe in their attractivenessC cover up their depressionsD oversimplify their illusionsEpley found no significant gender difference in responses.Nor was there any evidence thathose who self-enhanced the most(that is,the participants who thought the most positivelydoctored picture were real)were doing so to make up for profound insecurities.In fact,thosewho thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly correspondedwith those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem.“I dont think the findingsthat we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”,says Epley.“Its a reflection simplyof people generally thinking well of themselves.If you are depressed,you wont beself-enhancing.例 2（2015）27.The author of the research article are optimistic because.A the problem is solvableB their approach is costlessC the recruiting rate has increasedD their findings appeal to studentsBut the article is actually quite optimistic,as it outlines a potential solution to this problem,第 7 页 共 26 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座suggesting that an approach(which involves a one-hour,next-to-no-cost program)can close 63percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)between first-generationand other students.例 3（2015）35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?A Managers admire it but avoid itB Linguists believe it to be nonsenseC Companies find it to be fundamentalD Regular people mock it but accept itBut this seems to be the irony of office speak:Everyone makes fun of it,but managers loveit,companies depend on it,and regular people willingly absorb it.As a linguist once said,“Youcan get people to think its nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.”In a workplace thatsfundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning,office speak can help you figure out howyou relate to your work-and how your work defines who you are.例 4（2014）24.According to the last paragraph,Happy Money_.A has left much room for readerscriticismB may prove to be a worthwhile purchaseC has predicted a wider income gap in the USD may give its readers a sense of achievementReaders of“Happy Money”are clearly a privileged lot,anxious about fulfillment,nothunger.Money may not quite buy happiness,but people in wealthier countries are generallyhappier than those in poor ones.Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on第 8 页 共 26 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world,and scarcity enhances thepleasure of most things for most people.Not everyone will agree with the authors policy ideas,which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for Americanhomebuyers.But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.例 5（2013）27.It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US.A needs new immigrant categories.B has loosened control over immigrants.C should be adopted to meet challenges.D has been fixed via political means.Today,we are much more rigid about immigrants.We divide newcomers into twocategories:legal or illegal,good or bad.We hail them as Americans in the making,or brandthem as aliens to be kicked out.That framework has contributed to our broken immigrationsystem and the long political paralysis over how to fix it.We dont need more categories,but weneed to change the way we think about categories.We need to look beyond strict definitions oflegal and illegal.To start,we can recognize the new birds of passage,those living and thriving inthe gray areas.We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.例 6（2017）22.The author believes that Londons Olympic“legacy”has failed to _.A boost population growthB promote sport participationC improve the citys imageD increase snort hours in schools第 9 页 共 26 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座Parkrun is succeeding where Londons Olympic“legacy”is failing.Ten years ago onMonday,it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London.Planningdocuments pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport loversaway from their couches.The population would be fitter,healthier and produce more winners.Ithas not happened.The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise,by nearly 2 million in therun-up to 2012but the general population was growing faster.Worse,the numbers are nowfalling at an accelerating rate.The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least twohours of sport a week have nearly halved.Obesity has risen among adults and children.Officialretrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to inspire a generation.The success ofParkrun offers answers.新题型新题型Direction:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the leftcolumn that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column.There are twoextra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEERT.(10 points)“Universal history,the history of what man has accomplished in this world,is at bottom theHistory of the Great Men who have worked here,”wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.Well,not any more it is not.Suddenly,Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form.This could beno more than a passing literary craze,but it also points to a broader truth about how we nowapproach the past:less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feelingtheir pain.Today,we want empathy,not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance,the writing of history meant recounting theexemplary lives of great men.In 1337,Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De VirisIllustribusOn Famous Men,highlighting the virtus(or virtue)of classical heroes.Petrarchcelebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top.This was the biographical第 10 页 共 26 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head.In The Prince,the championed cunning,ruthlessness,and boldness,rather than virtue,mercy and justice,as the skills of successfulleaders.Over time,the attributes of greatness shifted.The Romantics commemorated the leadingpainters and authors of their day,stressing the uniqueness of the artists personal experiencerather than public glory.By contrast,the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as acatalogue of the worthy lives of engineers,industrialists and explores.“The valuable exampleswhich they furnish of the power of self-help,if patient purpose,resolute working and steadfastintegrity,issuing in the formulation of truly noble and manly character,exhibit,”wrote Smiles.“What it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself”.His biographies of James Walt,Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working manthrough his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle,who focused his biographies on the trulyheroic lives of Martin Luther,Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte.These epochal figuresrepresented lives hard to imitate,but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority thanmere mortals.Not everyone was convinced by such bombast.“The history of all hither to existing societyis the history of class struggles,”wrote Marx and Engels in Communist Manifesto.For them,history did nothingit possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man,real,livingman who does all that.”And history should be the story of the masses and their record ofstruggle.As such,it needed to appreciate the economic realities,the social contexts and powerrelations in which each epoch stood.For:“Men ma