非限制性定语从句讲解与8大考点.doc

非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句也是定语从句的一种，在高中语法知识中它也是非常重要的一项的，老师们对于非限定性定语从句的讲解也是非常重视的。因为在考试中经常会出现该从句的讲解，下面大家就跟随小编一起来了解该从句的讲解。
　　说到非限定性定语从句的讲解，还要分成不同的部分，首先大家要知道就得就是该从句的作用是什么。其实它在句子中是一个独立的成分，不会受到主句的限制，把从句去掉之后，主句仍然是成立的。这也是为什么它会叫做非限定性定语从句。其次，大家要了解该从句的形式：非限制性定语从句与先行词以及主句之间的关系不甚紧密，因而通常要用逗号与主句分隔开。例如：
　　Have you seen the film Titanic, whose leading actor is world famous?
　　你看过“泰坦尼克号”这部电影吗?它的男主演可是世界闻名的。
　　My friend, who has served on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.
　　我有位朋友，他一辈子服务于国际奥林匹克委员会，下个月就要退休了。
　　在非限制性定语从句也分成不同的种类，在不同情况下，该从句的使用方法也是不一样的，在考试中经常会考察大家对于该从句不同类型的运用。如果大家不能很好的掌握这些用法，在考试的时候就一定会丢分了，下面就是关于该从句不同类型的介绍：
　　(1) who引导的非限制性定语从句
　　Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。
　　My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。
　　(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句
　　关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：
　　Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。
　　Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。
　　(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句
　　whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：
　　The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。
　　Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。
　　(4) which引导的非限制性定语从句
　　关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。
　　① which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如：
　　These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。
　　She is an artist，which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。
　　Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。
　　The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。
　　② which指代主句中的形容词。如：
　　She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。
　　She is always careless，which we should not be. 她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。
　　③ which指代主句中的某个从句。如：
　　He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。
　　④ which指代整个主句。如：
　　In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。
　　He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术。
　　When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping. 他经常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。
　　(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句
　　关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。如：
　　He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。
　　(6) where引导的非限制性定语从句
　　关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。如：
　　They went to London，where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。
　　They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.他们昨天抵达那里, 有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。
　　(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句
　　as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明但通常用于像as we allaknow, as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……， 就像……”之意。 如：
　　As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。(as在从句中作主语)
　　He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. 他忘了带笔，这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)
　　He is absorbed in work, as he often was. 他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。(as在从句中作表语)
　　Boy as he was， he was chosen king. 他虽是孩子，却被选为国王。(as在从句中作表语)
　　as we all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。 (as在从句中作宾语)
　　The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。(as在从句中作主语)
　　Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语)
　　(8)“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句　在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。
　　They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved. 他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。
　　They thanked Tom，without whose support they would not have succeeded.这些邻居是北京来的，昨天我被介绍同他们认识了。
　　(9)“名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导的非限制性定语从句
　　It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation. 现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。
　　Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometeThere are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。
　　he textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women. 这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。
　　通过对该从句的讲解，大家可以看出，它的种类真的是非常多，不同的词语引导的从句用法都是不同的，大家要学会区分不同用法所表示的含义。虽然该从句在选择题中考察的非常多，但是大家在阅读题中也会看见这样的从句，所以说，大家学习语法知识并不只是为了语法的题目，它对于大家整个英语水平的提升都是非常有帮助的。除此之外大家还要注意一些非限制性定语从句引导词的特殊情况：
　　1.非限制性定语从句不可用that引导， 在非限制性定语从句中用who(作主语) / whom(作宾语)指人，用which(作主语 / 宾语)指物， 用whose作定语(指人 / 物)。例如：
　　The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.
　　这位试图打反击的著名篮球明星吸引了众人的关注。
　　The film, whose director is an old man, is very instructive.
　　这部电影很有教育意义， 它的导演是位老人。
　　2.关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可省略，若指人时，只用whom，不用who。例如：
　　York, which I visited last year, is a nice old city.
　　我去年访问过的约克是个古老而美丽的城市。
　　Please give the book to Jessica, whom we met in the hall just now.
　　请把这本书交给杰西卡，就是刚才我们在大厅里遇到的那位。
　　3.非限制性定语从句不可用why引导， 需用for which替代why。例如：
　　None of us accepted the reason he explained, for which he was absent.
　　我们没有一个人接受他所解释的缺席的理由。
　　以上的内容就是小编给大家总结的非限制性定语从句的讲解，希望能够在大家学习语法的过程中对大家有所帮助。任何一个小的语法在英语考试中都是非常重要的，常见的语法考察的内容就是单选，完形和改错这几个题目，所以对于语法考察的内容所占的比例也是不小的，所以大家一定要重视。
非限制性定语从句的八类考点　　

■湖南 陈根花　　

考点一 考查非限制性定语从句的基本用法　　
非限制性定语从句的基本用法指的是定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，通常置于主句之后，但有时也置于主句中间或主句之前（仅限于as引导的定语从句）。如：　　
His best movie, which won several awards, was about the life of Gandhi. 他的最佳影片，就是荣获几项奖的那部，是关于甘地生平的。　　
The train, which takes only two hours to get there, is quicker than the bus, which takes three. 坐火车去那儿要比坐汽车快，坐火车只要2小时，而坐汽车要3小时。　　
Anyway, that evening, which I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place. 不管怎样，那个晚上我最后待在了雷切尔那里，我以后会告诉你更多那晚的情况。　　
The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase. 这座房子建于1856年，以巨大的大理石楼梯闻名。 　　
People threw coins onto the stage, as was the custom. 人们向舞台上扔钱币，这是他们的习俗。　　
【真题再现】（答案为CA）　　
1. It is the third time that she has won the race, ______ has surprised us all. (2012陕西卷)　　
A. that B. where C. which D. what　　
2. By 16:30, ______ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold. (2012江西卷)　　
A. which B. when C. what D. that　　

考点二 考查分离型非限制性定语从句　　
所谓分离型非限制性定语从句，指的是引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与它所引导的定语从句被其他一些词语（如插入语等）隔开，从而造成关系词与定语从句的分离。如：　　
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him. 海伦对她的小儿子要比对其他的儿子好，这使得其他的儿子很嫉妒他。　　
The higher the interest rate, the greater the financial risk, which, of course, cuts both ways. 利率越高，金融风险就越大，这当然是个有利有弊的事。　　
There are those, you know, who, by circumstance, end up homeless. 您知道，会有那么一些人，因为命运捉弄而落得无家可归。　　
【真题再现】（答案为BB）　　
1. Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, ______, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. (2012浙江卷)　　
A. which B. who C. where D. whom　　
2. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, ______, of course, made all the others upset. (2011北京卷)　　
A. who B. which C. what D. that　　

考点三 考查具有同位关系的非限制性定语从句　　
所谓“同位型”，主要指“用作同位语的不定代词+of which”这类结构。其中用作同位语的不定代词主要包括all, any, each, both, either, neither, none等。如：　　
They produced two reports, neither of which contained any useful suggestions. 他们作了两个报告，都没有什么有用的建议。　　
The machines, each of which is perhaps five feet in diameter, are not the largest devices in the room. 这些机器每台直径大约5英尺，它们并不是这间屋里最大的设备。　　
He has a shelf full of things, each of which has associations for him. 他的一个搁架上摆满了东西，每一样都能勾起他许多回忆。　　
He devotes most of hid words to two topics: money and health, each of which he seemed to lack in equal measure. 他用大部分篇幅论述两个论题，即金钱和健康，而这两样他都同样缺乏。　　
【真题再现】（答案为CA）　　
1. Maria has written two novels, both of ______ have been made into television. (2012山东卷)　　
A. them B. that C. which D. what　　
2. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ______ uses it somewhat differently. (2011浙江卷)　　
A. which B. what C. them D. those 　　
类型四 考查含有整体与部分关系的非限制性定语从句　　
所谓“部分型”，主要指“先行词这个整体中的一部分+of which / whom”这类结构（其中的of表示整体与部分的关系）。这类结构中的“部分”可以是基数词one, two, three, four等，可以是序数词the first, the second, the third等（包括the last），可以是分数词a third, two thirds等，可以是表示数量意义的不定代词some, many, half, most, several, a few 等，可以是比较级或最高级（如the bigger, the biggest等），等等。如：　　
There are two (bottles) left, one of which is almost finished and the other of which is not quite. 只剩两瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶没完全喝完。　　
I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box. 我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。　　
There were a lot of computers at the exhibition, any (one) of which would have suited me perfectly. 展览会上有很多电脑，无论哪一种都会非常适合我用。　　
I was given three books on cooking, the first of which I really enjoyed. 有人给我三本关于烹饪的书，其中的第一本我特别喜欢。　　
注意，“表示整体中一部分的词语+of which / whom”有时也可说成“of which / whom +表示整体中一部分的词语”。如：　　
There were 500 passengers, 121 of whom drowned.=There were 500 passengers, of whom 121 drowned. 共有500位乘客，其中有121人被淹死了。　　
【真题再现】（答案为CA）　　
1. In our class there are 46 students, ______ half wear glasses. (2012四川卷)　　
A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them　　
2. The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of ______ left their village homes for a better life in the city. (2010浙江卷)　　
A. whom B. which C. them D. those　　

类型五 考查含所有关系的非限制性定语从句　　
所谓“所有型”，主要指在“名词+of which / whom”这类结构中，介词of表示所有关系，如 the price of the vase，假若在出题语境中the vase用作了先行词，那么该结构就会变为the price of which。如：　　
In 1980 he caught a serious illness the effects of which he still suffers from. 1980年他患了到现在对他仍有影响的重病。　　
The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes. 该工厂使用了65%的原材料，其余的原材料被节省下来用作其他用途。　　
【真题再现】（答案为CD）　　
1. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction ______ had taken more than three years. (2011江西卷)　　
A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which　　
2. The newly built café, the walls of ______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work. (2010江苏卷)　　
A. that B. it C. what D. which　　
类型六 考查“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句　　
在“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句中，要特别注意正确选用其中的介词——这个介词既可能与先行词的搭配习惯有关，也可能与定语从句中的某个名词、动词或形容词等的搭配习惯有关。如：　　
The Tower of London, in which so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction. 在伦敦塔中曾有许多人丧命，它现在是旅游胜地。（注意搭配in the Tower of London）　　
Eric received training in computer for one year, after which he found a job in a big company. 埃里克接受了为期一年的计算机培训，这之后他在一家大公司里找到一份工作。（注意搭配after he received training in computer for one year）　　
The Acme Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened four new branches. 我们公司与之打了好几年交道的艾科米旅行社开设了四个新的分社。（注意搭配deal with the Acme Travel Agency）　　
【真题再现】（答案为BD）　　
1.100℃ is the temperature ______ which water will boil. (2012全国卷II)　　
A. for B. at C. on D. of　　
2. Care of the soul is a gradual process, ______ even the small details of life should be considered. (2012湖南卷)　　
A. what B. in what C. which D. in which　　

类型七 考查关系代词作定语的非限制性定语从句　　
能用于名词前作定语的关系代词通常只有两个——whose和which。它们的区别是：which用作定语时，其意义相当于指示代词this或that；whose用作定语时，其意义相当于物主代词（one’s）或所有格结构（the…of…）。如：　　
The postman comes at 　6.30 in　 the morning, at which time I am usually fast asleep. 邮递员早晨6点30分来，这个时候我通常还睡着大觉呢。（at which time在此相当于and at that time）　　
He won’t want to eat it unless he’s really hungry, in which case he’ll eat almost anything. 除非很饿，否则他不会吃东西，一旦饿了，他几乎什么都吃。（in which case在此相当于and in that case）　　
Have you seen the film “Titanic”, whose leading actor is world famous? 你看过那部由世界著名演员主演的电影——泰坦尼克吗？（whose在此相当于and its）　　
I went to see my friends the Forrests, whose children I used to look after when they were small. 我去看我的朋友福里斯特一家，在他家的孩子很小的时候我曾经照料过他们。（whose在此相当于and their）　　
【真题再现】（答案为B）　　
I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ______ help I would never have got this far. (2012天津卷)　　
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which　　

类型八 考查非限制性定语从句与特殊句式的结合　　
非限制性定语从句有时会与某些特殊句式或短语综合在一起构成一类比较复杂结构。如：　　
The shops were closed, which was why I didn’t get any milk. 商店都关门了，所以我没买到牛奶。（非限制性定语从句与that’s why…句式综合）　　
Each has faced similar hardships, which is why they are friends. 每个人都曾碰到相似的困难，这就是他们成为朋友的原因。 （非限制性定语从句与that’s why…句式综合）　　
We’ve been invited to Rachel and Jamie’s wedding—speaking of which, did you know that they’re moving to Ealing? 我们应邀参加了雷切尔和杰米的婚礼——说到这事，你知道他们要搬到伊令去吗？（非限制性定语从句与短语 speak of综合）　　
【真题再现】（答案为D）　　
I’m afraid he is more of a talker than a doer, which is ______ he never finishes anything. (2011山东卷)　　
A. that B. when C. where D. why　　
此题虽然命题者将空格留给了why，但另一种出题方式便是将空格留给which。