语言学教程Chapter-7.-Language--Culture--and-Society(课堂PPT).ppt

Chapter seven language,culture,and societyDiscussions in this chapter1.language and culture2.language and society3.language and cross-cultural communication17.1.1how does language relate to culture?Language study conducted in the pastEver since the beginning of the eighteenth century,the linguistic inquiry of language has been either comparative and historical or structural and formalized in nature.Changes took place at the start of the 20th century-to study language anthropologically.2Anthropological linguisticsA branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture in a community,e.g.its tradition,beliefs,and family structure.语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和家庭结构。3For example,anthropological linguists have studied the ways in which relationship within the family are expressed in different cultures(kinship terminology),and they have studied how people communicate with one another at certain social and cultural events,e.g.ceremonies,rituals,and meetings,and then related this to the overall structure of the particular community.4例如，人类语言学家对家庭成员关系在不同文化中的表达方式进行了研究，对于人们在某些社会文化活动，如庆典、仪式及会议中的交际方式，他们也作了研究，并将这些研究和特定社团的整体结构联系起来。5Some areas of anthropological linguistics are closely related to areas of sociolinguistics and the ethnography of communication.人类语言学的某些领域与社会语言学和交际人种学有着紧密的联系。6Pioneers in Europe:(England)Malinowski,Firth.North America:(America)Boas,Sapir,and Whorf.7Work in England The meaning of a word greatly depended upon its occurrence in a given context,or rather,upon a real language situation in life.Wood:two interpretations1.2.canoe8Speech act theoryLanguage is a mode of actionThis view of language is the basis for the generation of the speech act theory.9Contribution by MalinowskiPaved the way for a cultural,rather,a contextual study of language use in Britain.10His influenceUnder his anthropological view of language and being fully aware of the importance of the context in the study of language use,Firth,a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London school,tried to set up a model for illustrating the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors.He developed 11The strong cultural-oriented implications of the theory by Firth1.the creativity and diversity of linguistic idiosyncrasy in language use.2.“who speaks(or writes)what language(or what language variety)to whom and when and to what end”12The furtherance of the theory by HallidayThe founder of systemic-functional linguistics,He views language from a socially semiotic or interactional perspective,he interprets grammar functionally as a resource of meaning potential,and his linguistic model in the study of literature.13Research work in AmericaBoas,Sapir,WhorfThe anthropological approach to the study of language and culture laid a firm foundation in the history of linguistic development.14Ethnography of communicationThe study of the place of language in culture and society.Language is not studied in isolation but within a social and/or cultural setting.Ethnography of communication studies,for example,how people in a particular group or community communicate with each other and how the social relationships between these people affect the type of language they use.15对语言在文化和社会中的位置的研究。语言的研究不是孤立的而是在社会和/或文化环境内进行的。交际人种学研究，例如，特定群体或社团内的人们如何相互交际的，这些人之间的社会关系是如何影响他们所使用的语言的。16The concept of an ethnography of communication was advanced by the American social anthropologist and linguist Hymes and this approach is important in sociolinguistics and applied linguistics.交际人种学是由美国社会人类学家和语言学家海姆斯倡导的，对于社会语言学和应用语言学来说是一个重要部分。17Components of SPEAKINGSPEAKING18A theory about the relation of language and cultureIt is influential and extremely controversial The hypothesis concerning the language,thought,and culture.Suggested by Benjiamin Lee WhorfThe SapirWhorf Hypothesis19Suggestions of the hypothesisLanguage helps mould peoples way of thinking;Different languages may probably express speakers unique ways of understanding the world.In other words,it means:1.language may determine our thinking patterns-linguistic determinism2.similarity between languages is relative.-linguistic relativity(first expounded by the German ethnologist,Wilhelm von Humboldt)20A famous follower of the hypothesisEugene Nida,a well-known linguist and translation theorist,Involved in the Bible translation work across different languagesFive types of subculture proposed by Nida1.ecological culture2.linguistic culture3.religious culture4.material culture5.social culture217.1.2 more about the SapirWhorf hypothesisProponentsHopi,an American Native language spoken in Arizona,a“timeless”languageOpponents Dugum Dani,a Papuan language spoken in the central highlands of Irian Jaya.Word color terms22Prediction Linguistic studies in the new century will become more fruitful if an evolutionary,cognitive,and interdisciplinary perspective is taken in its theoretic pursuit.237.1.3 case studies1.The interplay of language and culture ranges from textual structure to phonological variation.2.Phonological differences or dialectal accents reveal more than geographical origins of speakers.RPGA243.Words are sometimes“idiomatically-governed”and“culturally-specific”.257.1.4 to which extent do we need culture in our linguistic study?A study of linguistic issues in a cultural setting can greatly promote our understanding of MOTIVATION and DIRCTIONALITY in language change.267.1.5 culture in language teaching classroomThree objectives to teach culture in our language class:1.2.3.Successful mastery of a given language has much to do with an understanding of that culture.277.2 language and societyThe study of language can help us to know more about mans social activities.287.2.1 how does language relate to societyWorks by philosophers and grammarians inA.the Graeco-Roman traditionB.the Indian traditionTwo different views of language study1.monistic or autonomous pursuitChomsky 2.dualistic view of linguistic inquirySociolinguistics in 1960s297.2.2 a situationally and socially variationist perspectiveLanguage always changes with situations.父亲、爸爸、爹、老爸、老头.Language is also determined by social norms.中国人不能直呼父母名字So language differences in form are both stylistically(situationally)and socially governed.30Social factors influencing language use1.class2.gender3.age4.ethnic identity5.educationThe first two are discussed.31Language variations resulting from the different class background of people1960sWork by William LabovStudy the relationships between speakers social status and their phonological variations.Written work by himHis study shows that class and style are two major factors influencing the speakers choice of one phonological variant over another.Class is an indispensable sociolinguistic varible.Evaluation on the book.1.2.3.4.32The influencing of gender upon language useThe work was done 2000 years ago in Greek.最早从语言学角度研究“性别语言”的应当首推丹麦语言学家叶斯柏森The real work was initiated by Robin LakoffLabov also did somethingThe features of WOMEN REGISTER(women language)1.2.3.4.5.6.33Why the existing of the women languageWomens place in societySimply speaking,the linguistic differences between men and women are culturally and socially governed.Women register is not only used by women but also by powerless members in society.“sex”is a word used to refer to ones biological property,while“gender”is a word employed to show ones social property,34Why LINGUISTIC SEXISMIt is not language itself but womens place in society that makes people linguistically behave in that way.The study of gender differences has become increasingly interesting to people in sociolinguistics ever since the 1970s.357.2.3what should we know more about sociolinguistics?Two important things:1.structural things2.their uses in a sociocultural contextConsequently,two big issues to deal with:1.how these two factors are related to each other;2.why it should be soIn other words,1.we study language use in social context to know structural things;2.we examine linguistic phenomena of a speaking community to understand the sociological things.36The features of sociolinguistics1.pluralism2.diversity3.overlapping with other types of scientific research(multidisciplinary nature)37Research approachesclassify sociolinguistic studies 1.by means of a hierarchical division2.by means of an orientational categorization.Sociolinguistic study of society Sociolinguistic study of languageThe two are related but not identical perspective of observation.38Macro level of study To know society by studying language（sociolinguistics study of language)Questions:.Micro level of studyTo know language by studying society(sociolinguistic study of society)Questions:.397.2.4 what implications(启发）can we get from sociolinguistics?The applications of sociolinguistics（应用社会语言学）in:1.language classroom2.law court3.clinical setting401.Language classroomsTwo different views of philosophy in language teachingTo train the students as grammarians To train the students as active language users.Traditional language teaching.Changes in 1970s:Hymes theory of communicative competence Linguistic competence (Chomsky)Pragmatic competenceHow to train students as active and successful language users in a real language context.41Contributions of sociolinguistics to language teaching in classroom1.2.3.4.422.Law court成果1).2).3).The choice of one discourse pattern over another is institutionally decided and socially maintained.433.Clinic settingsHow.More implications can.447.3 cross-cultural communicationThe importance of cross-cultural communicationWords by Carl Rogers457.3.1what should we know all bout cross-cultural communication?Intra-cultural communicationCross-cultural communicationHow to communicate cross-culturally and successfully?Suggestions:A.B.C.Principles we should follow in cross-cultural communication1.2.3.467.3.2 case studiesThe importance of successful cross-cultural communication1.when in Rome do as the Romans doA.pronominal usage B.address formsC.greeting expressions47A.pronominal usageIn most European and Asian languagesIn English,.48B.address formsIn English,In Chinese,49C.greeting expressionsFood(material)for talk In England,.why?In China,.Why?502.Put yourself in others shoesThe dropping of the two atomic bombs in Japan during W.W.II.In Hiroshima,When we decode the message from a person with different social and cultural background from our own culture,misunderstanding will happen,and possibly producing disastrous consequence(e.g.wars)513.One cultures meat is another cultures poisonCase one:CECTCase two:Chinese girls in New York cityHow we Chinese catch peoples attention when we want to seek help?52Factors concerning the correct interpretation and smooth cross-communicationa.b.c.534.Honesty and sincerity are key points to mutual understandingNecessary and sufficient prerequisites for becoming a good cross-cultural communicator:1.2.3.4.547.4 summary To study language,culture,and society evolutionarily.The developments in 21th centuryHow to do an evolutionary pursuit of linguistic matters?1.2.55The emergence of sociolinguistics in 1960s signifies the beginning of the systematic pursuit of language matters.Knowledge in relevant fields such as anthropology,sociology,social psychology,ethnology,and cognitive sciences is necessary and sufficient conditions for a well-done study of sociolinguistics.56