动词不定式归纳(含练习及答案).doc

动词不定式归纳
定义：不定式的to和介词to需要被区分开，不定式的to后接动词原形，介词to后接名词、代词或动名词。

不定式作动词宾语
He decided to invite all of his classmates to attend the holiday at the beach. 不定式作宾语
He promised not to tell anyone about it.
如果宾语有自己的补语，则常用it作形式宾语，而把真正作宾语的不定式放在后面放在后面，常带有形式宾语的动词有：believe. Consider. Feel. Find. Know. Make . regard
例： we think it important to obey the laws. √ we think to obey the laws is important. ×
I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.

不定式作介词宾语
当介词but、except、besides前面有行为动词do及其各种形式时，介词后面的不定式可以省略to，否则不省略。
What do you like to do besides play football？ We have no choice but to wait.
个别介词可以用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语
The boy has him own idea of how to finish it.

不定式起形容词作用作定语
不定式作定语用来修饰名词或代词，置于它所修饰的词后，而且放在其他后置定语的后面。同时与它所修饰的名词或代词形成逻辑上的动宾关系或主谓关系。
He always has a lot of meetings to attend. 不定式to attend 和名词meetings 形成动宾关系
The next train to arrive was from Seattle. To arrive 和train形成主谓关系
Do you have anything interesting to read?

如果作定语用的不定式是不及物动词，就要加上介词，使被修饰的这个词成为这个介词的逻辑宾语。
He is looking for a room to live in. to live in a room. A room 是介词in的宾语。
Please pass me some paper to write on.

上述不定式后加介词时，一般不能省略介词，但当修饰place，time，way时，介词可以省略。
He has no money and no place to live (in). The time to arrive is 8 o’clock. (at)
I think the best way to travel is on foot.

不定式作定语时，用主动语态表示被动含义的情形
一、在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式表被动意义。
1）have（give, show）sth. to do
在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do与things是动宾关系, 与I是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比较:
Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗?（to do是由you发出的）
Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗? （谁带不得而知）再如:
Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。He'll show you the right path to take.
2）It（This, That）＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋ n. ＋to do
在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。question与to answer为动宾关系。to answer可改为 for me to answer。
再如: It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。
3）There ＋be ＋n. ＋to do
在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式, 也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。例如:
没有时间可以耽误。可译成:
There is no time to lose（to be lost）. 用 to lose可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 谁 lost time不明确。
但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同:
a. There is nothing to do now. （＝We have nothing to do now. ）现在没事干。
b. There is nothing to be done. （＝We can do nothing now. ）现在没办法了。
a. There is nothing to see. （nothing worth seeing）没有东西值得看。
b. There is nothing to be seen. （nothing there at all）看不见什么东西。
二、在某些“形容词＋不定式”的结构中, 不定式有被动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型有:
1）n. ＋be＋adj. ＋to do
The question was very difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。 The job is very easy to do. 这工作很容易做。
2）n. ＋be＋too＋adj. ＋to do
The thing is too small to see. 这东西太小看不见。 I was too excited to say a word. 我激动得连一句话也说不出。
3）n. ＋be ＋adj. ＋enough to do
The box is light enough to carry. 这盒子轻得可带走。 The book is cheap enough to buy. 这本书很便宜可以买。
但下列两句可用不定式的主动式, 也可用被动式:
This plant is fit to eat ／to be eaten. 这种植物可以食用。 The cake is ready to eat ／to be eaten. 这块饼可以吃了。
三、某些动词, 如to let, to blame （责备）, to seek（寻找）用主动式表被动意义。
例如: The house is to let. 这房子要出租。 Who is to blame for it? The reason is not far to seek. 这理由不难找到。

不定式的省略
不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语
不定式在某些感官动词，如 feel, hear, listen to, watch, look at, notice, observe等， 以及使役动词let, have, make等后作宾语补足语时，要省去to，但在被动语态中，不省略。
They made the workers work day and night. The workers were made to work day and night.
The PLA men noticed the spy steal some papers. Let me hear you play the piano.

在下列句型中
Had better/had best + (not) do sth You’d better/best turn the bottle upside down to empty out the oil

Had/would rather + (not) do sth I’m tired, I’d rather not go out this evening.

Had/would rather/sooner + do sth. + than + do sth. 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
I’d rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.

Prefer + to do sth + rather than + do sth She prefers to travel rather than attend the wedding.

Cannot but + do sth. Or cannot choose/help but + do sth
I can’t but think so. I can’t help but laugh on hearing his joke.

Do nothing (= not do anything) but/except + do sth
You can do nothing but wait = you cannot do anything but wait.

在系动词be后作表语
当不定式在系动词be后作表语时，如果主语部分带有行为动词do，不定式就可省略to。
The only thing I can do is lie in bed. What I want to do is have a good rest.

疑问词why引导的省略 Why not do sth? / why do sth? Why not?

不定式省略动词原形
如果一个动词在前面已经出现过，为了避免重复，这个动词可以省略
Did you get the new stamps? No, I tried to, but there wasn’t any left in that post office.

不定式的否定形式
Not/never + 不定式 my father told me never to see her again. The door was not to open until 10 am.

不定式时态和语态
时态 语态
主动式
被动式
一般式
To do
To be done
进行式
To be doing
--
完成式
To have done
To have been done
完成进行式
To have been doing
--
一般式表示动作通常与主要谓语所表示的动作或状态几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。I am glad to see you.
进行式表示的动作是与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行。
Some dogs were found to be looking for food around. 一些狗被发现正在四处寻找食物。
完成式表示发生在主要动作之前的动作，也可表示过去没有实现的期待或计划等。
1. 发生在谓语动词的动作或状态前，常接不定式完成式的动词有appear, seem, happen, be said, be reported, be believed, be known, be thought, be sorry, be likely等.
They seemed to have known each other for a long time. She is said to have learned four foreign languages.
2. 表示过去没有实现的期待或计划
Hope/promised/wanted/wished/expected/planned + to + have + 过去分词
He wanted to have met you at the airport, but he didn’t get there in time. 没接成。
We planned to have done good deeds for the poor people last month. 没做成。
Should/would like 后表示未能实现的愿望
I should/would like to have given her the gift. 没送成。 He would like to have played the violin at the concert. 没演奏成。
完成进行式表示在谓语动作前已经开始进行的行为，到谓语动作发生时可能停止，也可能持续下去。
Tom appeared to have been sleeping. Tom好像一直在睡觉。 Mark seemed to have been watching TV. 一直在看电视
一般式被动通常表示将来的动作 It’s an honour for me to be invited to attend the meeting.
完成式被动表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前 The room seems to have been cleaned already.

练习: 选择填空。
1. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to __________. a. sit b. sit on c. be sat d. be sat on
2. I'm hungry. Get me something __________. a. eat b. to eat c. to be eat d. for eating
3. It is difficult for a foreigner __________ Chinese. a. write b. to write c. to be written d. written
4. I have no more letters __________, thank you. a. to type b. typing c. to be typed d. typed
5. The car is rather difficult __________. a. to repair b. to be repaired c. repairing d. being repaired
6. He was nowhere __________. a. to see b. to be seen c. seeing d. seen
7. She had no money __________ a birthday present for their children. a. to buy b. to be bought c. bought d. buying
8. We waited for the work __________. a. done b. being done c. to do d. to be done
1. He seems ___ the old lady. A. knowing B. to be knowing C. to know D. to be known
2. Tom ___ when they spoke ill of him.
A. happened to be passed B. happened to be passing by C. happened passing by D. happened to passed
3. We all hope ____ scientists. A. become B. to become C. becoming D. became
4. The boy refused ____ for climbing the tall tree. A. to pay B. to be paid C. being paid D. paying
5. I happened ____ the article when he asked me about it. A. having read B. to have read C. to be read D. reading
6. ______ with him is a great pleasure. A. To talk B. Talk C. Talked D. To talking
7. It is nice _____ your voice. A. to hear B. hear C. heard D. to be hearing
8. _____ is to struggle. A. Living B. Live C. To live D. To be lived
9. Her wish is ____ a doctor. A. becoming B. become C. to become D. being come
10. I was just about ____ the office when the phone rang. A. leaving B. leave C. to leave D. to leaving
答案: 1—5BBBAA 6—8 BAD 1-10 CBBAB AACCC