翻译词性转换-(课堂PPT).ppt

Week 10 词类转换法&散文 oBruce1翻译中转换法的分类广义广义general侠义侠义special词类换译法成分换译法句型换译法2词性转换1/31/2o据统计，一篇优秀的译作中，采用词性转换的句子可达到原作的 以上。因此，转换法是科技翻译中采用最为广泛的一种方法，也是呈现形式最多的一种方法。可以毫不夸张地说，不会灵活运用转换法就不会有得体的翻译！o这种方法之所以重要，之所以运用的如此普遍，主要是有英汉两种语种的句法结构和习惯用语决定的。建立在准确理解原文准确理解原文的基础上的转换译法，在翻译理论上已经被公认为一种通用的、重要的翻译处理手段，长期以来一作为一种对于改进译作质量所必须采用的翻译方法而为人们广泛采纳。3词性转换o词类转换词类转换指翻译时在保持原文内容不变的前提下，改变指翻译时在保持原文内容不变的前提下，改变原文中某些词的此类，以求译文通顺自然，合乎译入语原文中某些词的此类，以求译文通顺自然，合乎译入语的表达习惯。的表达习惯。o英语和汉语的词汇之间英语和汉语的词汇之间没有完全对应的关系没有完全对应的关系，翻译时英，翻译时英语句子中的词性可以在汉语中变化。两种语言的表达习语句子中的词性可以在汉语中变化。两种语言的表达习惯不尽相同，译者要熟练掌握词类转换的技巧。惯不尽相同，译者要熟练掌握词类转换的技巧。o由于汉语和英语在句法结构和习惯用法上的差异，决定了翻译时不应不能机械地使用原文中的词类。实际上，在汉语中属于某一类的词，常常必须转换成在英语中不同类的词，这样才能同英语的习惯与用法一致。英译汉亦然。4Warm-upo在很多情况下，我们得通过词类转换来有效地传达出原文的准确意思，使译文流畅自然！oThis watch never varies more than a second in a month.o这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒。o英文中的vary（改变）为动词，汉语中没有这样的表达习惯，所以只能将其转化成名词。5Warm-upo你叫我来给你干活。o一句话中有三个动词，要翻译成英语就只能按照英语的习惯保留其中一个作为谓语动词，其余动词用不定式、分词、介词短语代替。oYou ask me to come here to work for you.oI come here at you request to do the job.6词类转换的分类各种词类转化为汉语动词各种词类转化为汉语名词各种词类转化为汉语adj adv7各种词类转化为汉语动词verbn.adv.perp.adj.8名词转化为汉语动词o汉语是动态动态的，动词在汉语叙述中占优势地位。英语是静态静态的，其行文少用动词，大量本应由动词表达的概念，会由名词来表达。o英语主谓机制突出，句子中往往动词少，名词多（尤其是抽象名词用的多）；o汉语重动态描写，动词用的多，表达意思时往往借助动词按时间及逻辑顺序层层交代。o英译汉时，英语中的很多意思可以用汉语的动词来表达。9名词转化为汉语动词oHe is an enemy to reform.o他反对改革。oGive me liberty,or give me death.o不自由，毋宁死。o源于苏格兰裔美国人巴德里克亨利1775年3月23日于殖民地维吉尼亚议会演讲中的最后一句。o帕特里克亨利(Patrick Henry,17361799)，美国独立战争时期著名政治家和演说家，曾任弗吉尼亚州议员等职。10名词转化为汉语动词oHis imitation of the singer is perfect.o他对那位歌手模仿的惟妙惟肖。oThe board of directors will hold a consultation about the matter.o董事会将商议此事。11名词转化为汉语动词o将英语名词转换为汉语动词结构的这种方法是词性转换中的典型方法。oThe sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.o看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见飞机的轰鸣声，我感到心驰神往。12名词转化为汉语动词oAnother innovation will be the use of variable geometry-the wings will have two positions.o另一个创新是使用变几何形状布局，即机翼可有两个位置。oThe construction of a scientific theory may be compared to the preparation of a weather map at a central meteorological station.o创立科学理论的工作可以同在中心气象台制作气象图相比。13名词转化为汉语动词o一些以-er,-or结尾，表示身份的名词有时可转译为动词。oTalking with his son,the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.o和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的事情。oHe is a good listener and we all love to talk with him.o他善于倾听，我们都爱和他谈话。oHe is a chain-smoker.o他抽起烟来一支接一支。14名词转化为汉语动词oA slight variation from the exact size is always allowed.o少许偏离准确尺寸还是可以允许的。oThe return to earth,for example,is always a big problem.o举例来说，返回地球就总是个大问题。oWhat has scientific progress left to science fiction?o科学发展了，给科幻小说留下的是什么呢？15名词转化为汉语动词oSuch prediction by purely theoretical means is presently not possible,and will not be for some time.o目前，利用纯理论方法进行这种预估尚不可能；而且，再过一段时间也不可能。oThough cells were discovered two and a half centuries ago,it is only in the last hundred years that knowledge of the work of the nucleus has developed.o虽然细胞早在多年前就被发现了，但是认识细胞核的作用，还不过是最近100年的事情。16介词转化为汉语动词o英语中的介词也叫“功能词”，用于表示词与词间的关系，它像关节一样，带动整个句子。英语里介词很多，汉语里介词不多，在翻译中，很多英语介词可以翻译成动词。oIt is our goal that the people in the underdeveloped areas will be finally off poverty.o我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。17介词转化为汉语动词oI found him at his book in the library.o我发现他在图书馆看书。oIt will only take you a few hours to get there by plane and over several days by sea.o乘飞机去那儿只需要几小时，坐船却要好几天呢。oThe letter E is commonly used for electromotive force.o字母E常用来表示电动势。18介词转化为汉语动词oMathematics as a language of science.o数学是科学的语言。（谓语动词）oAs soon as the supply reverses,the voltage across the thyristor will become positive,turning it on.o只要电源一反向，加在可控硅上的电压就变为正，从而使其导电。oI barreled straight ahead,across the harbor and over the sea.o我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。19介词转化为汉语动词oHeat is produced when work is done against friction.o当克服摩擦力做功时就产生热。oAtomic power for ocean-going vessels is already a reality.o原子能动力用于远洋船只已经成为现实。oThis has inevitably led to the extension of many items of research beyond national boundaries.o这就必然导致许多科研项目扩展，并超越国界。20介词转化为汉语动词oThey worked long hours on meager food by dim lamps.o他们吃的是简陋的饮食靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。o“Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,across the veranda and into the porch.o“来了！”她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，穿过凉台，进了门廊。21介词转化为汉语动词oFamilies upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water.o住在楼上的家人得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头打水。oEveryone in the room was greatly surprised at what he said.o听他这样一说，房间里的每一个人都大吃一惊。22介词转化为汉语动词oPossibly the most significant research now being conducted is in the use of the laser beam in telephone communications.o也许现在进行的最重要的研究工作，就是利用激光进行电话通信。oAbout half of all production will be depend on nanotechnology-affecting over$180 billion per year in 10 to 15 years.o大约半数医药生产将会依赖纳米技术在10到15年内每年的影响将超过1800亿美元。23介词转化为汉语动词o不仅介词，介词短语也可以转化成动词。oThey traveled across oceans in search of a new life.o他们远涉重洋，追求新生活。24形容词转化为汉语动词o因为英语中有些形容词含有动词的含义，尤其是以-ble结尾的词。所以，有些汉语句子中的述语动词可转化为这类形容词，并用作sp1结构中的表语。oWe are all concerned for her safety.o我们都很担心她的安全。oWe are hopeful of success in the business.o我们希望生意做成。oShe is interested in hiking.o她对徒步感兴趣。26形容词转化为汉语动词oI am suspicious of that woman-I think she may have stolen something from the shop.o我很怀疑那位妇女，我想她可能偷了商店的东西。oGenerally speaking,neither gold nor stone are soluble in water.o一般来说，金子和石头都是不能在水中溶解的。27形容词转化为汉语动词o英语中有些有相应动词派生出的形容词可在翻译时翻译成述语动词。oWater is a substance suitable for preparation of hydrogen and oxygen.o水是适合于制取氢和氧的物质。oThe robot is capable of learning to perform an industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly.o机器人能学会做工，并能不停地工作。28形容词转化为汉语动词o对于英语中”to be+表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理的形容词(或过去分词/现在分词)”往往往翻译成表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理的动词。oThe British Prime Minister said:”more H-bombssize secret,effect unknownare to be exploded by British ”o英国首相说：“英国还要进行一些氢弹试验，体积保密，威力不详。”29副词转化为汉语动词o英语中某些副词在翻译时要转换为汉语动词。oA new English-Chinese dictionary is out.o一本新英汉词典出版了。oSilk is in,and synthetic fibers are out.o丝绸时髦了，人造纤维过时了。oThe experiment is over.o实验结束了。30副词转化为汉语动词oWe are behind in our plan.o我们比计划落后了。oI opened the window to let the fresh air in.o我打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。oWhen the switch is off,the circuit is open and electricity doesnt go through.o当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过。31各种词类转化为汉语名词nounv.adv.pron.adj.32动词转化为汉语名词o当英语动词的意义不易用汉语动词来表达，或不能表达得很准确时，可以把动词转译为名词。oWe are wrongly informed.o我们得到的是错误消息。oHe was blacklisted and lost his job.o他被列入黑名单，失去了工作。oBlack holes act like huge drains in the universe.o黑洞的作用像宇宙中巨大的吸管。33动词转化为汉语名词oHis lecture impressed the audience deeply.o他的演讲给听众留下了印象深刻。oShe figured prominently in the last act.o她在最后一幕里占了很突出的地位。oThe earth acts like a big magnet.o地球的作用像一块大磁铁。34动词转化为汉语名词oSuch material are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.o这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。oThe products of the factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.o该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。35形容词转化为汉语名词o有些形容词在翻译时不易用适宜的汉语形容词来表达，可改用名词表达。oObedience is obligatory on a soldier.o服从命令是军人的天职。oAll metals tend to be ductile.o所有金属都有延展性。36形容词转化为汉语名词oMedium carbon steel is much stronger than low carbon steel.o中碳钢的强度比低碳钢的大得多。oThis steam engine is only about 15 percent efficient.o这种蒸汽机的效率只有15%左右。oIn fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.o在裂变过程中，裂变碎片的放射性很强。37形容词转化为汉语名词oIce is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.o冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。oThe bed of the planer must be more than twice as long as the table.o龙门刨床的床身长度必须是工作台的两倍以上。38副词转化为汉语名词o英语中做状语的副词在翻译成汉语的过程中转换成名词。oIntellectually you are far ahead of your elder brother.o你的智力远胜过你哥哥。oIt was officially announced that they agreed on a reply to the US.o官方宣布，他们就给美国答复一事取得了一致意见。39副词转化为汉语名词oGold is not essentially changed by mans treatment of it.o黄金的性质不因人们对其进行加工而改变。oThe frequency range of 100 to 3200 Hz is acoustically important in building.o100到3200赫兹的频率范围对建筑声学很重要。40代词转化为汉语名词oThe specific resistance of iron is not so small as that of copper.o铁的电阻系数不如铜的电阻系数那样小。41summaryverbn.adv.perp.adj.nounv.adv.pron.adj.42References and Acknowledgemento汉英科技翻译新说国防科技大学出版社 2010年o大学英语实用翻译中国人民大学出版社 2009年43